Language of Chemistry

7/28/2019 Language of Chemistry

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Introduction to ChemistryJonas A. Almerino, MAEd

Colegio San Agustin - Makati


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Treat CSA as our home. Follow school rules on good

grooming.

Maximize the use of availablematerials.

Live within your means; buywhat is only necessary


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Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future?

How do you classify things?

What will happen if a certain procedure has notbeen followed? How do you troubleshoot?

How will you use Chemistry in solving problems?

Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistryimproves or destroys life?


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History of Chemistry: Alchemy to Chemistry

Our Goal:

Your Task:


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History of Chemistry Timeline

The aims and objectives for creating a timeline are as follows:

u To present of a chronological sequence of related events along a drawnline

u To enable the reader to quickly understand how each event mightimpact on another event in time

u A fast 'snapshot' of time, people and eventsu To be able to know the events happening in the Philippines during the

discoveries of chemicals and technologies.

(Reference: http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/creating-a-

timeline.htm)


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History of Chemistry Timeline

Attractiveness (10)

u The timeline is exceptionally neat, colorful, and creative withpictures and/or illustrations.

Organization (10)

u The timeline is well planned, thought-out, and information is clearlyarranged in chronological order (the order in which events

happened).

Content (10)

u Nearly all-important events in Chemistry are represented on thetimeline, including discoveries, technologies, and the situation of the

Philippines. Extra information may be included.

Writing- Mechanics (5)

u Capitalization, punctuation, and spelling are correct no errors.

Scale of 1-10 (highest) except Writing-Mechanics which is 1-5 (highest)

Performance Task 1


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Read the Bible. Show interest and enthusiasm

in studies.Ask reflective questions.Apply what you have learned. Visit and utilize library

resources.


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Essential Questions







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Four Types of Naming

Binary compounds

Ternary compounds

Coordination compounds

Organic compounds

Contain only two types of elements

We will cover these in a separate unit

These will not be covered

Contain more than two types of elements


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ine

ur

ine

Binary

CompoundsBinary compounds that contain a metalof fixed oxidation number

(group 1, group 2, Al, Zn, Ag, etc.), anda non-metal.

To name these compounds, give the name of metal followed by thename of the non-metal, with the ending replaced by the suffix ide.

Examples:

NaCl

CaS

AlI3 3

sodium chlor

calcium sulf

aluminum iod

(Na1+ Cl1-)

(Ca2+ S2-)

(Al3+ I1-)

ide

ide

ide

He

2

C

6

N

7

O

8

F

9

Ne

10

B

5

H

1

Al

13

Si

14

P

15

S

16

Cl

17

Ar

18

Sc

21

Ti

22

V

23

Cr

24

Mn

25

Fe

26

Co

27

Ni

28

Cu

29

Zn

30

Ga

31

Ge

32

As

33

Se

34

Br

35

Kr

36

Y

39

Zr

40

Nb

41

Mo

42

Tc

43

Ru

44

Rh

45

Pd

46

Ag

47

Cd

48

In

49

Sn

50

Sb

51

Te

52

I

53

Xe

54

Hf

72

Ta

73

W

74

Re

75

Os

76

Ir

77

Pt

78

Au

79

Hg

80

Tl

81

Pb

82

Bi

83

Po

84

At

85

Rn

86

Li

3

Na

11

K

19

Rb

37

Cs

55

Fr

87

Rf

104

Db

105

Sg

106

Bh

107

Hs

108

Mt

109

Be

4

Ca

20

Sr

38

Ba

56

Ra

88

Mg

12

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

*

1+

2+

1+ 2+

3+


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Example: Aluminum Chloride

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

1 3

Criss-Cross Rule

Al Cl

Al Cl

3+ 1-

write out name with space

write symbols & charge of elements

criss-cross charges as subsrcipts

Step 4: AlCl3combine as formula unit

Aluminum Chloride

(1 is never shown)


