Landform Clasification

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Landform Classification for Land Use Planning inDeveloped Areas: An Example in Segovia Province(Central Spain)JSE F MRTDUQUE'JVER EDRMUE ZJS M BDQUEDepatment of Geodymics

Complutense Unversity

C J Antono Novais n

28040 Madid. Spain

DR E DFREYIntemountan Region

USA Foest Service

34 5th Street

Od. Utah 84401. USA

DR M CRRSCDepatment of Eineeri Geology and Mining

Univsity of Castil-La Mancha

C Tecnogico

45071 Tolo. Spain

Developed regions have in common an intense com

petition for land. A high concention of uses and

inastrctures takes place in and around urban areas,

whereas the traditionally extensive agricultural and r

ral zones are more selective and intensive in their ac

tvities. This pressure often entails fast and dramaticchanges n the andscape.

Planners, managers, and politicians have the task of

accommodating the many social needs in these regions,

mainly making decisions conceing those elements

of the environment that can be manipulated (War

rington and others 1989). Allocation of land uses af

fects many of those controllable elements of the env

ronment and may become a key component of decision

of any land use plan

E WDS: L cssfat; Lnd rm maing ; Terran analysis

Physioray ldsca; La plg; v;

Publshed ole Ocobe 20 200uho o whom coesdece should be ddessed joseco@eoucmes

ABSTRACT Laform-based physiographic maps, aso

caled a systems inventois have been widey and suc

cessfuly us in ueveop/rua areas in seveal oca

tions such as Australia the western United States Can

ada, and the British ex-coonies Ths pape presents a

case study of thei application in a developed semi-uba

suburban area (Sovia Spain) fo nd use panning pu

poses The paper focuses in the infomation tansfe pro

cess showing how and use decision-makes such as

govenments pnnes town nages t. can use the

informaton deveoped fom these maps to assist them The

paper also addrsses seveal issues mportant to the deve

opment and use this information such as the goas of

modem physiography the typs of afom-based map

png poducts, the probem of data management in devel

oped areas and the distinctions among data intepeta

tions and decisions

For a workable allocation of land uses, planners and

land managers need to consider infonation om boththe physical and biological components of the environ

ment and from the social and economic situation. Inthis paper we deal with the foner-the land focusing

on its inventoy and evaluation.d evaluatons depend on the purpose of the

planning, but o distinctive characteristics noallyhave to considered in developed areas: limited avail

ability of natural resources and land, and the risks

involved in the high concentration of goods and infrastructures Safety om natural hazards and the protection of natural resources, ecosystems, and landscapes

are, therefore, among the priorities of any landuseplanning and management of developed areas.

o pride input for these evaluations, an inventoymust constrcted to document relevant properties

of indivdual resource elements The inventoy should

carried out to meet the objectives of the evaluation.While the specic objectives of any inventory and eval

uation may vary, there must be eective �way com

munication between the decisionmakers and the sci

entists gathering the infonation. The decisionmaker



Table Seected refeences descibing andform-based physogaphc cassficatons (n appoximate chronoogca ode)

Land Classications Selected references

American physiographic pioneers (Iandform-based classications atregional scale)

Powell 1895 Salisbury 1907 Fenneman 1917

Birth of the landpe concept (United States) Yeatch 1937The beginning of land classication by aerial photo interpretaion Bourne 1931 Unstead 1933 Milne 1935

(British foresters and soil scientiss)British Geographynitiation of landscape ecology (ntral Europe)

Russian physical geography

Wooldridge 1932 Linton 1951Passarge 19191920 Troll 1950

Vinogradov and others 1962 Solnsev 1962Sochava 1974 Australian CSRO (Commonwealth Scientic and ndustrial Research

Organization) method and dision of the land-stem conceptBritish engineering geology applications (MEXEMiita

Engineering Exrimental Establishmentstem)

Christian 1958 Christan and Stewart 1968Stewart 1968

Beckett and Webster 1969 Brink and others1966 Howard and Mitchell 1980

Other East and Cenral Euroan schools of physical geography andgeomorphology

Neef 1963 Haase 1964 Bertrand 1968 Pecsiand Somogyi 1969

Australian engineering geolog y applications (PUCEpattern, unitcomponent, unitstem)

Aitchison and Grant 1968 Grant and Finlayson1978 Finlayson 1984

RO and PUCE method-based for landscape and environmentalplanning in Australia

ot and rant 1981 Christian 1982Finlayson and Buckland 1987

Land surveys of the nteational nstitute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences (TC, Holland)

Books an d repors on land/terrain anal ysis/ evaluationsThe updating of landscape classications and physiography om

