Languages of South America. Amazonian Languages After Epps & Salanova 2013 (typology of Amazonian), Adelaar 2004 (the Andes) (unless otherwise indicated, maps come from glottolog.org and Adelaar 2004) Никогда вы не найдете В наших северных лесах Длиннохвостых ягуаров Броненосных черепах
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Languages of South America. Amazonian Languages After Epps & Salanova 2013 (typology of Amazonian), Adelaar 2004 (the Andes) (unless otherwise indicated,
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Languages of South America.Amazonian Languages
After Epps & Salanova 2013 (typology of Amazonian), Adelaar 2004 (the Andes)(unless otherwise indicated, maps come from glottolog.org and Adelaar 2004)
Никогда вы не найдетеВ наших северных лесахДлиннохвостых ягуаровБроненосных черепах
Noun classes: rich Sex-based gender systems Classifiers
Some Bora lgs: several hundred classifiers Humans by sex, animates by sex, shape or
unspecified, inanimates by shape, function etc. Shape: flat, round, long etc.; culture based
classifications Wakú ‘vines, snakes, fishing lines’ + ‘large catfish’?? large catfish is the namesake of a ceremonial
trumpet that is bound with a vine rim and named ‘two-snakes.’
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Numeral systems: poor Some ‘1’ and ‘2’ only; many ‘1’ to ‘3’ to ‘5’ Often, etymologically transparent: in Hup,
‘two’ derives from ‘eyes’, ‘three’ from ‘rubber tree seed’. In many ‘four’ derives from ‘brother, companion’
Andersen 2005: “where numeral systems exist, they are a cultural attainment, that is, they have developed (or been borrowed from other languages) because they were culturally motivated.”
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Tense and number
Tense
Number Nouns
Verbs
How come?
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Verbal tense: weak Time reference expressed by optional
suffixes or clitics Future vs. (optional) non-future
Past vs. present reference induced from the type of situation (actional class) – probably common to North America Mebengokre (Jê):
ba nẽ ba ku-by ‘I grabbed it’
I Non.Fut I it-grabba nẽ ba i-ngryk ‘I'm angry’I Non.Fut I I-angry
tensed nominal referencea. che-roga-kue my-house-FORMER ‘my former house’ (ashes or house)b. che-roga-ra my-house-FUTURE ‘my future house’ (bricks or standing
house)
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Tensed nouns Not verbal tense cliticized to nouns! Epps:
“… structurally simple noun phrases with markers that encode the evidence surrounding the epistemic status of the entity's existence.”
Independent of clausal verbal tense: a. o-va-ta che-róga-kue-pe 3-move-FUT 1-house-FORMER-in‘He will move into my former house.’b. a-va-va'ekue hoga-rã-pe 1-move-PAST 3.house-FUTURE-in‘I have moved into his future house.’
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Verbal number
Multiple participants (agreement?) or multiple event (iterativity)? Itonama – complicate verbal number but
lacking nominal number Possibly a trait in common with N.
America, esp. Muskogean and Tsimshian, where it is morphologically similar to Jê
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Verbal number Mẽbengokre, alias Kayapo (Jê): argument number
shifts to aspect when the verb changes from dynamic to stative (nominalized) form
a. krwỳj jã nẽ môp krẽ ‘This parakeet ate the malanga.’
parakeet this NFUT malanga eat.V.SGb. krwỳj jã nẽ môp ku ‘…ate the malangas.’parakeet this NFUT malanga eat.V.PLa. krwỳj jã nẽ kute môp krẽn ‘…has eaten (once in his
life).’parakeet this NFUT 3ERG malanga eat.N.SGb. krwỳj jã nẽ kute môp kur ‘…often eats’
parakeet this NFUT 3ERG malanga eat.N.PL
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Evidentiality: abundant Nonvisual (heard, but also tasted or felt)
Visual may be marked but usually unmarked Reportative
Does quotative count? Inferred Speaker’s responsibility for ‘facticity’ of
the information conveyed or for the event itself connection to culture: interactive expectations
and ethnography of speech
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Evidentiality: abundant
Interaction with grammar and morphology
From obligatory to discourse-based Visual may be marked but usually
unmarked From particles to paradimgs of
suffixes to fusion with tense, person and number (Tuyuca < East Tukano)
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Ergative alignment: many Carib, Arawak, Tupi, (Macro) Jê,
Ergativity: ‘counter’-splits: Ergative on pronouns, accusative on NPs Ergative in present (generic / habitual),
accusative with past reference
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Active alignment: Tupi Alias: split intranstive, active-stative,
split S, fluid S Especially Tupi-Guarani
in common with N. America?
A
P
A
P
A reason to introduce the fourth slot to Dixonian A/S/P opposition? Need to distinguish between S=A and S=P?
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Active alignment: Tupi
Alias: split intranstive, active-stative, split S, fluid S
Especially Tupi-Guarani
A
S
P
Rather, distinction is based on verbal classification: stative vs. active Stative may exhibit nominal properties The same verb may be construed with active and stative interpretation
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Active alignment: Tupi Guarani:
Stative (P-prefix) Active (A-prefix)
che-yta ‘I can swim’ a-yta ‘I swim’
che-monda
‘I'm a thief’ a-monda ‘I steal’
che-karu ‘I'm a big eater’ a-karu ‘I eat’
che-ka’a ‘I'm a drunkard’ a-ka’a ‘I get drunk’
che-guata ‘I'm a fast walker’ a-guata ‘I walk’
che-kirirĩ ‘I'm a quiet person’ a-kirirĩ ‘I stop talking’