Language Production Language Production : : Speaking, Writing, and Speaking, Writing, and Bilingualism Bilingualism Speaking Speaking Production Process Production Process Speech Errors Speech Errors Producing Discourse Producing Discourse Social Context of Speech Social Context of Speech Writing Writing Intro Intro Cognitive Model of Writing Cognitive Model of Writing Planning, Sentence Generation, & Revision Planning, Sentence Generation, & Revision Writing Style in Psychology Writing Style in Psychology Bilingualism Bilingualism Background Background Advantages Advantages 2 2 nd nd Language Proficiency & Age of Acquisition Language Proficiency & Age of Acquisition
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Language Production: Speaking, Writing, and Bilingualism Speaking Production Process Production Process Speech Errors Speech Errors Producing Discourse.
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Language ProductionLanguage Production: Speaking, : Speaking, Writing, and BilingualismWriting, and Bilingualism
SpeakingSpeaking Production ProcessProduction Process Speech ErrorsSpeech Errors Producing DiscourseProducing Discourse Social Context of SpeechSocial Context of Speech
WritingWriting IntroIntro Cognitive Model of WritingCognitive Model of Writing Planning, Sentence Generation, & RevisionPlanning, Sentence Generation, & Revision Writing Style in PsychologyWriting Style in Psychology
BilingualismBilingualism BackgroundBackground AdvantagesAdvantages 22ndnd Language Proficiency & Age of Acquisition Language Proficiency & Age of Acquisition
SpeakingSpeaking
Production ProcessProduction Process StagesStages
1.1. Gist/ meaningGist/ meaning
2.2. General structure of sentenceGeneral structure of sentence
3.3. Word selectionWord selection
4.4. Articulate phonemesArticulate phonemes
PlanningPlanning Linearization ProcessLinearization Process ProsodyProsody
Speech ErrorsSpeech Errors
Usually well-formed; few errors (appox. Usually well-formed; few errors (appox. 200-500 sentences)200-500 sentences)
Unfinished sentencesUnfinished sentences
Dell (1986) - 3 types of errorsDell (1986) - 3 types of errors
Types of Speech ErrorsTypes of Speech ErrorsDell (1986)Dell (1986)
3.3. Word errorsWord errorswriting a letter to my mother ---->writing a letter to my mother ---->writing a mother to my letterwriting a mother to my letter
4.4. DeletionsDeletionssame state ----> same satesame state ----> same sate
DiscourseDiscourse Beyond word and sentenceBeyond word and sentence NarrativesNarratives 6 parts convey6 parts convey
1.1. Brief overviewBrief overview2.2. Summary of characters / settingSummary of characters / setting3.3. ComplicationComplication4.4. Point of the narrativePoint of the narrative5.5. Resolution of storyResolution of story6.6. Final signalFinal signal
Structure lends coherence / predictabilityStructure lends coherence / predictability c.f. script and schemac.f. script and schema
Social Context of SpeechSocial Context of Speech
Language as a social instrumentLanguage as a social instrument
PragmaticsPragmatics
Common ground - shared background and Common ground - shared background and knowledgeknowledge
Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs (1986)Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs (1986)
Conversationalist FormatConversationalist Format
DirectivesDirectives
WritingWriting
Research limitedResearch limited Writing vs. SpeakingWriting vs. Speaking Cognitive Model (Hayes, 1996)Cognitive Model (Hayes, 1996)
Social, physical, motivational factorsSocial, physical, motivational factors WM plays a central roleWM plays a central role
Sentence GenerationSentence Generation TalkingTalking Alteration of hesitant and fluent phrasesAlteration of hesitant and fluent phrases Computer vs. pen (Kellog, 1994, 1996; Hayes, Computer vs. pen (Kellog, 1994, 1996; Hayes,
1996)1996)• SameSame• Blocks of textBlocks of text
RevisionRevision Organization and coherenceOrganization and coherence
Reconsider goalsReconsider goals
College studentsCollege students Give little time to revision (e.g., Torrance, 1999) 4%Give little time to revision (e.g., Torrance, 1999) 4% Estimations incorrect, poor metacognition 30% vs. < 10%Estimations incorrect, poor metacognition 30% vs. < 10%
Expert vs. Novice WritersExpert vs. Novice Writers Time revisingTime revising Sentence problems vs. organization, focus, and transitionsSentence problems vs. organization, focus, and transitions Diagnosing sentence errorsDiagnosing sentence errors Drawbacks of expertiseDrawbacks of expertise
ProofreadingProofreading
BilingualismBilingualism
Bilingual vs. MultilingualBilingual vs. Multilingual
AdditiveAdditive vs. vs. SubtractiveSubtractive Bilingualism Bilingualism
North America - subtractive bilingualism North America - subtractive bilingualism predominatepredominate
Acquisition Acquisition
Three IssuesThree Issues
Advantages of bilingualismAdvantages of bilingualism
In-depth examination of how immigrants In-depth examination of how immigrants maintain their skillsmaintain their skills
Relationship between acquisition age and Relationship between acquisition age and language proficiencylanguage proficiency
Advantages of BilingualismAdvantages of Bilingualism
Early theoristsEarly theorists
Early research results (flawed)Early research results (flawed)
Peal & Lambert (1962) -Peal & Lambert (1962) - 1 1stst well controlled study well controlled study
Bilinguals more advanced in schoolBilinguals more advanced in school
Scored better on tests of 1Scored better on tests of 1stst language language skillsskills