Large Medium Externalfixators

Large and Medium-Size ExternalFixators. Modular rod systems.

Surgical technique

1

System description 4

Indications and contraindications 5

Fixation components for the large external fixator 6

Fixation components for the medium-size external fixator 7

Implants 8

Instruments 9

Surgical approaches 13

Setting the Schanz screws 16

Modular frame with the rod-to-rod technique 22

Additional treatment options using the rod-to-rod technique 25

Unilateral frame with single-rod or double-rod construction 30

Pelvic use – supraacetabular assembly 32

Bilateral frame for arthrodesis and osteotomies 38

Bibliography 40

Synthes Large and Medium-Size External Fixators Surgical technique

Table of contents

WarningThis description is not sufficient for immediate application of theinstrumentation. Instruction by a surgeon experienced inhandling this instrumentation is highly recommended.

Image intensifier control

2 Synthes Large and Medium-Size External Fixators Surgical technique

3

User-oriented handling– Clamps with a clip-on self-holding mecha-

nism – Color-coded for easy identification– Comprehensible product line

Free frame design– Frames can be freely assembled; no limi-

tations from the assembly system– Free pin placement– Modular technique allows rapid and

precise reduction during and after surgery– Radiolucent carbon fibre rods ensure

excellent fracture visualization

Magnetic resonance safe– Enables magnetic resonance examinations

of patients stabilized with External Fixators

Large External Fixator. Allows modularity in all three planes.


The modular construction of Large and Medium-size ExternalFixators makes them highly flexible. A variety of proven forms ofassembly can be used to externally stabilize long, tubular bonesand pelvic ring fractures as well as arthrodesis and osteotomies.

The Synthes system is becoming increasingly popular as a mini-mally-invasive repositioning instrument using the three-rodmodular technique. This form of assembly spares soft tissue, iseasy to learn and is recommended as a standard by the Associa-tion for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO), and makes it mucheasier to handle and use the External Fixator.

Additional benefit is provided by the latest clamps, which arealso magnetic resonance safe. Patients with External Fixators canbe reliably diagnosed in magnetic resonance tomograms.

System description

5

Indications

The Large External Fixator (rod diameter: 11 mm) is particularlysuitable for treating the lower extremities. The Medium-sizeExternal Fixator (rod diameter: 8 mm) is particularly appropriatefor the extremities of adults, and the upper and lower extrem-ities of children and small adults.

The most important indications for Large and Medium-sizeExternal Fixators are: – Second and third-degree open fractures– Infected pseudoarthrosis– Rapid, initial immobilization of soft tissue injuries and frac-

tures in severely injured patients– Immobilization of closed fractures with severe soft tissue

trauma (bruising of the soft tissue mantle, burns, skin dis-eases)

– Extensive shaft and periarticular fractures– Transient joint-bridging immobilization in severe soft tissue

and ligament injuries– Certain injuries to the pelvic ring, and selected fractures in

children– Arthrodeses and osteotomies

Indications and contraindications

Contraindications

– Patients who for social and physical reasons are not suitablefor an External Fixator.

– Patients in whom no screws can be inserted due to a bone orsoft tissue disease.


390.002 Multi Pin Clamp, 6 positions, large, MR-safe

390.004 Multi Pin Clamp, 4 positions, large, MR-safe

Fixation components for the LargeExternal Fixator

390.003 Rod Attachment for large Multi-Pin Clamp

390.005 Combination Clamp, clip-on, self-holding,MR-safe

390.007 Rod-to-Rod Clamp, MR-safe

390.008 Clamp, clip-on, self-holding, MR-safe

394.800–870 Carbon Fibre Rod, � 11.0 mm, lengths 100–400 mm

7

390.033 Multi Pin Clamp, 4 positions, medium, MR-safe

390.036 Multi Pin Clamp, 6 positions, medium, MR-safe

Fixation components for theMedium-size External Fixator

390.051 Clamp for External Fixator for Distal Radius,MR-safe

390.031 Combination Clamp, medium, clip-on, self-holding, MR-safe

390.037 Combination Clamp 8.0/11.0, clip-on, self-holding, MR-safe

390.034 Rod Attachment for medium Multi Pin Clamp

390.035 Clamp, medium, clip-on, self holding, MR-safe

395.779–797 Carbon Fibre Rod, � 8.0 mm, lengths 160–400 mm


Fits the Large External Fixator

Seldrill™ Schanz Screws

Titanium Steel Diameter Length(mm) (mm)

