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Slide 1
Landscape Architecture History
Presentation
Warong Naivinit
Department of Horticulture
Faculty of Agriculture
Ubon Ratchathani University
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Slide 2
“We are a singular creature who has a set of gifts which makes us unique among the animals: so
that, unlike them, we are not just a figure in the landscape but a shaper of the landscape”
Bronowski, Introduction to Landscape Design, 1973
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Slide 3
Introduction
• Art is continuous process.
• The interpretation of artistic masterpieces is necessary to master the design.
• All design derives from impressions of the past, conscious or subconscious and in the modern collective landscape, from historic gardens and parks for different social reasons.
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Slide 4
Overview
• All subjects concerned with time and space according to their own historic process
• Thus, this presentation has three major groups of civilizations based on combination between geography and two principal races of mankind
(Caucasoid and Mongoloid)
▫ The origins
▫ From prehistory to the end of 1700s
▫ The evolution of modern landscape
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Slide 5
From prehistory to 1700s
Central civilization Eastern civilizations Western civilizations
(Egypt to Renaissance)
•Western Asia to Muslim
Conquest
•Islam: Western Asia
•Western Expansion of
Islam
•Eastern Expansion of
Islam
•Ancient India
•China
•Japan
•Pre-Columbian America
•Egypt
•Greece
•Roman
•Medieval Europe
•Italy: Renaissance
•Italy: Mannerism &
Baroque
•France: 1600s-1700s
•Europe 1600s-1700s
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Slide 6
From prehistory to 1700s
Central civilizations
Western civilizations
Eastern civilizations
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Slide 7
Western civilizations: Egypt to Renaissance
• Europe, Russia and Egypt
• Ancient Egypt � Greece and Rome �Mediterranean � Europe (Italy, France)
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Slide 8
Western civilizations:Egypt
• อารยธรรมของกลุมนีเ้ริ่มทีอี่ยิปต ประมาณ 3100 ป กอน ค.ศ. บริเวณแมน้ําไนล
• โดยลักษณะภูมิประเทศที่เปนทะเลทราย ลอมรอบดวยเทอืกเขา และทะเล ทาํใหถูกตัดขาดจากความเจริญในสวนอ่ืนๆ ของโลกยุคโบราณ
• วิวัฒนาการทางศลิปะและวัฒนธรรมของชาวอียิปตจงึมีลักษณะเฉพาะ
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Slide 9
Western civilizations:EgyptLocation: Cairo, Egypt
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Slide 10
Western civilizations:Egypt
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Slide 11
Western civilizations:Egypt
Colossal statues of Ramesses II
(1304-1237 BC)
The temple of Hatshepsut, a powerful
female pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
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Slide 12
Western civilizations:Egypt
Wall
Vine trellis
House
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Slide 13
Western civilizations:Egypt
• Architecture
▫ โครงสรางมีระดับไมสูงมากนักประกอบดวยหลังคาแบบ flat-roof และวัสดุท่ีใชในการกอสรางจะเปนดินเหนียวและไม
▫ สวนของอนุสาวรียจะใชหินปูนและหินแกรนิตในการกอสราง (e.g. Obelisks: symbol of the sun’s
rays)
• Landscape
▫ สวนรูปทรงส่ีเหล่ียมถูกลอมรอบดวยผนังและตนไม▫ ไมมีลักษณะสวนแบบธรรมชาติ▫ ใชการออกแบบทางภูมิทัศนตางๆเปนเสนตรงนํา
สายตาไปสูส่ิงกอสราง
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Slide 14
Western civilizations:Greece
• ศิลปะ สถาปตยกรรม วรรณกรรม ปรัชญา วทิยาศาสตร แพทยศาสตร ของคนในปจจุบนัมีรากฐานมาจาก อารยธรรมของกรกี