Geology in the United States

Van Zuidam and Van Zuidam 1979 Meerink1988 Zonneveld 1989

Way 1973 FAO 1976 Mitchell 1991Godey 1977 odey and Cleaves 1991

Ecological land c lassications in the United States and nada (forforest planning and natural resources management)

Hills 1961 Lacate 1969 Werz and Aold1972 Rowe and Sheard 1981 Bailey 1983Bailey and others 1985 Moss 1985 Avers andothers 1993

needs to articulate the information needed while the

scientist needs to communicate the gathered in

tion in an easily understandable form. This paper shows

how landformbased physiographic classications

which have been used successflly as a basic land inven

tory technique in undeveloped land areas (Table canalso be used to provde usel infomation to managers

of developed areas

Modern Physiography

Physiogaphic clications seek to organize thecomplexity of earth's surce and nearsurce systems

through the denition and delineation of integrated

spatial units at any scale that are ecologically andfnctionally homogeneous They have been also named

landscape" (Mabbut 1968) terrain" (Way 1973,

Mitchell 11), ecological" (for example Bailey andothers 1985) biophysical" (te 1969, Moss 1975),

and phytogeomorphic" (Howard and Mitchell 1980);or refering to the sic tracts of land that they repre

sent, land types" (Veatch 1937) land systems" (Chris

tian 1958 Wertz and Aold 972) and land units"(Zonneveld 1989), among others

Physiographic classications and maps adapt well to

hierarchical arrangements which facilitates their correlation with and application to dierent scales of plan

ning and decision-making (Fgure om general infoation t e ete ec eete le

incorporating the criteria of the more generalizedlevel. This feature enables the eective transfer of infonation from one level of planning to another

Physiographic classications have been used mostcommonly as reconnaissance techniques for integrating infonation om a wide variety of sources and forlarge geographic ares for which environmental infor

mation either lacking or decient (Le undeveloped and rural areas) However the validi of physiographic landform-bsed inventories in developedareas or industrialized countries requires veriable ex

amples Because of the intense competition for theland in developed areasand consequent changes inland usephysiographic inventories in this ame work now require moredetailed units than those com

monly used in the past in undeveloped areas



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Producing Landform Maps: The Problem of

Data Management

Developed and undeveloped regions present twodistinct sets of problems for landform-based physiographic classication. In undeveloped regions, themain problem is the lack of previous information. Information is oen acquired by means of aerial photointerpretation and satellite image classication hichneed eld suveys to check the interpretations. In de

veloped regions, hoever, the problem is generally notthe lack of infonation but rather the opposite. Theamount of information available about the landformsand the land can be ovehelming. Hoever this information is often agmented, dispersed, not updated,not useful for land management heterogeneous andexpressed in ver dierent formats. Therefore theproblem of data management in developed areas, forlandforms or for any other component of the land hasreplaced that of data acquisition (Mitchell 99). Landform and physiographic units in these developed regions can seve as a ver eective and ecient means ofcataloguing and sorting previously acquired information

Distinction Among Data, Interpretations, and

Decisions

Decisionmakers need t o understand and distinguishthe types of input they receive om scientists researchers or technicians ho conduct the inventories andinvestigations. This input can take the form of datainterpretive models information etc Denitions ofthese inputs have been synthesized as follos by War

rington (998 pp -): () inventor dataindividual tin rin t qiitin; () intrprttionsprojected responses for individual resources;and (3) management inationintegration of mu1-tiple resource responses. Regarding landforms examples of inventoy data could be stream lo slope of alandform, soil depth, or land elevation. Examples ofinterpretations refer to the relationship between acause and an eect or the relationships of a ct to anissue problem or conce; e.g. hen ater is added tothis soil type it sells and expands, slopes developed onthis rock type are generally unstable, or eathering ofthis limestone produces collapse sin hen exposed

near the surce. example of management information could be the location of a proposed structure inrelation to the year loodplain.

Lastly a decision" is the selection of a course ofaction ith the knoledge of the consequences for

example accommodating a loss in one area to gain abenet in another

Eample of Application: The Case of Segovia

Spain

The Segovia and Surroundings Land Use PlanningGuidelines (SSLPG) constitute a territorial plan at thesubprovincial level for the area that surrounds the city

of Segovia Spain. This area located in the southeportion of the Castilla y Len Region (formerly OldCastile) in the center of the Iberian Peninsula northof Madrid (Figure ) Situated in the southest portionof Segovia Prince the area includes municipalitiesand almost 0 k covering portions of the northslope of the Guadarrama Mountains its Piedmont anda southe portion of the Douro Basin. The Guadarrama Mountains, a range of the Spanish Central Sytem, form the hydrographic divide beteen the ouroand Tagus rivers and the boundary beteen the Cstilla y n and Madrid regions. The northe GuadarramaPiedmont is a rock plain of the Iberian Mssif that

surrounds the mountainous area of Guadarrama TheDouro Basin constitutes a high plain of sedimentaryterrain almost completely surrounded by mountains.