494.782–788 294.782–788 5.0 100–250494.792–798 294.792–798 6.0 100–250

Self-Tapping Schanz Screws


494.520–570 294.520–570 5.0 100–190494.650–680 294.650–680 6.0 100–190

Implants

Fits the medium external fixator

Seldrill™ Schanz Screws


494.769 294.769 4.0/2.5 80494.771 294.771 4.0/3.0 80494.772 294.772 4.0/3.0 100494.774–779 294.774–779 4.0 60–175

Self-Tapping Schanz Screws


494.445 294.445 4.0/2.5 80494.300 294.300 4.0/3.0 80494.430–460 294.430–460 4.0 60–125

9

Adapters

Instruments

Protective caps

393.101 Adapter for Seldrill™ Schanz Screw � 4.0 mm



393.400 Protective Cap for Schanz Screws andSteinmann Pins � 4.0 mm

393.420 Protective Cap for Schanz Screws andSteinmann Pins � 5.0 mm

Combination wrenches

321.160 Combination Wrench � 11.0 mm

321.158 Combination Wrench � 8.0 mm


Drill sleeves

Drill sleeves 6.0 mm (for use with 5.0 mm system)

392.951 Drill Sleeve 8.0/6.0, short, with thread

392.952 Drill Sleeve 8.0/6.0, long, with thread

Drill sleeves 5.0 mm

395.921 Drill Sleeve 6.0/5.0, short, with thread

395.912 Drill Sleeve 5.0/3.5, short

394.181 Trocar � 3.5 mm, short

395.923 Drill Sleeve 6.0/5.0, long, with thread

395.913 Drill Sleeve 5.0/3.5, long

394.182 Trocar � 3.5 mm, long

392.963 Drill Guide Handle, 6 positions

395.911 Handle for Drill Sleeve

Handles for drill sleeves

11

Drill sleeves 4.0 mm

395.922 Drill Sleeve 4.0, with thread

392.955 Drill Sleeve 4.0/2.5

394.183 Trocar � 2.5 mm


13

The Large and Medium-size External Fixators must be affixedwithin safe zones.

The construction may not hinder the approach for a primarywound debridement or for a secondary operation. Skintransplants, sequestrectomies, bone grafting or a later osteo-synthesis must be performable without restriction.

Surgical approaches

Approach to the tibia

The soft-tissue zone through which Schanz screws can be in-serted without damaging important structures (vessels,nerves, muscles and tendons) is anteromedial to the tibia. Theangles of this safe zone vary.

If the lateral surface of the distal third of the tibia is avoided,damage to the anterior tibial artery can be avoided.

If the ventral zone of the distal tibia is avoided, interference withthe tendons can also be avoided. In addition, this minimizes theprobability of potential pin channel infection.


Approach to the femur

A lateral approach to the femur within a 30° angle is recom-mended. A medial approach is also possible from a distal direc-tion.

Approach to the pelvis

There are two recommended options for pin placement of theexternal fixation assembly in the pelvis.

Supraacetabular pin placementGiven the pronounced bone structure, the more technically diffi-cult supraacetabular pin placement is preferred over that of theiliac crest. Proceeding from the superior anterior crest, the site ofentry is approximately 4–6 cm in a caudal direction, and 3–4 cmin a medial direction. When the patient is in a supine position,the alignment for drilling the screws is angled approximately 20°in a cranial direction and 30° inward.

Iliac crest pin placementTo keep from damaging the femoral cutaneous nerve, avoid in-sertion up to 15 mm in a dorsal direction from the superioranterior iliac spine. The orientation of the os ilium can be deter-mined by palpation with a finger or an additional instrument.The screws are then inserted delicately between the two laminaeof the os ilium.