• ในยุคตนๆของกรีก สวนจะมีขนาดเล็กใชเปนที่พบปะพูดคุยแลกเปลีย่นความรู (The garden of Academy)
• ตอมาไดพัฒนากลายเปนสวนที่ดูหรูหราสวยงามครอบครองโดยชนชัน้สูงของกรีก
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Slide 15
Western civilizations:GreeceLocation: Athens, Greece
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Slide 16
Western civilizations:Greece: Theater at Epidauros
(built in 350 BC)
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Slide 17
Western civilizations:Greece: Parthenon
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Slide 18
Western civilizations:Greece
• Architecture
▫ ใชโครงสรางงายๆท่ีประกอบไปดวยเสาเรียบๆและคาน▫ แปลนเปนรูปส่ีเหล่ียมพื้นผา▫ ไมมีการเชื่อมจุดตางๆ ใชนํ้าหนักของวัตถุและความ
สมดุลของการจัดวางเปนตัวควบคุมความม่ันคงของโครงสราง
• Landscape
▫ สวนเพ่ือความเพลิดเพลินใชเปนสถานท่ีสาธารณะหรือก่ึงสาธารณะสําหรับงานดานการศึกษา
▫ Genius loci concept: spirit of place
▫ ส่ิงกอสรางตางๆจะมีตําแหนง ทิศทาง และโครงสรางท่ีเหมาะสมกับพ้ืนที่ที่จะใชกอสราง
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Slide 19
Western civilizations:Roman Empire
• เริ่มอารยธรรมประมาณ 753 BC
• เปนจักรวรรดิ์ที่มีอํานาจมากที่สุดในโลกในเวลานัน้
• นวัตกรรมสวนใหญเกดิจากความตองการทางทหาร
• เปนชนชาติที่มีพรสวรรคทางวิศวกรรม
• รับเอาความรูของกรีกมาใชแตปรบัปรงุใหสามารถสรางส่ิงที่ซับซอนกวาได
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Slide 20
Western civilizations:Roman EmpireLocation: Coliseum, Rome, Italy
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Slide 21
Western civilizations:Roman Empire: Coliseum
An elliptical amphitheater in the center of the city of Rome, Italy (70-72 AD)
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Slide 22
Western civilizations:Roman Empire: Temple of Vesta
The Temple of Vesta (Villa
garden): an ancient edifice in
Rome, Italy adopted Greek architecture
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Slide 23
Western civilizations:Roman Empire
• Architecture
▫ คิดคนและสรางโครงสรางท่ีมีสวนโคงโดยนําคอนกรีตมาใช
▫ ตัวเสาจะมีการตกแตงใหวิจิตรกวาเสาในยุคกรีก • Landscape
▫ สวนคือสวนเสริมของตัวสถาปตยกรรม▫ คนรวยจะมีสวนสวนตัว▫ สวนประกอบดวย Shady promenades,
sculptures, clipped hedge, box parterres,
water and grottoes
▫ มีการกําหนดพ้ืนท่ีเปนสวนสาธารณะ
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Slide 24
Western civilizations:Italy: Renaissance
• Renaissance (1400-1600): ยุคฟนฟูศิลปวิทยา(Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo)
• การออกแบบจะเนนการเปดมุมมองออกสูธรรมชาติ
• ผสมผสานรปูแบบของสวนใหเขากับลกัษณะทางกายภาพของภูมปิระเทศ
• เมืองที่รุงเรอืงอยูที่ Florence, Venice, and Rome
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Slide 25
Western civilizations:Italy: RenaissanceLocation: The villa d’Este, Tivoli, Italy
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Slide 26
Western civilizations:Italy: Renaissance: Villa d’Este
Built in 1550 by Pirro Ligorio. Its design based on
antique Roman
Water organ
Terrace of a hundred fountains
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Slide 27
Western civilizations:Italy: RenaissanceLocation: The villa Lante, Bagnaia, Italy
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Slide 28
Western civilizations:Italy: Renaissance: Villa Lante
Designed by Vigola in 1566
Fish rill
Water gardens
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Slide 29
Western civilizations:Italy: Renaissance
• Architecture
▫ สไตลของสถาปตยกรรมไดรับแรงบันดาลใจจากสถาปตยกรรมโรมัน
• Landscape
▫ บริเวณท่ีจัดสวนจะอยูบนพ้ืนท่ีท่ีเปนเนินเขา▫ เลือกใชไมไมผลัดใบ หิน และนํ้า เปนองคประกอบ
หลักในการออกแบบสวน▫ สไตลของสวนจะเปนแบบ formal ที่มี box parterre, clipped hedges, sculptures, stairways