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Example: Aluminum Oxide

Step 1: Aluminum Oxide

Step 2: Al3+ O2-

Step 3: Al O2 3

Step 4: Al2O3

Criss-Cross Rule


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Example: Magnesium Oxide

Step 1: Magnesium Oxide

Step 2: Mg2+ O2-

Step 3: Mg O2 2

Step 4: Mg2O2

Step 5: MgO

Criss-Cross Rule


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InBr3BaS

Criss-Cross Rule

criss-cross rule:charge on cation / anion

becomes subscript of anion / cation

** Warning: Reduce to lowest terms.

Al2O3

Al3+ and O2

Al2 O3

Ba2+ and S2

Ba2 S2

In3+ and Br1

In1 Br3

aluminum oxide barium sulfide indium bromide


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Naming Binary Compounds

Formula Name

1 BaO ____________________2 ________________ sodium bromide3 MgI2 ____________________4 KCl ____________________5 ________________ strontium fluoride6 ________________ cesium fluoride

barium oxide

NaBr

magnesium iodide

potassium chloride

SrF2

CsF


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Binary CompoundsContaining a Metal of Variable Oxidation Number

To name these compounds, give the name of the metal (Type IIcations) followed by Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate

the oxidation number of the metal, followed by the name of thenonmetal, with its ending replaced by the suffix ide.

Examples Stock System

FeCl2

(ic ending = higher oxidation state;

ous is lower oxidation state)

SnO Tin oxideSnO2 Tin oxide

(II)

(III)

(II)

(IV)

Traditional (OLD) System

Ferrous chloride

Ferric chloride

Stannous oxide

Stannic oxide

Iron chloride

Iron chlorideFeCl3


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Type II CationsCommon Type II Cations

Ion Stock System Traditional System

Fe 3+ iron (III) ferricFe 2+ iron (II) ferrous

Cu 2+ copper (II) cupric

Cu 1+ copper (I) cuprousCo 3+ cobalt (III) cobaltic

Co 2+ cobalt (II) cobaltous

Sn 4+ tin (IV) stannicSn 2+ tin (II) stannous

Pb

4+

lead (IV) plumbicPb 2+ lead (II) plumbous

Hg 2+ mercury (II) mercuric

Hg22+ mercury (I) mercurous

*Mercury (I) ions are always bound together in pairs to form Hg22+

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 90


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Formula Name

1 Hg2O ____________________2 HgO ____________________3 ________________ copper (II) fluoride4 ________________ copper (I) sulfide5 Cr2O3 ____________________6 ________________ lead (IV) oxide

mercury (I) oxide

PbO2

mercury (II) oxide

CuF2

Cu2

S

chromium (III) oxide


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Li

3

H

1

He

2

C

6

N

7

O

8

F

9

Ne

10

Na

11

B

5

Be

4

H1

Al

13

Si

14

P

15

S

16

Cl

17

Ar

18

K19

Ca

20Sc

21Ti

22V

23Cr

24Mn

25Fe

26Co

27Ni

28Cu

29Zn

30Ga

31Ge

32As

33Se

34Br

35Kr

36

Rb

37

Sr

38

Y

39

Zr

40

Nb

41

Mo

42

Tc

43

Ru

44

Rh

45

Pd

46

Ag

47

Cd

48

In

49

Sn

50

Sb

51

Te

52

I

53

Xe

54

Cs

55

Ba

56

Hf

72

Ta

73

W

74

Re

75

Os

76

Ir

77

Pt

78

Au

79

Hg

80

Tl

81

Pb

82

Bi

83

Po

84

At

85

Rn

86

Fr

87Ra

88Rf

104Db

105Sg

106Bh

107Hs

108Mt

109

Mg

12

Ce

58

Pr

59

Nd

60

Pm

61

Sm

62

Eu

63

Gd

64

Tb

65

Dy

66

Ho

67

Er

68

Tm

69

Yb

70

Lu

71

Th

90

Pa

91

U

92

Np

93

Pu

94

Am

95

Cm

96

Bk

97

Cf

98

Es

99

Fm

100

Md

101

No

102

Lr

103

La

57

Ac

89

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

*

Single-charge cations

Multiple-charge cations

Elemental anions

1+

2+

1+ 2+

3+ 1-2-3-

Periodic

Tablewith

charges


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PROBLEMSET

PARTY


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resources.


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Essential Questions







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Essential Questions







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Our Goal:

Your Task:

Language of Chemistry


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Names and Formulas of Ionic CompoundsLaboratory Activity

! ! FeCl3! MgSO4! CuSO4! !

! ! (Fe3+)! (Mg

2+)! (Cu

2+)! !

Na2CO3!!!!!!!!!!!!(CO32)!

!