15

Approach to the humerus

When dealing with the humerus, primary consideration shouldbe given to the radial and axillary nerves. Distally, a dorsalapproach to the humerus is appropriate. Proximally, it is recom-mendable to introduce the Schanz screws from a ventrolateraldirection, caudal to the path of the axillary nerve.


The following steps will be explained with reference to a� 5.0 mm self-drilling, self-tapping (Seldrill™) Schanz screw, anda conventional � 5.0 mm Schanz screw inserted in a tibia.

Setting the Schanz screws using theexample of the tibia in the diaphyseal region

Seldrill™ Schanz screw

The Seldrill™ is a self-drilling, self-tapping Schanz screw. The opti-mized radial preloading helps minimize the rate of pin infec-tions.

Note: When the new adaptors for Schanz screws are used, theSeldrill™ Schanz screws do not have to be clamped in thedrill chuck. The adapters are compatible with the universal chuckand AO/ASIF Quick Coupling.

1Set the drill sleeves on the bone

Required instruments

Handle for Drill Sleeve 395.911

Drill Sleeve 6.0/5.0 short, with thread 395.921

Drill Sleeve 5.0/3.5, short 395.912

Trocar � 3.5 mm, short 394.181

Insert the drill sleeve assembly through a stab incision and set itdirectly on the bone surface. Then remove the trocar � 3.5 mmand the drill sleeve 5.0/3.5.

17

2Insert Seldrill™ Schanz screws


Seldrill™ Schanz Screws � 5.0 mm X94.782–788



Adapter for Seldrill™ Schanz Screws � 5.0 mm 393.103

Drill with attachment for AO/ASIF Quick Coupling type-dependent

Insert the Seldrill™ Schanz screw in the � 5.0 mm adapter, anduse the drill to screw it through the drill sleeve 6.0/5.0 until thedrill tip is anchored in the distant cortical bone.

If it is difficult to determine whether the screw has entered theopposite side of the cortical bone, it is recommendable to checkthe screw’s penetration depth with the image intensifier.

It is not necessary to completely penetrate the distant corticalbone since anchoring the thread in the near cortical boneand sinking the drill tip in the distant cortical bone effectivelyabsorbs bending force.

After screwing in the Seldrill™ Schanz screw, remove the drillsleeve and the drill with the adapter.

Alternative technique:


Seldrill™ Schanz Screws � 5.0 mm X94.782–788


Drill Sleeve 6.0/5.0, short, with thread 395.921



Adapter for Seldrill™ Schanz Screws � 5.0 mm 393.103

Universal Chuck with T-Handle 393.100

Drill with attachment for AO/ASIF Quick Coupling Type-dependent

Insert the Seldrill™ Schanz screw � 5.0 mm in the adapter, anduse the drill to screw it through the drill sleeve 6.0/5.0 into thenear cortical bone.

Remove the drill and replace it with the universal drill chuck withthe T-handle (393.100). The screw can now be delicatelyscrewed manually into the middle of the distance cortical bone.It is not necessary to completely penetrate the distant corticalbone since anchoring the thread in the near cortical boneand sinking the drill tip in the distant cortical bone effectivelyabsorbs bending force.

Remove the drill sleeve and the universal chuck T-handle with.

Note: Only when bones are osteoporotic does the Seldrill™

Schanz screw have to be screwed a bit further into the distantcortical bone, and it may even slightly penetrate through it sincethis can increase anchoring stability.

Use in the metaphyseal region

The individual surgical steps are the same as when the screwsare used in the shaft area.


19

Conventional self-tapping Schanz screw

Instead of self-drilling Schanz screws (Seldrill™), self-tappingscrews can also be used. In contrast to the Seldrill™ screws, self-tapping screws must be predrilled.

1Set the drill sleeve on the bone






Insert the drill sleeve assembly through a stab incision and set itdirectly on the bone surface and remove the trocar � 3.5 mm.

2Predrilling


Drill Bit � 3.5 mm, length 195/170 mm, 2-flute, for Quick Coupling 310.370

Drill with attachment for AO/ASIF Quick Coupling Type-dependent

Drill through both sides of the cortical bone with the � 3.5 mmdrill bit, then remove the drill sleeve 5.0/3.5.


