i USES OF ETHNOVETERINARY L KNOWLEDGE IN THE TREATMENT OF CAMEL MANGE IN GAROWE DISTRICT This min thesis submitted as partial fulfillment for the award of the Diploma in livestock health science (DLH), in Sheikh Technical Veterinary School (STVS)| July 2012 By: Abdiaziz Adan Hashi Role number: STVS0098 Supervisor: Abdulahi Shiekh Mohamed
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i
USES OF ETHNOVETERINARY L KNOWLEDGE IN THE TREATMENT OF CAMEL
MANGE IN GAROWE DISTRICT
This min thesis submitted as partial fulfillment for the award of the Diploma in livestock
health science (DLH), in Sheikh Technical Veterinary School (STVS)|
July 2012
By: Abdiaziz Adan Hashi
Role number: STVS0098
Supervisor: Abdulahi Shiekh Mohamed
ii
Declaration
I Abdi aziz Adan Hashi, declare that this thesis is my original work and that all sources of
material that are used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. I solemnly declare that this
thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the awards of any academic
Clinical signs of camel mange were documented well by (Mundy and Mathias, 1997).
Mange usually starts in the armpits and going, and spreads from there to the rest of the body
include the head, base of the neck, mammary gland, prepuce and flank.
One of the first sings is that the animal rubs and scratches the affected areas with its teeth or
against trees, so spreading the disease to new areas.
In the early stages, the skin is covered with small bumps. Hairless patches develop, and skin
becomes rough from scratching, and begins to weep.
Scabs develop, and in serious cases, the skin becomes grey, thickens, becomes also wrinkled
and cracked, like dried mud.
The camel spends its time scratching itself rather than eating and resting. It loses weight and
becomes weak and anemic.
If the disease is not treated, secondary bacterial infections can develop and may become more
susceptible to trypanosomiasis and other diseases, such as pneumonia.
Many camels in the herd may be affected at the same time.
1.2.13 Medicinal plants used for the camel mange and its applications Camel mange (locally known as Cadho geel) many of the local remedies for camel mange in
Somalia were based on the milky saps of the Eurphorbia species such as Dharkeyn ( Euphorbia
robechii), Falanfalho (Euphorbia somalensis) or Cinjir (Euphorbia gossypina). For mange in
camels the sap was used undiluted and was usually applied after the affected areas had been
abraided with a stone until the skin bleed. The camels were cast and tied for this procedure. For
sheep and goats the skin was considered to be more fragile than that of camels and the sap
diluted by varying degrees depending on the plant used if Dharkeyn was used the dilution may
be as high as 1:1000. Other remedies for mange included: boiling the seeds of Kiriiri (solanum
somalense, solanum coagulans) with camel urine and black sap of Qurac ( Acacia tortilis). The
hot mixture was applied to the camel skin. The roots of the plant gogobood(Iphonia
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rotundifolia) were crushed and mixed with water. The solution was applied to the skin which
had been abraided with a stone. The gum found in the large caves in the northern mountain of
Sanaag region was called habag god. The gum was rubbed the lesions of mange (cadho) after
abraiding the skin with a stone. Saturated salt solution was also used to treat mange. For
example the well at Bohol in El-Afwayne district was reknowned for its salty water and herders
would travel there to treat their camels for mange. The wood of the tree Garas(Dobera glabra)
was burnt and the ash applied to the camel skin, Ahmed A.M & Andy Catley (1996). Tie the
animal down so you can reach all parts of its body. Shear the animal, for example by rubbing
ash from acacia mellifera on the skin and pulling the hair out. Then using a stiff brush, a piece
of coarse sacking or bleeds. And then apply the camels to roll salt pans, or plaster them with
salty mud. People can catch mange from camels though this is rare. It often affects the palms of
the hands and between the fingers. (Bizimana, 1994).
Study justification
Since 1991, when central somali government collapsed, there was no effective and sufficient
livestock services as well as well oganized institutions or organizations aiming towards animal
production and healthcare. However, pastrolist community of Nugal region were practicing uses
of traditional remedies to treat their camels . Therefore, this study aims to investigate the uses
of herbal medicines for camel mange in Garowe district.
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Chapter two: Objectives
2.1 General Objectives 1) The aim of this study is to investigate the ethnoveterinary knowledge practiced by camel
pastoralists and the medicinal plants used by them to treat camel mange in Garowe district.
