Language Modeling Unified

UnifiedUnifiedModelingModeling

LanguageLanguage

Luciano BaresiLuciano Baresi

Computer SystemComputer System

“A model captures all“A model captures allessential details of a systemessential details of a system””

Dr. James James RumbaughRumbaugh

Visual ModelingVisual Modeling

Business ProcessBusiness Process

requestrequest

orderorder

deliverydelivery

ContributionsContributionsHarelHarel

StatechartsStatechartsMeyerMeyer

Before and after Before and after conditionsconditions

Gamma, et alGamma, et al

Frameworks and patterns,Frameworks and patterns,

HP FusionHP Fusion

Operation descriptions and Operation descriptions and message numberingmessage numbering

EmbleyEmbley

Singleton classes andSingleton classes andhighhigh--level viewlevel view

WirfsWirfs--BrockBrock

ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

OdellOdell

ClassificationClassification

Shlaer Shlaer -- MellorMellor

Object lifecyclesObject lifecycles

RumbaughRumbaugh

OMTOMT

BoochBooch

Booch methodBooch method

JacobsonJacobson

OOSEOOSE

UML DiagramsUML Diagrams

�� Static viewsStatic viewshhUse case diagramUse case diagramhhClass diagramClass diagramhhObject diagramObject diagramhhComponent diagramComponent diagramhhDeployment diagramDeployment diagram

�� Dynamic viewsDynamic viewshhSequence diagramSequence diagramhhCollaboration diagramCollaboration diagramhhStatechart diagramStatechart diagramhhActivity diagramActivity diagram

Use Case Diagrams Use Case Diagrams

Modeling ElementsModeling Elements

�� Actor: it is a user (human being) or Actor: it is a user (human being) or external system that:external system that:hhExchanges data with the systemExchanges data with the system

�� Provides inputs to and/or receives outputs Provides inputs to and/or receives outputs from the systemfrom the system

�� Use case: it is a functional entity the Use case: it is a functional entity the system is composed of:system is composed of:hh It identifies a feature that the system will It identifies a feature that the system will

provideprovide

Foundamental RelationshipsFoundamental Relationships

�� Interacts Interacts means that there is a link means that there is a link between the actor and use casebetween the actor and use case

�� UsesUses identifies the use of a given identifies the use of a given functionality (it is usefull to stress functionality (it is usefull to stress similiar features in different contexts)similiar features in different contexts)

�� ExtendsExtends defines a case as extension defines a case as extension with respect to a base one (it is the with respect to a base one (it is the way these diagrams use inheritance)way these diagrams use inheritance)

<uses>

User

Manager ATM Machine

Desk

ContextContext

�� The first use case diagram The first use case diagram defines the context of the defines the context of the systemsystem

�� Different choices imply Different choices imply hhDifferent actorsDifferent actorshhDifferent casesDifferent cases

Change Course

Request for Students

Professor

Select Course

Manage Professors

Manage Students

Repository

Manage Courses

Request for courses

Change chosen courses

Student

Register for a courseAccounting Office

... A Simple University... A Simple University

Customer

Manager

Credit definition

Order Order through the Internet

extends

Customer Info

uses

Product Availability

uses

Payment Terms

uses

uses

Another ExampleAnother Example

User ScenariosUser Scenarios

�� A scenario is an instance of a use caseA scenario is an instance of a use casehh It is a specific execution of the use caseIt is a specific execution of the use casehh It defines events and actions for the specific “execution”It defines events and actions for the specific “execution”

�� Scenarios define lowerScenarios define lower--level requirements than use case level requirements than use case diagramsdiagrams

�� Scenarios are usually defined using natural languageScenarios are usually defined using natural language�� UML proposes a more specialized notationUML proposes a more specialized notation

Interaction diagramsInteraction diagrams

Interaction DiagramsInteraction Diagrams

Interaction DiagramsInteraction Diagrams

�� Define the dynamic behavior of a set of objects that Define the dynamic behavior of a set of objects that cooperate for a common goalcooperate for a common goal

�� Are used to “formalize” scenarios in terms ofAre used to “formalize” scenarios in terms ofhhEntities (objects)Entities (objects)hhMessages (methods)Messages (methods)

�� UML offers two different kinds of interaction UML offers two different kinds of interaction diagrams diagrams hhSequence diagramsSequence diagramshhCollaboration diagramsCollaboration diagrams

Goofy Selector

Choose Comp. Science

Available?

Add Goofy

Acknowledge registration

Sequence DiagramsSequence Diagrams

Comp. Science

Sequence DiagramsSequence DiagramsCaller User Means Called User

StartTone

Dial

...

