Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody HUGHES, Nathan, CHITSABESAN, Prathiba, BRYAN, Karen <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-1193>, BORSCHMANN, Rohan, SWAIN, Nathaniel, LENNOX, Charlotte and SHAW, Jennifer Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/16607/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version HUGHES, Nathan, CHITSABESAN, Prathiba, BRYAN, Karen, BORSCHMANN, Rohan, SWAIN, Nathaniel, LENNOX, Charlotte and SHAW, Jennifer (2017). Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58 (10), 1106-1113. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk
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Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody
HUGHES, Nathan, CHITSABESAN, Prathiba, BRYAN, Karen <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-1193>, BORSCHMANN, Rohan, SWAIN, Nathaniel, LENNOX, Charlotte and SHAW, Jennifer
Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at:
http://shura.shu.ac.uk/16607/
This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it.
Published version
HUGHES, Nathan, CHITSABESAN, Prathiba, BRYAN, Karen, BORSCHMANN, Rohan, SWAIN, Nathaniel, LENNOX, Charlotte and SHAW, Jennifer (2017). Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58 (10), 1106-1113.
Copyright and re-use policy
See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html
Sheffield Hallam University Research Archivehttp://shura.shu.ac.uk
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Key points:
There are high levels of language and communication impairment
among young people in the youth justice system, much of which
seems to be previously unidentified and unsupported.
Many of these young people experience comorbid vulnerabilities in
social communication, non-verbal cognition, self-harm, and substance
misuse.
Earlier identification of language difficulties requires routine
assessment of young people at risk of engagement in offending
behaviour.
There is a need for speech and language therapy provision within
youth justice services, as well as in other services accessed by young
people at risk of engagement in offending.
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Table 1. Levels of language needs identified by the TOWK
Significantly below average Impaired
TOWK Composite Measure Number Percentage Number Percentage
Overall language skills 38 41 19 20
Expressive language skills 28 30 9 10
Receptive language skills 41 44 22 24
Any of the above skills 44 47 26 28
Notes. Significantly below average is indicated by a standardized score less than 84. Impairment indicated by standardized score less than 77.
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Table 2. Mean scores regarding cognition and social communication compared using t-tests. Social communication and social
cognition assessed using SRS and presented as t scores. Verbal and non-verbal cognition assessed using KBIT-2 and presented
as percentile rank.
Overall language skills Receptive language Expressive language Impaired Not impaired t (91) Impaired Not impaired t (91) Impaired Not impaired t (91) Social communication 52.1 45.7 -4.1** 52.1 45.4 4.6** 49.8 46.7 1.3 (5.5) (8.1) (8.1) (5.2) (9.0) (6.3) Social cognition 49.2 40.5 -5.9** 48.4 40.4 5.6** 47.8 41.7 2.7 (8.0) (5.1) (8.1) (4.9) (8.1) (4.9) Verbal cognition 26.3 49.3 3.0** 10.4 31.6 -4.0** 9.2 28.5 -2.4 (29.6) (29.4) (8.1) (24.4) (8.8) (23.8) Non-verbal cognition 8.6 31.2 4.1** 38.2 46.6 -1.1 22.8 47.0 -2.3 (7.2) (23.4) (34.2) (29.5) (27.2) (30.3) Notes. Impairment indicated by standardized score less than 77. Standard deviations appear in parentheses below means. ** = p < .01.
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Table 3. Comparison of mental health by language impairment. Chi square tests undertaken where expected counts are sufficient.
Overall language skills Receptive language Expressive language Impaired Not impaired χ2 (1) Impaired Not impaired χ2 (1) Impaired Not impaired χ2 (1)
Depression 3 3 − 3 3 − 0 6 −
(17) (4) (14) (4) (0) (7) −
Self harm 10 18 6.27* 11 17 5.78* 5 23 −
(56) (25) (52) (25) (56) (28) −
Alcohol use 16 38 7.82** 16 38 2.99 9 45 −
(89) (53) (76) (53) (100) (56) −
Cannabis use 17 59 1.71 18 58 0.03 9 67 −
(94) (82) (86) (84) (100) (88) −
Other substance use 8 20 1.87 9 19 1.76 4 24 −
(44) (28) (43) (28) (44) (30) −
Notes. Impairment indicated by standardized score less than 77. Percentages appear in parentheses below count. − indicates insufficient expected counts to perform chi square test. * = p < 0.05. ** = p < .01.
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Table 4. Levels of language impairment among young people with neurodisability. Chi square tests undertaken where expected
counts are sufficient.
Overall language skills Receptive language Expressive language Impaired Not impaired χ2 (1) Impaired Not impaired χ2 (1) Impaired Not impaired χ2 (1)
Notes. Impairment indicated by standardized score less than 77. Percentages appear in parentheses below count. − indicates insufficient expected counts to perform chi square test. * = p < 0.05. ** = p < .01.
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Table 5. Previous service provision among those with impairment in overall language skills, receptive skills or expressive skills
(N=26)
Number Percentage
Received speech and language therapy 7 27
Attended a specialist (non-mainstream) school 14 54