Mode Matching of Lasers to External Resonators Mehmet Deveci Review of the theory of laser beams and resonators
Mode Matching of Lasers to External
Resonators
Mehmet Deveci
Review of the theory of laser beams and resonators
Int r o duc t io n•Fabry-perot Interferometer as a Laser Resonator
•The modes in a optical structure
•Resonators with Spherical Mirrors
Wave Anal ys is o f Beams and Res o nato r sIs it plane wave?
The Scalar Wave Equation :
For light traveling in the z-direction :
Solving them gives :(Similar to time-dependent Schrödinger equation)
P(z) : complex phase shiftq(z) : complex beam parameter (Gaussian variation in the beam intensity)
Solution of above equation :
Pr o po g at io n Laws Fo r Fundamental Mo de
The general equation :
Two real beam parameters are introduced;
R and w
R: radius of the fieldw: measure of decrease of the field amplitude
Fundamental mode
Ampl itude dis t r ibut io n o f the f undamental beam
Distance at which 1/e times amplitude on the axisw: beam radius or spot size2w: beam diameter
Co nto ur o f a Gaus s ian Beam
•Minimum diameter at the beam waist
A distance z away from the waist
Hig her Or der Mo des
There are other solutions of
A solution for general wave equation :
Inserting above equation to general equation we get ;
Hermite Polynomial of order m
g: function of x and zh: function of y and z
-4 -2 2 4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-4 -2 2 4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
-4 -2 2 4
1
2
3
4
5
-4 -2 2 4
5
10
15
20
25
30
-4 -2 2 4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-4 -2 2 4
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
-4 -2 2 4
-2
-1
1
2
-4 -2 2 4
-4
-2
2
4
-4 -2 2 4
0.5
1
1.5
2
-4 -2 2 4
-10
-5
5
10
-4 -2 2 4
20
40
60
80
100
-4 -2 2 4
-750
-500
-250
250
500
750
Hig her -Or der Mo des - HG
Hn(x)
Hn(x) e -x /22
Hn(x) e -x /22
2
1 2 3 4
Beam Tr ans f o r mat io n by a Lens
•Focusing a Laser Beam
•Producing a beam of suitable diameter and phase front curvature
•Ideal Lens leaves unchanged
•However
a lens does change the parameters R(z) and w(z)
•What is the relationship between incoming and outgoing parameters?
Beam Tr ans f o r mat io n by a Lens
2
1 2 1 2
1
/ )
( / )
1/
1 /
(1 f
B d d d d f
C f
D d f
A d= + −= −= −
= −1
21
Aq Bq
Cq D
+=+
2 1 1 2 1 22
1 1
/ ( / )
/ ) (1 )
(1 )(f d d d d f
qf d f
d qq
+ + −=+ −
−−
Seperating the real and imaginary part
'03 0
01
q dq d iz
q d
f
+= + =+−
' 00
0
( )q d fiz d
f q d
+− =− −
' '0 0 0( ) ( )( )iz d f f iz d iz d− = − − −
' 2 ' '0 0 0 0( )iz f df iz f d f z iz d dd+ = − + − +
' '0 0 0iz d iz d d d− = ⇒ =
2 202 0d fd z− + =' 2 '
0d f z dd df− + + =
the condition is, obviously, f >z0 .
Las er Res o nato r s
R is eq ual t o the r adius o f c ur vatur e o f t he mir r o r s
The w idt o f t he f undamental mo de is ;
Beam r adius w 0 in the c ent er o f t he r es o nato r , z=d/ 2
R1
z=z1 z=z2
z=0
w2w1
R2
q : number o f no desm and n: r ec t ang ul ar mo de number s
Re s ona nc e oc c ur s whe n t he pha s e s hif t f r on one mir r or t o ot he r is a mul t ipl e of π
the f r equency spacing between succes s ive l ongitudinal
r es onance:
Mo de Mat c hing
• Mo des o f Las er Res o nat o r s c an be c har ac t e r is ed by l ig ht beams• Thes e beams ar e o f t en inj ec t ed t o o ther o pt ic al s t r uc tur es w ith dif f e r ent s e t s o f beam par amet er s
• Thes e o pt ic al s t r uc tur es c an as s ume var io us phys ic al f o r ms
•
• To mat c h the mo des o f o ne s t r uc tur e t o tho s e o f ano ther we need t o t r ans f o r m a g ic en Gaus s ian beam
Co nc l us io n
It was nec e s s ar y f o r l eng th meas ur ement in met r o l o g y and c al ibr at io n t o c o nc ent r at e the dis c us s io n o f this wo r k o n the bas ic as pec t s o f l as e r beams and r e s o nato r s . A r eview o f t he theo r ie s f r o m 1 9 6 0 ’ s and o ur c o nt r ibut io n is do ne eac ho ther
Thank yo u Fo r Yo ur Int e r e s t