Route

Wait Ring

Answer

Ready Ready

ab

c

d

d’

{b{b--a < 1 sec.}a < 1 sec.}{c{c--b < 10 sec.}b < 10 sec.}

{d’{d’--d < 5 sec.}d < 5 sec.}

The delay comes The delay comes from the networkfrom the network

Now they can start Now they can start chattingchatting

Collaboration DiagramsCollaboration Diagrams

�� Are very close to sequence diagramsAre very close to sequence diagrams�� Highlight the interactions among parts of the same Highlight the interactions among parts of the same

object, instead of among different objectsobject, instead of among different objectshhThey better model messagesThey better model messages

�� Sequences must be modeled explicitely. They do not Sequences must be modeled explicitely. They do not come from reading the diagram in the “usual” waycome from reading the diagram in the “usual” wayhhMessages must be numbered using a dotMessages must be numbered using a dot--like notationlike notation

Collaboration DiagramsCollaboration Diagrams

:Selector1: Before

true

2: Before

Software Eng.

Comp. Science: Course

Another ExampleAnother Example

:Selector

info:AccountingInfo

folder:StudentFolder

Goofy

1: Select 4 courses

2: Select Comp. Science3: Select Soft. Eng.4: Select Physics

5: Select Web Design

6: Select 2 more courses

7: Select Chemistry8: Select History

9: Submit courses

10: Available11: Add Goofy

12: Create Folder

13: Create Accounting Info

Course:Course

Class DiagramsClass Diagrams

Class DiagramsClass Diagrams

�� Define THE static view of a system in terms ofDefine THE static view of a system in terms ofhhClassesClasseshhRelationships among classes:Relationships among classes:

�� Associations (uses)Associations (uses)�� Generalizations (inheritance)Generalizations (inheritance)�� Aggregations (part of)Aggregations (part of)

�� Are the basic elements of all object systemsAre the basic elements of all object systems

ClassesClasses(Visibility)(Visibility)

ProfessorProfessor

+ name: String# surname: String - age: integer = 33

+ visualize()- setCourse()

Professor

name: Stringsurname: Stringage: integer

visualize()setCourse()

Professor

namenamesurnamesurname

ProfessorProfessor

ageage

idid namenamesurnamesurname

ProfessorProfessor

ageage

WellWell--formed Classesformed Classes

�� All object have their own identity. We do not need to All object have their own identity. We do not need to add it to all classes we designadd it to all classes we design

Derived AttributesDerived AttributesPersonPerson

dateOfBirthdateOfBirth: Date: Date/ age :age : intint

DepartmentDepartment

1..*1..*

PersonPerson1..*1..*

worksworks

1..*1..*

/ / employsemploys{age = today {age = today -- dateOfBirthdateOfBirth}}

CompanyCompany

AssociationsAssociations

�� Define bidirectional information channels among Define bidirectional information channels among classesclasses

�� Multiplicity defines the number of instances that are Multiplicity defines the number of instances that are involved in a given associationinvolved in a given association

�� Links are association instancesLinks are association instanceshhA link connects two objectsA link connects two objectshhAn association connects two classesAn association connects two classes

CourseCourse StudentFolderStudentFolderappearsappears

AssociationsAssociations

�� Indicate relationships among classesIndicate relationships among classeshhAn employ that works in a companyAn employ that works in a company

�� Can be labelledCan be labelledhhThe label is usually a verbThe label is usually a verb

CourseCourse StudentStudent3 .. 103 .. 100..*0..*

MultiplicityMultiplicity

�� States how many objects are involved in an States how many objects are involved in an associationassociationhhThe minimum and maximum number of involed objectsThe minimum and maximum number of involed objects

�� States whether the association is mandatoryStates whether the association is mandatory

takestakes

MultiplicityMultiplicity

11Exactly 1Exactly 1

** Zero or moreZero or more

0..10..1 Zero or oneZero or one

m..nm..n From m to nFrom m to n

CourseCourse CurriculumCurriculum1..*1..*

AggregationsAggregations

�� Aggregations are specialAggregations are special--purpose associations. They purpose associations. They must be used when an object must be used when an object containscontains other objects other objects ((partpart--ofof))

SliderSliderPanelPanel ButtonButton

WindowWindow

1

2

1

1

1

1scrollbarscrollbar

bodybody closeclose22

11 11

11

11

11

CompositionsCompositions

�� Compositions are stronger aggreations Compositions are stronger aggreations hhParts cannot live alone; They depend on their containerParts cannot live alone; They depend on their container

containscontains

CourseCourse

precedesprecedes

PartPart

Reflexive AssociationsReflexive Associations

�� Un’associazione è riflessiva se coinvolge oggetti della Un’associazione è riflessiva se coinvolge oggetti della stessa classestessa classe