2.2 Specific objectives 1) To identify the existing traditional medicinal plants used to treat camel mange by camel
herders in the study area, and to relate with their botanic names.
2) To find out the techniques and methods used to prepare the medicinal plant parts and
their application/administration mode by the camel herders.
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CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods 3.1 Study Area Garowe district is located in Nugal region in between two valleys namely garowe valley at
north and Lan ali firin valley at south. Garowe is the seat of the regional parliament, the
presidential palace and government ministries of Puntland state of Somalia. Garowe is the third
largest city in Puntland after Bosaso and Galkacyo. Garowe district has many different
historical and prominent places, including; Puntland State University (PSU), Garowe Teacher’s
Education College (GTEC), East Africa University (EAU), secondary schools such as Ganbool,
Imamu-nawawi, Nugal and Alwaha secondary school and many primary schools.
Garowe has one general hospital, and numerous operational small health clinics. In 2010, a
local non- profit organizations also established the region’s first mental health centre. Also the
city has an International Airport a well established foot ball Stadium called Mire Aware
Stadium.
The total population of Garowe district is around 57,300 as reported in the last registration
(2009). The climate of Garowe is arid (Muchiri, 2007). Orographic and coastal influences are
significant and cause a high degree of rainfall variability (Barry and Richard, 1992). The
highest amount received in Garowe town averages 51mm and occurs in May. Mean annual
rainfall is estimated at 10.8mm. The highest temperature in Garowe is between 32oC (60
oF) to
33.3oC (57.6
oF) and the lowest temperature is between 21
oC (37.8
oF) to 23.5
oC (42.3
oF).
Garowe is at the elevation of 250m above sea level (Ombretta et al., 2008).
This area, also known as the “Old Airport” is the most developed part of the town. On the edge
of this area, there are two IDP settlements. Lan Alifirin is a seasonal stream and Togga-Garowe,
the larger valley receives more water especially after occasional rains in the upstream areas and
that stream water never stopped during dry seasons until harsh droughts. Garowe town is linked
socio-economically to the urban and rural areas within Somalia. There are also significant links
with the Diaspora. The town serves as a market for local quality livestock and livestock
products as well as a transit point for export quality livestock. The town is the source of goods
that are retailed in the village markets in the rural areas. Garowe town provides a key source of
income (casual labour opportunities) for IDPs, urban poor and surrounding pastoral
communities (Hawd, Nugal, Addun, Sool Plateau) in times of crises. The town is also a market
for local cereals (maize, sorghum), fruits and vegetables from southern Somalia. Figure one
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shows the study area. Garowe has one drilling water borehole which supplies the whole town,
although there are special owned small boreholes in the villages, but they are not so important.
Figure 3.1: Map of the study area
3.2 Study design Out of Seventeen villages of the district, ten villages namely (Kalabaydh, Dudumaale, Dacare,
Birta-dheer, Awr-culus, Reebanti, Jalam, Yoonbays, Rabaable, and Sinujiif) were purposively
selected on the basis of the camel population and accessibility.
3.3. Focus Groups At each village, 11 camel herders were selected as focus group to discuss and determine the
common medical plants used for camel mange treatment as figure 3.2 shows.
Figure 3.2: The enumerator facilitating a group discussion in a village
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3.4 Field demonstration: The highest renowned traditional healers were asked to demonstrate some of the plants they use
to treat camel mange and the techniques they use to prepare the plant parts as shown by figure
3.3.
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Figure3.3: A traditional healer demonstrating a medical plant called (Dacar) and explaining,
it’s importance and how to use it.
Chapter four: Result and Discussion
4.1.0 Result
4.1.1 The knowledge of pastoralists towards camel mange and how they recognize it
All pastoralists who were met know the clinical sings of camel mange and they are very familiar
with the diseases and how they distinguish from other diseases. As they told me the clinical
sings of camel mange that pastoralists recognizes either the camel has got mange or not include;
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nodules come out and scattered from all the skin, scratching with trees and its teeth, hair loss,
skin cracking, skin bleeding, weight loss, milk reduction of lactated ones, abortion, hardness of
the skin, reducing of the grazing time and sometimes death. The way that they ensure the camel
mange is to palpate skin of animal and observe its behavior.