▫ สวนเปนสถานท่ีใชสําหรับสันทนาการ และพบปะพูดคุยกัน
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Slide 30
Western civilizations:Italy: Mannerism and Baroque
• Mannerism (1520): ความซับซอนของความคิดที่แสดงออกในเชิงวทิย ศิลป และการประดิษฐคิดคน(Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo)
• Baroque (1600): มีแกนของศาสนาเขามาเก่ียวของกับงานทางศิลปะ (Roman Catholic) เพือ่สรางความประทบัใจใหแกผูพบเห็น
• เนนถึงความสัมพันธระหวางมนุษยและส่ิงที่อยูรอบๆตัว
• ใชสุนทรียภาพของความสัมพนัธดังกลาวเพื่อใหผูพบเห็นแสดงอารมณออกมา (Emotional environment)
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Slide 31
Western civilizations:Italy: Mannerism and BaroqueLocation: The villa Gamberaia, Settignano, Florence, Italy
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Slide 32
Western civilizations:Italy: Mannerism and BaroqueVilla Gamberaia at Settignano
Modernized water garden
Long alleyGrotto garden
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Slide 33
Western civilizations:Italy: Mannerism and BaroqueLocation: The villa Garzoni, Collodi, Tuscany, Italy
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Slide 34
Western civilizations:Italy: Mannerism and BaroqueVilla Garzoni at Collodi
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Slide 35
Western civilizations:Italy: Mannerism and Baroque
• Architecture▫ มีจุดกําหนดสายตาเปนสิ่งกอสรางหรือประตมิากรรม▫ มีการออกแบบเมือง (Townscape)
▫ การนําน้ํามาใชในการสรางความวิจิตรสวยงามใหกับสวน (Water space )
• Landscape▫ ใชพื้นฐานรูปทรงเรขาคณิตในการออกแบบสวน▫ องคประกอบหลักของสวนนอกจากตนไมทีต่ัดแตงก็คอื rocks,
grottoes, giants, secret fountains
▫ สะทอนถึงจติใจมนุษยใหเห็นในการออกแบบ (Mannerism)
▫ เปนสวนที่ทําหนาที่เหมือนกับโรงละครที่ผูเขามาใชสวนเปนตัวละคร (Baroque)
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Slide 36
Western civilizations:France
• ไดรับอิทธิพลโดยตรงจากยุคฟนฟศูิลปวทิยาในประเทศอิตาลี (Leonardo da Vinci etc.)
• ปกครองดวยระบบสมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชทีมี่แนวคิดเชงิวัตถุนิยม
• The regional hub: Paris with undulating landform
• André le Nôtre, French philosopher and garden designer
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Slide 37
Western civilizations:FranceLocation: Vaux-le-Vicomte, Maincy, France
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Slide 38
Western civilizations:France: Vaux-le-Vicomte
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Slide 39
Western civilizations:FranceLocation: Chantilly le Nôtre, Chantilly, France
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Slide 40
Western civilizations:France: Chateau de Chantilly
The front entrance and courtyard The side garden and fountains
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Slide 41
Western civilizations:FranceLocation: Versailles Palace, Paris, France
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Slide 42
Western civilizations:France: Palace of Versailles
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Slide 43
Western civilizations:France: Palace of Versailles
A symbol of absolute monarchy
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Slide 44
Western civilizations:France
• Architecture
▫ Gothic style
▫ การวางผังเมืองท่ีมีพื้นฐานมาจากการจัดสวนในบาน• Landscape
▫ สวนไมใชแคสวนเติมเต็มใหกับตัวสถาปตยกรรม แตเปนสวนหน่ึงของสถาปตยกรรม
▫ เนนมากๆกับการจัดสวนแบบสมมาตร ดวยรูปทรงเรขาคณิตแบบตางๆ (formal landscape design)
▫ ส่ิงท่ีพบเสมอในสวนแบบน้ี (เห็นไดชัดในสวนฝร่ังเศส) คือ box parterre, clipped hedges, sculptures, stairways and large scale of water features
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