3Insert the self-tapping Schanz screw


Self-Tapping Schanz Screw X94.520–570




The Schanz screw can now be screwed in through the drillsleeve 6.0/5.0. The tip must be anchored in the distant corticalbone to effectively absorb bending force.

21

Remove the length gauge, and insert the tip of the Schanz screwinto the recess of the retaining disk. Slide the universal chuckover the smooth shaft of the Schanz screw to the height of thetip of the length gauge, and tighten the chuck on the Schanzscrew. Determining the length in this manner will ensure thatthe screw will be firmly anchored in the distant cortical bone.

The Schanz screw can now be screwed in through the drill sleeve6.0/5.0 until the drill chuck stops on the drill sleeve.

Note: If the Schanz screw is screwed in beyond this point, it willstrip the thread due to the resistance of the drill sleeve.

Alternative technique

Alternately, the length of the required Schanz screw can also beprecisely checked using the length gauge.




Depth Gauge for Schanz Screws 393.780


After predrilling as described in step 2, the length gauge isguided through the drill sleeve 6.0/5.0 and hooked in the distantcortical bone.

Then move the retaining disk to the height of the drill sleeve andlock it with the locking screw.


You can choose between a unilateral or modular frame construc-tion. If a modular frame is chosen, you can freely choosehow to set the Schanz screws. This method is recommended bythe AO as a standard technique for fractures that require re-duction.

Schanz screws, clamps and carbon fibre rods are required to con-struct the different frames. Instead of radiolucent carbon fibrerods, steel rods can be employed for all constructions with LargeExternal Fixators.

Modular frame using the rod-to-rodtechnique

1Set the Schanz screws

Set two Schanz screws per main fragment using the drill sleeveassembly.

Freely select their position appropriate for the fracture, soft tis-sue, and anatomical situation. The greater the distance betweenthe Schanz screws, the greater the stability of the frame.

2Connect the Schanz screws with carbon fibre rods


Carbon Fibre Rod � 11.0 mm 394.800–394.870

Clamp, clip-on, self-holding, MR-safe 390.008

Combination Wrench � 11.0 mm 321.160

The two Schanz screws per main fragment are connected with arod. Clip-on, self-holding clamps are used. Make sure thatthe rods project a bit beyond the fracture zone so that sufficientlength remains for the combination clamp.

Tighten all the clamp nuts.

23

3Connect the carbon fibre rods



Combination Clamp, clip-on, self-holding, MR-safe 390.005

Connect the two ends of the rods near the fracture to athird rod using two self-holding combination clamps. Do not yettighten the nuts for the combination clamps.

4Reduce the fracture

Use the two partial frames as handles to reduce the fracture.

After checking the reduction, alternately tighten the nuts of thecombination clamps in the image intensifier while manuallyholding the reduction.

Alternative technique:




Carbon Fibre Rod � 11.0 mm 394.800–870

For each fragment, additionally affix one long rod that can beused as a temporary lever for reduction. The leverage can beused for controlled reduction that requires less force (particularlyrecommended for the femur). In addition, your hands willremain safely outside the X-rays when this technique is applied.


5Tighten nuts



Finally, recheck all the nuts with the wrench to ensure they areall tight.

Retighten all the nuts after 24 hours.

6Secondary reduction

A secondary correction of the reduction can be performed withinthe first few days after surgery. Only the two combinationclamps are released. The correction can then be made using thepartial frames that move relative to each other.

After the correction, retighten the two combination clamps.

25

� 11.0 mm system

Adult femur

Insert 2–3 Schanz screws into the proximal and distal main frag-ment from a lateral direction. With adipose patients, it isrecommendable to use 6.0 mm screws. The stability of the rod-to-rod assembly can be increased with an additional neutral-ization rod.

Bridging the ankle

UnilateralInsert the screws into the calcaneus and talus from a medialdirection. In the tibia, set the screws at an anteromedial tomedial angle, and connect them using the rod-to-rod technique.

Bridging the knee joint

Insert two Schanz screws into the distal femur from a lateral orventral direction, and into the proximal tibia from an antero-medial direction. Connect them using the rod-to-rod technique.