!

!

! ! Analysis!

Precipitate!(ppt)!formation.!! Milky!! Grainy!! Cloudy!! Gelatinous!

Na3PO4!!!!!!!!(PO43)!

!

!

!

! !

NaOH!!!!!!!!!!(OH)!

!

!

!

! !

Na2SO4! (SO42)!

!

!

!

! !


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resources.


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Essential Questions







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Essential Questions







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Binary CompoundsContaining Two Nonmetals

To name these compounds, give the name of the less electronegativeelement first with the Greek prefix indicating the number of atoms of that

element present, followed by the name of the more electronegative non-metal with the Greek prefix indicating the number of atoms of that element

present and with its ending replaced by the suffix ide.

Prefixes you should know:

Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


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Binary CompoundsContaining Two Nonmetals (Type III Compounds)

1. ________________ diarsenic trisulfide2.

________________ sulfur dioxide

3. P2O5 ____________________4. ________________ carbon dioxide5. N2O5 ____________________6. H2O ____________________

As2S3

SO2

diphosphorus pentoxide

CO2

dinitrogen pentoxide

dihydrogen monoxide


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Prefixes Binary Molecular Compounds

Greek Prefixes for Two Nonmetals

Number Indicated Prefixes

1 mono-2 di-

3 tri-4 tetra-5 penta-

6 hexa-

7 hepta-8 octa-

9 nona-10 deca-


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Binary Molecular Compounds

N2O dinitrogen monoxide

N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide

N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide

ICl iodine monochloride

ICl3 iodine trichloride

SO2 sulfurdioxide

SO3 sulfurtrioxide


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Binary Compound?

Metal Present?

Does the metal form

more than one cation?

Type III

Use Greek

Prefixes

Type I

Use the element

name for the cation.

Type II

Determine the charge

of the cation; use a Roman

numeral after the cation

name.

Yes

Yes

YesNo

No

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 98


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PROBLEMSET

PARTY


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resources.


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Essential Questions







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Our Goal:

u Write and name chemical formulas usingTraditional and IUPAC systems.

Your Task:


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Chemicals in Consumer Products Poster

The aims and objectives for creating aninformational poster are as follows:

u To make aesthetic and useful poster.u To communicate information about chemicals

present in consumer products.

u Apply the knowledge of naming compounds.


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Performance Task 2Chemicals in Consumer Products Poster

Scale of 1-10 (highest) except Main Idea which is 1-5 (highest)

Main Idea (5)Poster has a clear title, which gives specific information about the main idea of

the poster.

Details from Research (10)

Poster includes all details from research and has clear labels, phrases, orsentence descriptions.

Effectiveness of Poster (10)Poster gives others a thorough understanding of topic researched with specific

examples or illustrations.Quality of Poster (10)

Poster includes illustrations and labels. Content of poster is edited for spelling

and punctuation and has no errors.


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! ! (Fe3+)! (Mg

2+)! (Cu

2+)! !

Na2CO3!!!!!!!!!!!!(CO32)!

!

!

!

! ! Analysis!


Na3PO4!!!!!!!!(PO43)!

!

!

!

! !

NaOH!!!!!!!!!!(OH)!

!

!

!

! !

Na2SO4! (SO42)!

!

!

!

! !


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! ! (Fe3+)! (Mg

2+)! (Cu

2+)! !

Na2CO3!!!!!!!!!!!!(CO32)!

!

!

!

! ! Analysis!


Na3PO4!!!!!!!!(PO43)!

!

!

!

! !

NaOH!!!!!!!!!!(OH)!

!

!

!

! !

Na2SO4! (SO42)!

!

!

!

! !

Fe2(CO3)3

NRNR

CuCO3

Cu3(PO4)2

Cu(OH)2

turquoise ppt.

blue ppt.

blue ppt.

orange ppt.

FePO4white ppt.

Fe2(SO4)3

Fe(OH)3brown ppt.

Mg(OH)2white ppt.

MgCO3white ppt.

NR


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Ternary compounds are those containing three differentelements. (NaNO3, NH4Cl, etc.). The naming of ternary

compounds involves the memorization of several positive and

negative polyatomic ions, (two or more atoms per ion), and

adding these names to the element with which they combine.