�� Indicano oggetti multipli della stessa classe che sono Indicano oggetti multipli della stessa classe che sono in relazione fra loroin relazione fra loro

PersonPerson

StudentStudent ProfessorProfessor

Inheritance (Generalization)Inheritance (Generalization)

�� Makes explicit common Makes explicit common behaviorsbehaviors

�� Could require:Could require:hhThe addiction of new The addiction of new

propertiespropertieshhThe modification of The modification of

existing operationsexisting operations

Abstract ClassesAbstract Classes

PolygonPolygon CircleCircle

ShapeShape

TriangleTriangle SquareSquare

Statechart DiagramsStatechart Diagrams

Statechart DiagramsStatechart Diagrams

�� Define the interal behavior of single objects (classes) Define the interal behavior of single objects (classes) in terms ofin terms ofhhEvents to which objects are sensible toEvents to which objects are sensible tohhProduced actionsProduced actionshhState transitionsState transitions

�� They are used to identify internal statesThey are used to identify internal states

�� Describe parallel and concurrent activitiesDescribe parallel and concurrent activities�� Come from statecharts by D. HarelCome from statecharts by D. Harel

StateChartsStateCharts

StateState OR DecompositionOR Decomposition

AND DecompositionAND Decomposition

eventeventactionaction

TransitionTransition

A Simple InteractionA Simple Interaction

EmptyEmpty

TankTank

ClosedClosed

ONONOpenOpen

Fornello

fillfill

FullFull

[gas = 0][gas = 0]

[gas > 0][gas > 0]

openopen

[tank.state == full][tank.state == full]

closeclose

sparkspark

Neutral Reverse

Forward

Low Mid High

R

N

F N

Pick up Pick up

Slow downSlow down

stop

Automatic transmission

Or DecompositionOr Decomposition

�� A macro state means an or decomposition among statesA macro state means an or decomposition among states�� All subAll sub--states inherit the transitions to/from their superstates inherit the transitions to/from their super--statesstates

And DecompositionAnd Decomposition

Naturallyattentive

do: take notes

do: yawn

do: scratch

Inattentive

boredwarning

Forcedlyattentivedo: drawwarning

Activity DiagramsActivity Diagrams

StartStart

Synchronization barSynchronization bar

EndEnd

*ActivityActivity

DecisionDecision

Iterated eventIterated event

success labellabel

Syntactical ElementsSyntactical Elements

An exampleAn exampleReceiveOrder

CheckPayment

CheckAvailability

DeleteOrder

Assign toOrder

ReorderElements

CompleteOrder

* For all elements

failure

success

All pieces available

Other DiagramsOther Diagrams

�� UML offers several other diagramsUML offers several other diagrams�� They are implementationThey are implementation--oriented diagramsoriented diagrams�� They are necessary fromThey are necessary from

hhA complete view of UMLA complete view of UMLhhA complete software processA complete software process

�� They are not covered in this course becauseThey are not covered in this course becausehhWe cover mainly requirementsWe cover mainly requirementshhWe do not exemplify the whole software processWe do not exemplify the whole software process

ReferencesReferences

�� The unified modeling The unified modeling language user guidelanguage user guideG. Booch, J. Rumbaugh e I. G. Booch, J. Rumbaugh e I. JacobsonJacobsonaddison wesley, 1998addison wesley, 1998

�� The modeling language The modeling language reference manualreference manualJ. Rumbaugh, I. Jacobson e J. Rumbaugh, I. Jacobson e G. Booch G. Booch addison wesley, 1999addison wesley, 1999

�� The unified software The unified software development processdevelopment processI. Jacobson, G. Booch e J. I. Jacobson, G. Booch e J. RumbaughRumbaugh

�� UML distilledUML distilledM. Fowler e K. ScottM. Fowler e K. Scottaddison wesley, 1999addison wesley, 1999

�� Http://www.Rational.ComHttp://www.Rational.Com�� Http://www.Omg.OrgHttp://www.Omg.Org

Any Questions? Any Questions?

Luciano BaresiLuciano BaresiDEI DEI -- Politecnico di MilanoPolitecnico di Milano

Piazza L.Piazza L. dada Vinci, 32 Vinci, 32 -- 20133 Milano (Italia)20133 Milano (Italia)teltel: 0223993638 : 0223993638 -- email:email: baresibaresi@@eletelet..polimipolimi.it.it