1. TITLE Hydrogen and Oxygen 2. DATE OF EXPERIMENT Wednesday, November 19 th 2014 3. EXPERIMENT DONE Wednesday, November 19 th 2014 4. PURPOSE a) Knowing Hydrogen Gas Production Method b) Knowing the nature - Hydrogen Gas Properties c) Identifying Gas Hydrogen and its compounds d) Mengethaui Oxygen Gas Production Method in the Laboratory e) Knowing the existence of Oxygen Gas In A Compound 5. BASIC THEORY I. HYDROGEN Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydor: water, genes: forming) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and atomic number 1. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, non- metal, single-valent, and is a diatomic gas that is highly flammable. With the atomic mass 1.00794 amu, hydrogen is the lightest element in the world. Hydrogen gas is highly flammable and will burn at concentrations as low as 4% H2 in air. The
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1. TITLE
Hydrogen and Oxygen
2. DATE OF EXPERIMENT
Wednesday, November 19th 2014
3. EXPERIMENT DONE
Wednesday, November 19th 2014
4. PURPOSE
a) Knowing Hydrogen Gas Production Method
b) Knowing the nature - Hydrogen Gas Properties
c) Identifying Gas Hydrogen and its compounds
d) Mengethaui Oxygen Gas Production Method in the Laboratory
e) Knowing the existence of Oxygen Gas In A Compound
5. BASIC THEORY
I. HYDROGEN
Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydor: water, genes:
forming) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and
atomic number 1. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a
colorless, odorless, non- metal, single-valent, and is a diatomic gas that is
highly flammable. With the atomic mass 1.00794 amu, hydrogen is the lightest
element in the world.
Hydrogen gas is highly flammable and will burn at concentrations as
low as 4% H2 in air. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is -286 kJ /
mol. Hydrogen burning according to the chemical equation:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) + 572 kJ (286 kJ/mol)
When mixed with oxygen in various proportions, hydrogen explodes
when ignited by the fire and will explode himself at a temperature of 560 ° C.
Result of burning flames of pure hydrogen-oxygen emit ultraviolet and barely
visible to the naked eye.
Hydrogen in the natural gas found in two forms, namely molecular
ortho and para hydrogen, both molecular forms differ in terms of the relative
spin of electrons and the nucleus. In ortohidrogen two proton spin is parallel to
form a state olekular called "triplet with spin quantum number 1 (1/2+1/2), on
the parahydrogen protonya spin antiparallel to form a state of" singlet "and its
spin quantum number 0 (1/2-1/2). At STP (Standard Temperature Pressure)
hydrogen gas composed of 25% and 75% form the ortho form. Bentu ortho
can not be purified, due to differences in the two forms of hydrogen are the
physical properties of the two are different.
Hydrogen has the atomic number and mass number 1,008. With atomic
number is the electron configuration 1s1 Hydrogen has and the number of
electrons in the shell 1. The hydrogen atom is placed at the top along with
class 1A, but keep in mind that hydrogen is not a member of class 1A and
hydrogen is not a member of any group in the periodic table. Hydrogen is
placed in the first period along with helium, and hydrogen are on the block of
the periodic system is the block s.
HISTORY
Hydrogen comes from the Greek hydro = water, and genesis =
formation. Hydrogen has been used for many years before finally expressed as
a unique element by Cavendish in 1776. Named hydrogen by Lavoisier,
hydrogen is the element that most of all the elements in the universe. Heavy
elements were originally formed from hydrogen atoms or of elements
originally made from hydrogen atoms.
RESOURCE
Hydrogen is expected to form a composition of more than 90% of the
atoms in the universe (equal to three quarters of the universe). This element is
found in the stars and play an important role in providing the energy source of
the universe through the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle.
The process of fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium in the sun produces an
enormous amount of energy.
Hydrogen can be prepared in many ways:
• Steam from the heated carbon element
• Decomposition of hydrocarbons with some kind of heat energy
• Reactions of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum
• Electrolysis of water
• Shifting acids by certain metals
In 1973, there were some Russian scientists who experimented produce
metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 MegaBar. At the transition point, its
density changed from 1:08 to 1.3 g / cm3. One year earlier in Livermore,
California, a group of scientists also reported a similar experiment in which
they observed the phenomenon occurs at the point of pressure-volume
churning on 2 MegaBar. Some predictions suggested that metallic hydrogen
may be metastable. Others predict hydrogen may be superconducting at room
temperature.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN
Physical
Phase gas
Density(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
0,08988 g/L
Melting point14,01 K
(−259,14 °C, −434,45 °F)
Boiling point20,28 K
(−252,87 °C, −423,17 °F)
T ripel point 13,8033 K, 7,042 kPa
The critical point 32,97 K, 1,293 MPa
Heat of fusion (H2) 0,117 kJ·mol −1
Heat of vaporization (H2) 0,904 kJ·mol −1
Heat capacity(25 °C) (H2)
28,836 J·mol−1·K−1
The vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
T/K 15 20
Atomic properties
The crystal structure hexagonal
The oxidation number1, −1
(oksida amfoter)
Electronegativity 2,20 (Scala Pauling)
The ionization energy 1st: 1312,0 kJ·mol −1
Atomic radius 25 pm
Atomic radius (calculation)
53 pm
Covalent radii 37 pm
The radius of the Van Der Waals
120 pm
Other Information
The thermal conductivity
(300 K) 180,5 m W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (gas, 27 °C) 1310 m/s
Hydrogen is very reactive and reacts with every oxidizing element of
nature and nature is more electronegative than hydrogen such as halide groups.