Ca3(PO4)2 Ca2++PO4

3-

Binary rules for indicating the oxidation number of metalsand for indicating the numbers of atoms present are

followed. The polyatomic ions that should be learned are

listed in a separate handout.


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ideCalcium hydroxide

Ca2+ OH1-

CaOH2

Ca(OH)2

Ca - OH

H

HO - Ca - OH

vs.


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resources.


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Essential Questions







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Our Goal:

u Write and name chemical formulas usingTraditional and IUPAC systems.

Your Task:

1Metal&with&a&Radical&


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a Metal&with&stable&oxidation&state&Examples&

Metal& & Radical& & Product&

B3+& +& SiO3

25& !& B2(SiO3)3&

boron& & silicate& & boron&

silicate&

& & & & &

Ag1+& +& BrO2

15& !& AgBrO2&&

silver& & bromite& & silver&

bromite&

&

b Metal&with&variable&oxidation&states&Examples&

Metal& & Radical& & Product& Traditional&

System&

Stock&System&

Au+& +& MnO4

5& !& Au(MnO4)3& auric&

permanganate&

gold(III)&

permanganate&

Pb2+& +& PO3

35& !& Pb3(PO3)2& plumbous&

phosphite&

lead(II)&

phosphite&

GENERAL RULE

" Name of the positive ion (metal or radical) iswritten first, followed by the name of the

negative radical.

# Check if the metal has variable oxidationstates. If yes, follow the rules using

Traditional System and Stock System.

# Check the hand-out on List of Ions foradditional list of radicals.

&


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Magnesium Phosphate

Step 1: Magnesium Phosphate

Step 2: Mg2+ PO43-

Step 3: Mg (PO4)3 2

Step 4: Mg3(PO4)2


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(PO4)3-

Phosphate

PO43-

1 P

4 O @ 2- = 8-

@ 3- = 3-

11-

?@ 5+ = 5+

3-

"

Fluorine and oxygen are highly electronegative and will attractelectrons very strongly. Generally, phosphorus will be 3- oxidation

state: however, when combining with oxygen, phosphorus will losefive electrons and take on a 5+ oxidation charge.


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phosphate

sulfate

carbonate

chlorate

nitrate

Polyatomic Ions - Memorize

phosphATE

sulfATE

carbonATE

chlorATE

nitrATE

PO43-

SO42-

CO32- ..

ClO31- ..

NO31- ...

Eight -ATEs

Exceptions:

ammonium

hydroxide

cyanide

NH41+

OH1-

CN1- ..


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Polyatomic Ion:a group of atoms that stay together and have a single, overall charge.

BrO41-

Perbromate ion

BrO31-

Bromate ionBrO2

1-

Bromite ionBrO1-Hypobromite ion

CO42- CO3

2-

Carbonate ionCO2

2- CO2-

ClO41- ClO3

1-

Chlorate ion

ClO21- ClO1-

IO41- IO3

1-

Iodate ionIO2

1- IO1-

NO41- NO3

1-

Nitrate ionNO2

1- NO1-

PO53-

PO43-

Phosphate ion PO33-

PO23-

SO52- SO4

2-

Sulfate ionSO3

2- SO22-

1 more oxygen normal 1 less oxygen 2 less oxygen


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Ternary Compounds

NaNO2 sodium nitrite

KClO3 potassium chlorate

Ca3(PO

4)2

calcium phosphate

Fe(OH)3 iron (III) hydroxide

NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate

sodium hydrogen carbonate


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1Radical'with'a'Radical'Examples'

Positive(

Radical((

Negative(

Radical(( Product(

NH41+( +( BO3

39( !( NH4)3BO3(

ammonium( ( borate( ( ammonium'borate'

( ( ( ( (

H3O1+( +( CO3

29( !( H3O)2CO2(

hydronium( ( carbonite( ( hydronium'carbonite'

(


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Binary Hydrogen Compoundsof Nonmetals When Dissolved in Water

(These compounds are commonly called acids.)

The prefix hydro- is used to represent hydrogen, followed by the nameof the nonmetal with its ending replaced by the suffixicand the word

acid added.