4.1.2 Usage of traditional plants and modern drugs in different villages of Garowe district
From the focus group discussion also came out that the majority of the respondents use
specifically the traditional medical plants while others use traditional plants with modern drugs
as shown by table two. None of the respondent informed the use of only modern drugs to treat
camel mange in the study area.
Table 4.1: Options for mange treatment of the camel herders
Villages No of respondents used traditional
treatment
No of respondent both traditional
and modern treatment
Kalabaydh 9 2
Birta-dheer 8 3
Dudumaale 5 6
Rabaable 11 0
Reebanti 11 0
Sinujiif 9 2
Tuulo-Jalam 3 8
Yoonbays 11 0
Dacare 6 5
Awr-culus 8 3
Total & %
81(73.6%) 29 (26.3%)
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4.1.3 Traditional plants used for the treatment of camel mange in Garowe district
According to traditional healers and camel owner’s experience, there are many plants used to
treat camel mange in the area namely, Gogobood, Dacar, Dharkayn, Cinjir, Garas, Qurac, and
Wamme as shown by table 4.
Table 4.2: Shows the most important plants according to the number of respondents from each
village.
Number of respondents from each Villages
Medical
plants
Kala
bayd
h
Du
du
male
Aw
r-c
ulu
s
Bir
taD
heer
Ra
rba
ab
le
Reeb
an
ti
Jala
m
Da
care
Yoo
nb
ay
s
Sin
uji
if
Tota
l
Percen
tag
e
Gogobood 4 6 8 2 1 5 3 3 2 1 35 38.47%
Dacar 2 1 3 0 2 1 4 0 3 2 18 19.79%
Dharkayn 0 0 0 3 1 2 2 1 3 0 12 13.18%
Garas 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 1 8 8.79%
Wamme 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 3 3.29%
Cinjir 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 6.59%
Qurac 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 9 9.89%
Total 91 100%
22
Pictures of some the medicinal plants used for the treatment of camel mange are shown in
fig. 4.4.
Figure 4.4: Some plants used to treat camel mange in Growe district and their local names
Gogobood Qurac Dacar
The traditional healers use several different parts of medicinal plants in the area. Table 5 show
the plant and the parts used for the treatment of mange.
Table 4.3: Traditional medicinal plant parts used for camel mange, their local and botanic
names
Local names Botanic names Parts of plant used
Gogobood Iphonia rotundifolia Roots
Qurac Acacia tortilis Branches
Dacar Aloe somelensis Leaves
Garas Dobera glabra Branches
Wamme Moringa ocalifolia Roots
Dharkayn Euphorbia robechii Milk sap
Cinjir Euphorbia gossypina Milk sap
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4.1.5 Preparation techniques and/or methods used, and their administration
procedures by table 4.4. Table 4.4:
Medicinal
plants
Parts used and Preparation techniques Route of administration
Gogobood The roots of Gogobood are digging from the
soil and crushed by a pestle and mortar, then
mixed with water soaked for at least 12huors.
Topical with hand dressing
Qurac The branches of Qurac, are burned when it
becomes ash is mixed with water.
Topical with hand dressing
Dacar The leaves of Dacar called ears (dhagoh) are
prepared in three methods; 1-smoking of
Dacar, then warm leaves are applied to the
animal. 2. Dacar leaves sliced boiled with
water then applied to the animal (warm). 3-
bringing the camel to the area where the
Dacar is more and breaking the leaves then
applied directly to the camel without adding
any other solution, this system is called dheg-
jebis(ear breaking)
Topical with hand dressing
Garas and
Cinjir
The branches of Garas are burned after that
the ash is mixed with milk sap from Cinjir
tree.
Topical with hand dressing
Wamme The soft root of wamme is crushed and mixed
with water, soaked at least 24hours.
Topical with hand dressing
Dharkayn The milk sap of Dharkayn, is applied on the
skin after animal being scratched with stone
until the blood oozes.
Topical with hand dressing
The traditional healers also believe that the Nugal valley sand has anti mange properties. They
stated that after when the camels with mange rolled on the sand of Nugal valley will recover.
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4.2 Discussion This study shows that camel pastoralists in Garowe district use and mostly practices traditional
treatment as shown by table two. In fact, 81.33% of camel herders use medical plants to treat
and control ecto-parasite infestations while 18.66% uses both modern veterinary drugs and
traditional remedies. This is because; mostly camels are kept in remote and not accessible rural
areas, where the availability of veterinary services and drugs is very limited. For these reasons
they have chosen to use the traditional medical plants as the main treatment for camel mange.