Hydrogen can react spontaneously with chlorine and fluorine at room
temperature to form hydrogen halide. Hydrogen can also form compounds
with less electronegative elements such metals to form hydrides.
Hydrogen solubility in organic solvents is very small when compared
to its solubility in water. Hydrogen can be absorbed in a metal such as steel.
The absorption of hydrogen by the steel causes the steel is brittle, causing
damage in the manufacture of the equipment. With these properties, the
scientists can store hydrogen in metals platinum ga.
At normal temperatures are in the form of hydrogen diatomiknya but at
a very high temperature hydrogen dissociates into atomic-ataomnya. Atomic
hydrogen is very reactive and can react with metal oxides such as silver,
copper, of lead, bismuth, and mercury to produce the free metal.
Atomic hydrogen can also react with organic compounds to form such
complexes with C2H4 to form C2H6 and C4H10. At very high pressure hydrogen
can have properties such as metal.
COMPOUND
Although hydrogen is gaseous, we very rarely found in the earth's
atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is very light, if not combined with other elements,
will collide with other elements and terkeluarkan of the layers of the
atmosphere. On earth hydrogen commonly found as a compound (water) in
which the atoms are linked by oxygen atoms. The hydrogen atoms can also be
found in plants, petroleum, charcoal, and others. As an independent element,
its concentration in the atmosphere is very small (1 ppm by volume). As the
lightest gas, hydrogen combines with other elements "sometimes explosively"
to form a variety of compounds.
a. HYDRIDE
The term hydride is used to indicate that the oxidation number
of hydrogen which reacts with other elements is -1 and is denoted as
H-. Some examples of hydride compounds are LiH, NaH, LiAlH4,
BeH2 and others. Bond in hydride compounds can be covalently to the
very nature of ionic and can be a part of this hydride molecules,
oligomers, polymers, ionic solids, the absorption layers chemical, or
even be part of a metal. Hydride reacts as a Lewis base and act as
reducing agents and can also be reacted with hydrogen radicals and
protons. Various elements to form hydrides and now become an
important subject of research to find a metal that can store hydrogen to
generate electricity or batteries. Hydride also plays an important role in
the synthesis of organic compounds due to nature as a reductant.
b. HYDROCARBONS
In the field of organic hydrocarbon compounds are defined as
compounds consisting essentially of hydrogen and carbon, but this
sense is widespread due to some hydrocarbons also contain other
elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and even metal
(organometallic). Very broad class of hydrocarbons including alkanes,
Reaction tube side pipeMeasuring glassPlastic pipePlastic closedStatif and clemBunsenKClO4
KIH2O2 4.5 %Litmus paperWoodKawi stone powder
121111
0.05 M
21
b) Procedure of ExperimentHydrogen experiment
1.
-Entered into porcelain cup containing distilled water
-Heated over a flame
-Checked by PP-Observed
Small spoon of magnesium powder gray
Pink solution
The powder does not dissolve
Slightly soluble water
-Entered into test tubes containing wet and dry cotton -Entered dry cotton-Close the test tube with a rubber cap-Heated
-Tested flame
0,02 gram of zinc powder
Gray powder
2.
3.
Some zinc metal
-Entered in tube side piped-Hose conected to a container measuring cup placed upside down in the water-Added 4M solution of hydrochloric acid sufficiently
-Closed with a rubber cover -Tested flame
Arise burst
The solution was gray, arise bubble
A few drops of solution H2O2 4,5%
-Entered into test tube-Added 1mL KI
-Added a little starch solution-Observed
Yellow solution
4.
5.
Potassium Chlorate
-Inserted into the test tube as high as ±0,5 cm from the bottom of the tube
-Added a little powder manganese
-Heated
-Collected gas by moving into water-Tested with sticks glow
Fire the greater
White powder
White powder and black
Black powder melts, gases arising
±0,5 gram of permanganate
-Entered in test tube an connected to the piped side container
-Added drops by drop 4,5% hydrogen peroxide (with caution)-The tube was closed with a rubber cover
-Left about 10 minutes for the gas to accumulate -Tested with sticks glow-Compare with the experimental gas volume 1
purple- black powcer
Oxygen experiment
1.
2.
7. DATA
8. ANALYSIS
9. DISCUSSION
10. CONCLUSION11. REFERENCES
Achmad, Hiskia. 2001. Kimia Unsur dan Radiokimia . Bandung : PT. Citra Aditya Bakti.
Amaria. dkk. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Anorganik II Unsur-Unsur Golongan
Utama. Surabaya. Unesa Press.
Anonim. 2014. Hidrogen. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen. accessed on 20
November 2014.
Anonim. 2013. Oksigen. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen. accessed on 20 November
2014.
Vogel (1985). Buku Teks Analisis Anorganik Kualitatif Makro dan Semimakro, Jakarta :