The SSLPG is directed by two las that are theameork of the land use regulations in the Castilla yLen Region: the 0/8 Act, for Territorial Planning; and the 5/9 Act, for Urban Planning

Article 5 of the 0/998 Act created an instmentcalled planning guidelines, ith subregional application. The rst planning guidelines in Castilla y Len ere enacted for the area surrounding the region'scapital Valladolid The second area chosen for enact

ing the planning guidelines surrounds gia citySegovia chosen because the ci and its surrounding territor are characterized by the highest rate ofurban spreading of the region because of its proximityto metropolitan Madrid The area also hs a high eclogical and scenic diversi and a remarkable historicand cultural heritage.

Physgaphc Appach in he SS

The Castilla y Len Planning Guidelines ameork(0/998 Act, Paagraph ..f.) requires the establishment of criteria and rules for the protection of thenatural and cultural resources their hanonization

ith the economic and urban development the delineation of areas of protection and the completion oland use plans

To reach these goals three specic objectives arecalled for by the guidelines: () characterization of the



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ation of the area studied fo the govia nd U Plan (spide web patte). mls AI -O and AI identithe main rds in the aea A highwa main Toad)

phsiographic setng at the regional leve, for broadenvironmen poicy and land se guidelines; (2) def

initon and characteriaon of homogeneous landscape domains, which would seve as the phsical setng to which the environmental managementguideines would refer in considering ture delopments (prioriy setting; and 3 prsion of management informaon (at the semidetailed lel of a1:25, ae for estabishing land se regulaons for

lal (municil planning, for the protection of spe

cic ecostems and scenic resources, and the minimition of nara hazrds. These oqeves meant hatthe classication stem had to mupurpose, comprehensive and hierarchical to allow for decisions atsevera ales. For these reasons, we foowed a andfo-based phsiographic apprch.

ndm Mppng a Sng n

A 1and cassicaons are human constcts sedon specic purposes and must be measured b theirpractcal utii The classication used in the LPG is

not intended to suibe for al purpes It is just aamework for building, communicating, and transfer

ring management infonation b srng with andfo mapping. Within this conceptual and stiaamework, th descrip and interpretative information can progressive aregated, om landform/geoenvronmenta, to ecoogica, to andscape

Lnd nd ndm D Mngemen

The LPG is a go iusation of the problems

encountered in producing information for applied pur

poses a deveoped area that has en well sudied for

academic and other purpes. When the studies for the

LPG gan, geomorphologic informaon aut this

region abundant: the whole area cered b

1:1, geomorphologic ma; rthermore, numer

ous theses, scientic pers, maps, published repors,

and other duments also provided deied informa

on aut the andfos this area However, thisabundance of cartographic and wrien reports had

en deoped using dierent methods and scales of

mapping Further, this wth of information genera

pruced for reasons other than and se panningapplications Therefore, new landfom and phsi

ographic ma had to pruced and new dabases

had to constructed that were tailored to the objec

ves of the pan.

The basic vehice for gathering the informaon

was the mapping of andform ypes at a 1:25,000

scale This was accompished primaril through aer

ia photo interpretation and ed srves. B combining andform pes, andfon domains were obined.

Gomorphic regions were in tu obined b associa

tion of landform domains Tabes 3 show the cassi

caon system



Table Heacca andm casscan f e SSG land nveny.

Level 1 Geomorphic regons Level 2 Landform domains Level 3 Landform pes

. Guadarrama Mountains Mountains SummisB, Mountains Slopes

to 62 see Table 3

C Seconda Mountain Ranges1 Northe Guadarrama Piedmont D Piedmont

E nterior ValleysF, Cuestas and Mesas

Douro Basin Plains G Rolling PlainsH Flat Plains

Sandy Plainsj Floodplains Small Massi

Rna Scae, hysgaphc Seng, and Gphc Regns

Three geomorphic regions comprise the physiographic setting of the LPG: Guadarrama Moun

tains Northe Guadarrama Piedmont and Douro Basin Plains (Figre 3)

These geomorphic regions seved as the basis for

dening natural regions, after the physical and biological environment within each unit were characterized.This level of the hierarchy constitutes the regional scale

at which broad policy decisions on the use of landaccording to integrated land units-can be made. Forexample as a consequence of this type of policy decision the Guadarama Mountains natural region is cur

rently being evaluated as a potential national park. ThePiedmont regional planning focuses on both urban andinfastrcure organization and the Douro Basin Plainsregion is undergoing agroenvronmental plans andgroundwater protection guidelines.