In addition to that, this study also highlighted that the use of medical plants for camel mange
treatment is a common practices in Garowe district, while modern drugs are not mostly used
due to their less access and expensiveness.
The 7 therapeutic traditional plants identified by traditional healers to be used for camel mange
treatment and of ecto-parasites infestation were also related to their botanical names from
different literature. In the current study, Gogobood was found to be the most widely used plant
in case of camel mange and to be effective than any other plant, this study is consistent with
study of M.O. Liban (2011), Davis et al, (1995) and Bachaya et al, (2008), flowed by Dacar.
In Garowe district, the camel pastoralists emphasized during the study that the use and
traditional practices of this plant (Gogobood) was adapted since long time.
The community expressed during the period of this research that they rely much on this plant
due to its wide spectrum and anti-mange mite properties that was proven by experience. When
Gogobood and Dacar are applied to camel with mange, clinically the animal condition improves
and recovers from the disease, gaining weight and milk production as well as increases of the
growth rate of young animals. Also hair and skin becomes soft after recovery from mange, as
they mentioned. Although there is no evidence on their effectiveness and scientifically not
proven traditional medical plants are widely used and the confidence of camel herders on this
plants are very high in this regard.
Nevertheless, traditional medicinal plants are not with no harm to pastoralists or they are not
only beneficial. As camel herders described, the parts of some medical plant has some
challenges. Eg; Dharkayn (Euphorbia robechii), milk sap is very dangerous if it gets in contact
with the users’ skin, eyes, or mucus membranes and it can cause the blindness and skin burned,
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Gogobood (Iphonia rotundifolia) also damages the skin of the human. In addition to that the
preparation of these plants is very hard and needs a lot of effort as they mentioned.
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CHAPTERE FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion This study has shown that there is potential ethnoveterinary knowledge that has not been
previously unearthed and there is a high risk that this knowledge can disappear in the near
future if not fully documented. Somali pastoralists have their own confidently used traditional
remedies for camel mange and other infectious diseases of animal and human. Ethno Veterinary
Medicine (EVM) is the name given to the way in which most livestock keepers use to treat
animal health problems in traditional way. EVM is performed by traditional livestock healers.
Many herders and farmers treat their animals themselves, especially if the disease is well
known. Over centuries people have developed their own ways of keeping animal’s healthy and
productive used age-old home remedies, surgical and manipulative techniques, husbandry
strategies and associated magico-religious practices. Ethnovet practices are important because
they are easily available, inexpensive and effective, especially in rural areas where veterinary
services are not available or irregular and expensive. Camel mange is caused by mites
(sarcoptes scabiei var cameli), which prefers areas of the body that have little hair. After asked
prepared questionnaire to the camel owners and traditional healers, the researcher found certain
useful medical plants used to camel mange, also ways of preparation, route of
administration/application as well as their local names. The most interviewed community
members were able to identify the common health problems that affect their camels.
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5.2 Recommendation This study revealed and documented some of the traditional medicinal plants and their uses in
Garowe district. But due to the current ecological, climatologically and socio-economic changes
as well as lack of proper veterinary services and lack of institutions keeping and conserving the
traditional heritage of and know how in Somali ecosystem the following points are
recommended:
1) As a consequence of recurrent droughts and rapid deforestation, Somalia is losing much
of its plant genetic resources. Therefore, a national campaign is urgently required to
identify, collect and document important traditional medicinal plants in all over Somali
ecosystem.
2) Traditional healers association should be formed to save and conserve and improve this
valuable information.
3) Traditional healers should be given some incentive, such as being appointed as
veterinary scouts. Such an initiative would also expose traditional practitioners to
training in modern veterinary medicine, and would narrow the differences and reduce
the bias between the two approaches, leading to better integration.
4) There is straight way need for research to be done to establish and develop scientific
study to separate, test the pharmacological properties, and validate the safety, quality,
dosage of the active ingredients present in plant parts used.
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Annex one
Field questionnaire of ethnoveterinary medicine in Garowe district
Name of farmer/keeper/ camel owner-------------------------------------------------------
Name of village -------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: --------
--
District ----------------------------------------------------------
1. Do you ever see or head mange? Yes No
2. Is it affected your camel herd? Yes No
3. If yes, how many times? One time two times or more
4. How do you recognize the mange? ----------------------------------------------------------------