Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Sir William Jones
During the 19th century, two centuries after Sir William insight. Study of the
languages (philosogy) came into use to describe that common ancestor
The The original original form.form.
Indian Indian sub- sub-
continecontinent.nt.
Europe.Europe.
German
English
Dutch
Danish
Swedish
Norwegian
Etc.
Gaelic
Irish
Welsh
Etc.
(Latin)
Italian,
Spanish
French
Portuguese
Romanian
ETC.
(Ancient Greek)
GreekLatvian
Lithuanian
Russian PolishCzech
Bulgarian,Etc.
(Sanskrit)
HindiBengali
Etc.
Persian
This map shows the indo – european - languages
Indo-european
(Close to 1 billion of native (Close to 1 billion of native speakers)speakers)
(About 350 million. This language (About 350 million. This language is used in different parts of the is used in different parts of the
world.)world.)
(300 million of native speakers)(300 million of native speakers)
(200 million)(200 million)
About 150 million each.About 150 million each.
1. One way is by looking at records of an older generation.
Look at the Look at the foollowing example:foollowing example:
Sanskrit Latin Greek
pitar pater pater
bhratar frater phrather
Are cognates of
Mutter
VaterFreund
English and modern German probably English and modern German probably have a common ancestor.have a common ancestor.
The majority congnates retain the original sound.
1.1. Final vowels often disappear.Final vowels often disappear.2.2. Voiceless sounds become voiced between Voiceless sounds become voiced between
vowelsvowels3.3. stops become fricatives (under certain stops become fricatives (under certain
conditions)conditions)4.4. consonants become voiceless at the end consonants become voiceless at the end
of words.of words.
Language change
1 2 3
Is a result of
Angles
Saxons
Jutes
Those tribes spoke germanic
language.
Around 6 centuries
MannMannmanman wifwif
(woma(woman)n)
cildcildChildChild
metemetefoodfood
drincadrincadrinkdrink
feohtafeohtann
fightfight
Around 4 centuries
This period began
armyarmy
courtcourt
defensedefense
This words
derives from
Frensh.
Sound changes
Old English Modern English
hu:s Haws (“house”)
wi:f wayf (“wife”)
/x/
NichtNicht /nixt/
NightNight(the
present day form)
The reversal of position in metathesis between non adjoining sounds. The reversal of position in metathesis between non adjoining sounds.
For example
In the following examples
LatinLatin SpanishSpanish
parabola palabra (word)
periculum peligro (danger)
miraculum milagro (miracle)
Syntactic changes
The most noticiable change
Involves “word order”
Old English:
The subject can follow the verb Eg. ferde he
The object can be place before the verb. Eg. he hine geseah
Modern English:
The subject can’t follow the verb Eg. He traveled
The object can’t be place before the verb. Eg. He saw him
Lexical changes
Many borrowed words that Old English had taken from other languages such as Latin and Greek
are not used today
foin verilyegad
Into
Caused by wars
Invantions
cultural transmission
Related Documents