Examples:

*HCl

HBr

Hydrochloricacid

Hydrobromicacid

id f d b H+

R di l


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1Ternary'Acids''formed''by'H '+'Radical''''may'be'viewed'as'a'salt'or'as'an'acid'

H1+

'' Radical'

Used'

' Chemical'

Formula'

Naming

' ' Salt Name Acid Name

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Examples'

' ' ' ' ! Refers toacid in

liquid or

gaseous

state'

! Named by: 'hydrogen

+ (name of

radical)'

! Refers toacid in

water

solution

! -ate endingis replaced

by ic +

acid

! -ite endingis replaced

by -ous +

acid

! CheckAdditional

Informatio

n.

H1+

' +' SO42@'

"' H2SO4'hydrogen'

sulfate'sulfuric'acid'

hydrogen' ' sulf ate'

H1+

' +' SO32@'

"' H2SO3'hydrogen'

sulfite'sulfurous'acid'

hydrogen' ' sulf ite'

' ' ' ' ' ' '

H1+

' +' PO43@'

"' H3PO4'hydrogen'

phosphate'

phosphoric'

acid'hydrogen' ' phosphate'

H1+

' +' PO33@'

"' H3PO3'hydrogen'

phosphite'

phosphorous+

acid'


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Naming Ternary Compounds from

Oxyacids

The following table lists the most common families of oxy acids.

one more

oxygen atom

mostcommon

one less

oxygen

two lessoxygen

HClO4

perchloric acid

HClO3chloric acid

HClO2

chlorous acid

HClOhypochlorous acid

H2SO4sulfuric acid

H2SO3

sulfurous acid

H3PO4phosphoric acid

H3PO3

phosphorous acid

H3PO2hypophosphorous acid

HNO3nitric acid

HNO2

nitrous acid

(HNO)2hyponitrous acid


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An acid with a

name ending in

A salt with a

name ending in

-ic

-ous

-ate

-iteforms

forms

Hill, Petrucci, General ChemistryAn Integrated Approach1999, page 60

O id O lt


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Oxyacids OxysaltsIf you replace hydrogen with a metal, you have formed an oxysalt.

A saltis a compound consisting of a metal and a non-metal. If the

salt consists of a metal, a nonmetal, and oxygen it is called anoxysalt. NaClO4, sodium perchlorate, is an oxysalt.

HClO4perchloric acid

HClO3chloric acid

HClO2chlorous acid

HClOhypochlorous acid

NaClO4sodium perchlorate

NaClO3sodium chlorate

NaClO2sodium chlorite

NaClOsodium hypochlorite

OXYACID OXYSALT


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ACID SALT

perstem ic changes to perstem ate

stem ic changes to stem ate

stem ous changes to stem ite

hyperstem ous changes to hypo stem ite

HClO3 + Na1+ NaClO3 + H

1+acid cation salt


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Naming Simple Chemical Compounds

Ionic (metal and nonmetal) Covalent (2 nonmetals)

Metal

Formsonly one

positive

ion

Formsmore than

one positive

ion

Nonmetal

Use thename of

element

Use elementname followed

by a Roman

numeral to

show the charge

Firstnonmetal

Secondnonmetal

Beforeelement name

use a prefix

to match

subscript

Use a prefixbefore

element name

and end

with ide

SingleNegative

Ion

PolyatomicIon

Use the nameof the

element, but

end with ide

Use thename of

polyatomic

ion (ate or

Ite)


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PROBLEMS

ET

PARTY


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Treat CSA as our home. Follow school rules on good

grooming.

Maximize the use of availablematerials.

Live within your means; buywhat is only necessary


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Essential Questions







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S ffi h i


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Suffixes have meaning

q-ide binary compoundsodium chloride (NaCl)

q-ite or-ate polyatomic compoundsulfite (SO3

2-)

sulfate (SO42-) -ate means one more oxygen

than -ite

q-ol alcoholmethyl alcohol (methanol)

q-ose sugarsucrose

q-ase enzymesucrase

Oxidation States in Formulas and


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Oxidation States in Formulas and

Names

dinitrogen monoxide N2O nitrogen (I) oxide

dinitrogen trioxide N2O3 nitrogen (III) oxide

dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5 nitrogen (V) oxide

sulfur dioxide SO2 sulfur (IV) oxide

sulfur trioxide SO3 sulfur (VI) oxide

Traditional System Stock System

+1 -2

+3 -2

+5 -2

+4 -2

+6 -2

(Two non-metals)

stock system is NOT preferred for two non-metals


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Problem sets


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Language of Chemistry

Documents