Additional treatment options usingthe rod-to-rod technique

TriangularInsert the first screw from an anteromedial direction into thetibial shaft. Insert the Steinmann pin through the calcaneus, andaffix the rods in the form of a tent between the first screwand Steinmann pin. Then reduce the fracture by pulling length-wise with balanced ligamentotaxis. Then insert two screwsinto the tibia starting from the medial rod. For prophylaxis of pesequines, insert an additional Schanz screw at an angle fromabove into the first and fifth metatarsal bone.


Humerus

Insert the Schanz screws in the proximal humerus from a lateraldirection and into the distal humerus from a dorsal direction,avoiding injury to the radial nerve. Connect the Schanz screwsusing the rod-to-rod technique.

Child femur

Insert 2–3 Schanz screws into the proximal and distal main frag-ment from a lateral direction. The stability of the rod-to-rodassembly can be increased with an additional neutralization rod.

� 8.0 mm system

Bridging the elbow

Insert Schanz screws into the distal humerus from a dorsal direc-tion. The screws can be introduced into the forearm from adorsal direction into the ulna. Connect the Schanz screws usingthe rod-to-rod technique.

It is only recommendable to insert an additional screw in theradius to stabilize the radio-ulnar joint.

27

Using multi pin clamps

The advantage of multi pin clamps is that reduction can be car-ried out using the above-described rod-to-rod technique. TheSchanz screws with clamps serve as an external reduction instru-ment system. Additional reduction levers may be used tolengthen the lever arm (see alternative technique).

1Set the Schanz screws for multi pin clamps


SeldrillTM Schanz Screws X94.782–788

Drill Guide Handle, 6 positions 392.963

Drill Sleeve 6.0/5.0, short, with thread 395.921



Drill Sleeve 6.0/5.0 long, with thread 395.923

Drill Sleeve 5.0/3.5, long 395.913

Trocar � 3.5 mm, long 394.182

Adapter for SelldrillTM Schanz Screws � 5.0 mm 393.103


Drill with attachment for AO/ASIF Quick coupling Type-dependent

Insert two Schanz screws into the distal and proximal fragmentsusing a parallel drill sleeve.

2Assembling the Fixator


Multi Pin Clamp, 6 positions, large, MR-safe 390.002

Carbon Fibre Rod � 11.0 mm 394.800–870


Guide the clamps of the premounted clamp-rod constructionover the Schanz screws, and tighten the clamps on the screwswith the � 11.0 combination wrench.


4aUnilateral single frame with multi pin clamps



After reduction, tighten all the screws of the clamps.

3Reduction

Thanks to the clamps that enable the Schanz screws and carbonfibre rod to be independently fixed, the fracture can beoptimally reduced using the modular technique with the doubleSchanz screws as levers.

Alternative technique


Reduction Handle for Large Multi Pin Clamp 392.966


Wrench, hexagonal � 5.0 mm, long, angled 392.919

In certain cases, it is recommendable to use additional reductionlevers. Greater force can be applied from the increased leverage.In addition, the levers enable free image intensifier control.

29

4bUnilateral double frame construction with multi pinclamps


Rod Attachment for large Multi Pin Clamp 390.003


If additional rod connectors are attached to the frame, a double-frame construction can be created to increase the stability ofthe frame.


Unilateral frame with single-rod ordouble-rod construction

1Provisionally reduce the fracture, and set the first Schanzscrew

Provisionally reduce the fracture, and insert the first Schanzscrew in a main fragment. From a ventrolateral direction, locatethe first screw as distally as possible.

2Mount the carbon fibre rod and clamp





Mount the rod with the assistance of a clip-on, self-holdingclamp.

3Definitively reduce the fracture, and set the second Schanz screw

After reducing the fracture, set the second Schanz screw as prox-imally as possible. Secure the reduction by tightening theproximal and distal clamp, yet continue to hold the reductionuntil the fracture is definitively fixed (see following pages).

31

4aUnilateral frame with single-rod construction




Insert the remaining Schanz screws, and place the required clip-on, self-holding clamps on the rod to the side of the screws.Tighten all the clamp nuts.