Su egna Scae Envnmena anagemen Gudenes, and andm Dmans

ndfom domains (Figure 4), by denition, are both subdivisions of natural regions and associations oflandfom types. Landform domains are dened specically from a geomorphologic basis, so that they arehighly homogeneous with respect to bedrock, topography hydrologic conditions and soil associations. Theseunits are also characterized by vey similar vegetationland use pattes historical use and environmental

diagnosis. When this information is added to the land fom boundaies they become landscape domains.

ndscape domains in the LPG classication seve asthe physical setting for environmental managementgidelines related to ture territorial development.

Ths s really the level at which the plan pursues an

envionmental management approach seeking pat

tes of land use adapted to the characteristics of theexisting environment.

uncpa Sce, and anagemen and andm

ypes

The decisionmaking objectives at this level are theestablishment of land use guidelines and regulations

stated by the regional govement for local and municipal planning. Reduction of natural hazards and

preseation of singular ecosystems and scenery were

the main goals of the G at this level. These goalswere set by the 5/9 Urban Planning Act of Castillay Len, which established the need for dening a specic land category designated as "not for buildingslo stio because of its natural values or hazards.

Landform pes were the mapping units for gather

ing and representing infomation needed at this level.A total of 63 landform types (Table 3) were mapped

and described.

Figure 5 shows the scheme of organizing and transeing physiogaphic infomaon a his level by usinglandform maps as a starting point. t should notedthat the geoenvronmental ecological and landscape

nature of the information (both descriptive and interpretative) are dierentiated. This is important as thedistinction among landform ecological and landscapeclassications descriptions and interpretations andtheir maps is not always oious in the literature. The

proposed schema shows the low of infomation. t alsoincorporates and maintains the distinction among data

(inventoy) interpretations management informatonand decisions.

Landfon type descriptions and interpretations f�cus on aspects related to the objectives of landprotec

tion goals of the G at this level, addressing the

needs for municipal guidelines planning. The follo

ing paragraphs gve examples of some geoenvronmen



Tabe andfrm types (nal nymc nameswhen avaable)

svsgss slps2gt slps p3tt ggs (trent4 gct cqs/vt hlls5gssgt cllvm6sp bs psts7tls slps (pas8 pt bgs

mslsl/slmp pststt lpls12bl ls (b)13sp mt chs14llvl psts15th v llvl psts6mt psss 17mt smmts (plas8sc mt vs1hgh pt bgs 20mt klls wb21gss scs22gss llg scs23cky slpl24pmt hlls ca, )

25cky gs (ta26gt/gss ggs gaa27mx llvlllvl psts28pmt lls (nav2llvl pmt s (mi)30llg lmst t31lmst ms (last32lmst csts (lastms33slc s shl slps34lmst cys (hnos, 35cllvl lmst psts36slcs llg t aak37llvl vlly ll psts38ksc pl pls (3ksc hll cls40ksc pls (llanua

41slt lt pls (Unuas42b llys slps43gll slps (cdavas44ksc csts45ksc slps scps46sy cllvl psts47pt ps (labajs48llvl stm bs4smll ksc hlls 50cllvl hll cls5tc scps52hgh lvl tcs53llvl l pls (54llvl tc psts55 s a756s shts area57slt slpls paak58slt scs pak5gss gs60gtc ts ()61gtc scps62l ls /und

l interpretations that re made at the local (munic

ipal) level.

1. tl Landform type polygons display

areas of similar geologic processes and rates for exam

ple ooding mass movement and soil erion.

Natural hazard assessments were made for individual

landform units where possible. Hazard consists of the

probability that a specic harmfl process will occur in

a given area. This w done by determining both the

processes acting on that landform unit and the rate or frequency of events driving the process. The degree of

condence also supplied by determining the reli

ability of the data. Examples for indiidual landform

units are

. Landform type IID28 piedmont lowlands is su

ject to seasonal lointensity oods which represents a constraint for housing farming and indus

trial development.

2. Landform type IIIK23 rocky slopelands shows

active soil erosion by running water due to orgrazing with rates ranging from to 1.8 mm/yr

(19-31 t/ha/year) determined by using dendrchronological analysis of exposed tree roots

3. Landform type IIF33 silica sand and shale slopes

shows high natural slope instability with frequent

landslides throughout. Historical data suggest that

these slopes in the regions around gia have

up to a 1% probability per year of iling. Exam

ples of slumps aecting buildings and roads are

equent all over the Segovia area.