4bUnilateral frame with double-rod construction





A double-rod construction increases stability of the assembly inthe case of bone defects or comminuted fractures. Use the sameprocedure as for single-rod construction; however, after settingthe first two Schanz screws, place the second rod over the first.

The double-rod construction should be standard for the femur.


Particular care is required with external fixation assemblies in thepelvis. Indications for stabilizing the anterior pelvic ring with alarge external fixator are: Unstable fractures in the anterior pelvicring, or symphysis fractures with or without participation ofthe posterior pelvic ring. This type of stabilization is also possiblein emergencies such as polytrauma, open wounds and,where appropriate, as an alternative to internal osteosynthesis.

The pelvis can be stabilized with an external fixator both at theiliac crest and the supraacetabular region. Although the point ofentry for the Schanz screw is easier to find on the iliac crest, it is frequently difficult or impossible to attain a permanent andsecure seat for the Schanz screws in the curved ala of the ilium.For this reason, the treatment of the pelvis will be illustratedfirst with reference to supraacetabular fixation in the followingsurgical instructions.

Pelvic use

33

1Setting the first two Schanz screws

Anatomical landmarks for the supraacetabular placement of theSchanz screws are the superior anterior iliac crest and inferioranterior iliac crest.

Set a self-drilling/self-tapping Schanz screw (Seldrill™) on the rightand left between the inferior anterior iliac spine, and theventral labrum of the acetabulum. Proceeding from the superioranterior iliac crest, this site of entry is 4 to 6 cm in a caudal direc-tion, and 3 to 4 cm in a medial direction. When inserting thescrew, make sure that the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is notdamaged.

To prevent the screws from penetrating the acetabulum, makesure that the screw is aligned 20–30° medially and 10–20°cranially. When the screws are mechanically inserted, concentrateon feeling if the screw is properly screwing into the bonesubstance. Monitor the site of entry and the advance of the self-drilling screws with the image intensifier.

The final turns and fine adjustment of the Schanz screw shouldbe done manually with the universal handle.

Supraacetabular pin placement


2Setting the second two Schanz screws

The second Schanz screws to be set on both sides are intro-duced somewhat cranially to the first set of screws. The two tipscan slightly converge.

3Ventral connection






Initially, the two caudal screws of the bilaterally set Schanzscrews are connected with two carbon fibre rods and a self-hold-ing combination clamp. It is important for the assembly to belarge enough to allow a sufficient degree of freedom to accom-modate swelling of the abdomen.

The rods are held with a combination clamp but are not tight-ened.

35

4Reduction



Manually reduce the pelvic ring by pressure, stretching, or usingthe Schanz screws as levers. In certain cases, distraction bypulling on a leg can be advantageous. After reduction, tightenthe combination clamp.

5Connect the second pair of screws






If the reduction of the pelvis has been correctly carried out, thetwo top Schanz screws can be connected with each other.

Note: Instead of the rods and combination clamps, a curvedcarbon fibre rod 394.790 can be used for both the first and sec-ond pair of screws.

6Connecting the partial frames


Connecting Rod � 5.0 mm, Stainless Steel 393.900–393.940

Self-Tapping Schanz Screw X94.520–570

Protective Cap, for Schanz Screws and Steinmann Pins � 5.0 mm 393.420

To substantially increase the stability of the construction, thetwo partial frames are connected with additional 4.0 mm cross-braces (such as 4.0 mm carbon fibre rods or Schanz screwswith a protective cap). The clip-on, self-holding clamps are par-ticularly suitable for mounting an additional cross-brace.


Placing pins in the Iliac crest

1Setting the first two Schanz screws

The iliac crests serve as landmarks for introducing the Schanzscrews. Marking the inner and outer surfaces of the ala of the ilium with Kirschner wires can help establish the alignmentfor placing the first Schanz screw.

Note: It is advantageous to place at least one screw in themargin of the os ilium on both sides.

2Setting the second two Schanz screws

The second screw is set slightly posterior (approximately 2 cm)to the first Schanz screw.

37

3Reduction and definitive assembly



Clamp, clip-on, self holding, MR-safe 390.008

Combination Clamp, clip-on, self holding, MR-safe 390.005


Self-Tapping Schanz Screw X94.520-570


The additional steps for fixing the pelvis are analogous to points3–6 on the previous page.

Note: In individual cases, the supraacetabular assembly andcrest assembly can be combined.


Arthrodesis and osteotomies generally require symmetricalcompression that is best generated using a bilateral frame con-struction.

Bilateral frame for arthrodesis andosteotomies

Bilateral frames for arthrodesis


Steinmann Pin � 5 mm with trocar tip X93.500–X93.590





Compressor, open 393.760


The large external fixator enables effective compression by pre-tensioning the Steinmann pins in relation to each other. Maxi-mum stability is attained by first untightening the relevant clampnuts, then generating the desired compression using the opencompressor, and then retightening the nuts.

Knee arthrodesis Ankle arthrodesis

39

Bilateral frames for Osteotomies


Steinmann Pin � 5 mm with trocar tip X93.500–X93.590





Compressor, open 393.760


In the case of osteotomies of the proximal and distal tibia, innerfixation is generally preferred if there are no associated soft-tissue problems.

Compression osteotomies with a bilateral frame construction aresupportive of the metaphysis of rapid bone healing.

Proximal tibia osteotomy Distal tibia osteotomy


Bennek J (2000) The use of upper limb external fixation inpaediatric trauma. Injury, Int J Care Injured 31, 21–26.

Gausepohl T, Koebke J, Pennig D, Hobrecker S, Mader K (2000)The anatomical base of unilateral external fixation in the upperlimb. Injury, Int J Care Injured 31, 11–20.

Miner T, Carroll KL (2000) Outcomes of External Fixation ofPediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures. Journal of Pediatric Ortho-paedics, 20:405-410.

Rüedi TP, Murphy WM (2000) AO Principles of Fracture Manage-ment. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York.

Ruland WO (2000) Is there a place for external fixation inhumeral shaft fractures? Injury. Int. J. Care Injured 31, 27–34.

Kapukaya A, Subasi M, Necmioglu S, Arslan H, Kesemenli lC,Yildirim K (1998) Treatment of closed femoral diaphysealfractures with external fixators in children. Arch Orthop TraumaSurg, 117:387–389.

Hull JB, Bell MJ (1997) Modern Trends for External Fixation ofFractures in Children: A critical Review. Journal of PediatricOrthopaedics, 6:103–109.

Gregory P, Pevny T, Teague D (1996) Early Complications withExternal Fixation of Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures. Journal ofOrthopaedic Trauma, Vol 10, No 3, 191–198.

Buckley SL (1995) Technique of External Fixation of grossly un-stable or open tibial shaft fractures in children. Operative Tech-niques in Orthopaedics, Vol 5, No 2 (April):157-163.

Davis TJ, Topping RE, Blanco JS (1995) External Fixation ofPediatric Femoral Fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics and RelatedResearch, No 318, 191–198.

Aronson J, Tursky EA (1992) External Fixation of Femur Fracturesin Children. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 12:157–163.

Gregory RJH, Cubison TCS, Pinder IM, Smith SR (1992) ExternalFixation of lower limb fractures in children. The Journal ofTrauma, Vol 33, No 5, pp 691-693.

Heim D, Regazzoni P, Perren S (1992) Der Fixateur externe beioffenen Frakturen: Gegenwärtiger Stand seiner Anwendung.Injury, No 23, suppl. 2.

Bibliography

Regazzoni P (1989) Das Ilizarov-Konzept mit einem modularenRohrfixateursystem. Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie,No 21, 90–93.

Rüter A, Brutscher R (1988) Die Behandlung ausgedehnterKnochendefekte am Unterschenkel durch die Verschiebungs-osteotomie nach Ilizarov. Der Chirurg, 59, 357–359.

Alonso JE, Horowitz M (1987) Use of the AO/ASIF ExternalFixator in Children. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 7:594–600.

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Presented by:

Large Medium Externalfixators

Documents

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size external

anterior pelvic

distant cortical

carbon fibre

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