4. Landform type III53 alluvial oodplains under

goes recurrent oods after heay rains caused by

autumn convective storms and winter fronl pre

cipitation events data gathered from each specicoodpln llod the evluaton of the eurrence

periods of these events for each ood plain.

The description of the nature and ates of thesenatural hazards then can be combined with a knowl

edge of existing and planned developments to produce

a risk assessment using the UNCO formula of naturl

risks (UNCO 1972). This combines the assessment of

a hazard with an assessment of the values or develments that a hazard could impact. Items to consider

include whether a hazard could impact human lifesuch as a housing development or school or a compar

ison of developments such as an open park versus anoce that produces and maintains highvalue unique

information. While the probability of a hazard should

remain relatively constant under consnt conditions

such as climate the level of risk increases if highvalue



GEOMORPHIC REGIONS

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developments are permitted to move into the hardzone Planning can avoid this increased risk.

2 i ndform types were assessed accordingto their potential for educational and scientic pur

pes and tourist and recreational purposes In thepast designation of sites for educational or recreational

purposes has been done mainly on a political or emtional basis rather than on an objective or scienticsis We followed a systematic approach that uses in-

NDFORM DOINS

trinsic and extrinsic value criteria. These criteria in

clude: rareness number of publications about the siteunder evaluation (as a measure of the availability of

research/knowledge) diversity of elements of interest

within the landform total area association with otherelements of the environment (archaeological historic

ethnographic ora fauna scenery) diversity o f psible activities withi n the landform accessibility proim

ity to towns or cities degree of presevation and num



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ber of inhabitants in the surrounding area (Cendrero196. Within the LPG area, examples of landformtypes that provide opportunities for scientic andbrd environmenl education are: I-A4 (glaciated cirques and II-F-62 (karstic dolines. Examples of land form types that provide high potential for tourist and recreational purposes are IIF-34 (limestone canyons and IID2 (houlder elds Following the same crite ria small-size features such as springs terlls pot holes, ponds, were also mapped and evaluated These were represented by a point on 25,0 scale maps.

3 sl htsti Elements of the geoen vironment that need to be protected or watched out for were identied (e.g . landforms that are aquiferre charge areas such as II-F-30, II-F-3, IIF-32; see bles

23.

GIS hysaphc Daa anagemen he SSG

The landform type maps, originally produced in

analog format at a scale of 25,0, were digitized vector format. ndform types were identied by a

three-part code. The rst part (a Roman numeral

refers to geomorphic region the second (a capil

letter refers to the landfor mdomain, and the third (an

Arabic numeral refers to the landform type Thus,

-82, for example, represents the Gnite Slopes type of the Mounin Slopes domain of the Guadarrama

Mounins region This system allows one to produce automatically any of the three levels of the land classi

cation scheme.

While digil information can be represented and

plotted at any scale, landform types show their opti-



mum output a 1:0, landfon domains at0 and geomorphic regions at 10,0.

Both descriptions and interpretations at all three levels (geomorphic region, landfon domain, and landform type) were included in relational databases

tied to the vector data. This created a specic physi ographic infonation system for the SSLPG plan and allowed the production of specic maps for any one of

the interpreted characteristics (natural hazards, out standing scenic landfon, etc) and the easy transfer ofthis infonation, via Inteet or CD-ROM, to the 71 municipalities that constitute the SSLPG plan

Concusions

The example of the govia Plan shows a procedure

for building and transferring natural resource infona

tion, based on landfon maps, for land use planning purposes The classication system is hierarchical and purposel for the three levels considered

In the example described, landfon-based classictions and interpretations provided infonation to man

agement and assisted planners, enabling them to make decisions conceing the social needs of the area. TheSegovia case study proides a scheme for organizing and transferring landfon-based physiographic infor

mation that might be usel for others to follow when facing similar situations, as it can be easily adapted to

other circumstances

Acknowedgments

We are gratefl for a protable collaration withthe Urban Planning Institute of the Universit of Vall

adolid (Technical School of Architecture, Castilla y

Len) and the INZAMAC company, both organizations in charge of the elaboration of the SSLPG The role of landscape mapping in environmental management in

central Spain undertaken within the RE22 01361 research project of the Spanish DGI (M)

The authors also acknowledge Drs G. E. Warrington,M. P Prisloe, and an anonymous reviewer for the revi

sion of the original manuscript. inally, we greatly ap preciate the help of Marie Godey for editing the text

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