Landfill Gas Energy Project Types Final

8/9/2019 Landfill Gas Energy Project Types Final

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Landfill Gas EnergyLandfill Gas Energy

Project TypesProject Types

2009 Maui County Energy Expo2009 Maui County Energy Expo

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyU.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)September 9, 2009September 9, 2009


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Possible UsesPossible Uses

Direct Use

30% of all project types

Electricity Generation 70% of all project types

Combined Heat and Power Alternate Fuels


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LFG Has Been Used to HelpLFG Has Been Used to Help

ProduceProduce Aluminum Alternative fuels (biodiesel,

CNG, ethanol, and LNG)

Aquaculture (e.g., tilapia) Arts & crafts

(blacksmithing, ceramics,glass)

Biosolids (drying) Bricks and concrete

Carpet

Cars and trucks

Chemicals

Chocolate

Consumer goods andcontainers

Denim

Electricity

Fiberglass, nylon, andpaper

Furthering space

exploration Garden plants

Green power

Ice cream, milk, and tea

Infrared heat Juice (apple, cranberry,

orange)

Pharmaceuticals

Snack food

Soy-based products

Steam

Steel Tomatoes (hydroponic)


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Technology TrendsTechnology Trends

Electricity ProjectsElectricity Projects

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Organic Rankine Cycle

Combined Cycle

Steam Turbine

Microturbine

Cogeneration

Gas Turbine

Reciprocating Engine

Number of Projects

Operational Projects

Under Construction and

Planned Projects


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Technology TrendsTechnology Trends

DirectDirect--Use ProjectsUse Projects

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Methanol Synthesis

Liquefied Natural Gas

Medium Btu

Alternative Fuel

Greenhouse

High Btu

Leachate Evaporation

Direct Thermal

Boiler

Number of Projects

Operational Projects

Under Construction and

Planned Projects


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Direct Gas UtilizationDirect Gas Utilization

Gas piped to a nearby customer

for use in boiler, kiln, or otherprocess

Over 100 projects in the US

Pipeline length range from 0.3 toover 20 miles

less than 5 miles is most feasible


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Diversity of Project TypesDiversity of Project Types

Direct Use of LFGDirect Use of LFG Direct-use projects are growing!

Boiler applications replace natural gas, coal, fuel oil

Combined heat & power (CHP)

Direct thermal (dryers, kilns)

Natural gas pipeline injection Medium & high Btu

Greenhouse

Leachate evaporation Vehicle fuel (LNG, CNG)

Artist studios

Hydroponics Aquaculture (fish farming)

Greenhouse Burlington, NJ

LFG-fired Boiler Ft. Wayne, IN


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Direct Use ApplicationsDirect Use Applications


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LeachateLeachateEvaporationEvaporation Utilize LFG to treat

leachate

Commercially

available technology Project typically treat

10-20 thousandgallons of leachate

per day Popular technology

where leachatedisposal is

unavailable orexpensive

Units operating in theU.S. and

internationally; 20operational in theU.S.


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Seward County Landfill (KS)Seward County Landfill (KS)

Project is apublic/privatepartnership withNational Beef

70 scfm of LFG ispiped 1,500 feet towastewater lagoon

LFG and gas fromcovered lagoon iscaptured and used to

fuel boilers atNational Beef

Seward Countyrecognized as

LMOPs 2008Community Partnerof the Year


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Jackson County

Green Energy ParkSylva, NC

LMOP

2006Pro jec t o f t he Year


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MARSMARSSnackfoodSnackfoodUSA and City ofUSA and City of

Waco LandfillWaco Landfill

LFG from city landfill is piped

to MARS for use in boiler Replaces natural gas LFG replaced 60% of plants

boiler fuel 600

mmBTU/day Saves plant over

$600,000/year

Project lifetime of at least 25

years Reduced CO2 emissions by

10,000 tonnes/yr

Equivalent to 3% of MARS

total energy use for U.S.factories

March 15, 2007

City of WacoLandfill

MFUSA -Waco Plant

3 milepipeline

2008 LMOP

Award Winner


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Jenkins BrickJenkins Brick--Jordan PlantJordan Plant

Moody, AlabamaMoody, Alabama

Start-up in 2006 Direct use of LFG for brick kilns

Project highlights: First major US facility that was sited and

built near a landfill specifically for the use

of LFG. LFG is used to fuel brick kilns and LFG is

40% of plants energy needs, with 100%projected in 10 years as the landfill grows.

6.5 mile pipeline from Veolia Star RidgeLandfill

Jenkins Brick also uses LFG at theirMontgomery, AL Plant

LMOP 200 6Pro jec t o f t he Year

City of Sioux Falls RegionalCity of Sioux Falls Regional


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City of Sioux Falls RegionalCity of Sioux Falls RegionalLandfill & POET Landfill GasLandfill & POET Landfill Gas

Energy Project (SD)Energy Project (SD)

1,250 scfm of gas is transported via an 11-mile pipelineto POETs 105-million gallons/year ethanol plant

LFG reduces the plants natural gas usage by 2/3

Landfill is currently expanding LFG wellfield to furtheroffset the plants natural gas use

City takes advantage of the sale

of carbon credits from the project,

in addition to the sale of the landfill

gas


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DirectDirect--Use ProjectUse Project

ConsiderationsConsiderations Distance to end-user

Proportional to both capital and operatingcosts

Energy demand of end-user

Daily, seasonal demands

Periodic fluctuations

Total annual consumption Price of fuel being offset

Will determine relative value of LFG


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Combined Heat and PowerCombined Heat and Power

Advantages

Greater overall energy recovery efficiencyfrom waste heat recovery - up to 80%

Specialized CHP systems available

Flexible - hot water or steam generationfrom recovered heat

Disadvantages

Systems are usually more costly toimplement


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HH22Gro GreenhousesGro Greenhouses

Lewiston, NYLewiston, NY

LMOP2005

Project of

the Year

Innovative Energy Systems ModelCity Energy Facility at the Modern

Landfill went online in June 2001 11 engine-generator sets producea total of 12 MW of electricity

Provides all electrical & heating

requirements of H2GrosGreenhouses

Excess electricity sold to grid

H2Gro initially constructed a

acre hydroponic greenhouse testcell and yielded 180,000 lb/yr oftomatoes

Test so successful, expanded to7 acres and produces 3.5 millionlb tomatoes/yr


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BMW ManufacturingBMW Manufacturing

Greer, SCGreer, SC 9.5-mile pipeline from

Palmetto Landfill toBMW

2003 4 KG2 gasturbines retrofitted toburn LFG Currently replacing with

two 5.5 MW turbines withheat recovery

2006 Converted paintshop to utilize LFG inoven burners and forindirect heating

LFG accounts for nearly70% of BMWs energyneeds

BMW saves at least

$1 million/yr

LMOP 2006

En er gy En d User Pa r t n e r o f t he Year

LMOP 2003

Project ofthe Year


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Antioch Community HighAntioch Community High

SchoolSchoolAntioch, ILAntioch, IL

Start-up in 2003 Combined Heat and Power (cogeneration), 0.36 MW Project highlights:

180 scfm of LFG from the landfill to 12 microturbines. Provides heat and power to the 250,000 square foot

school. This is the first school in the US to be heated and powered

using LFG. The utilized LFG saves the school approximately $100,000

annually.

Collaboration of several organizations including RMT,Inc.,Waste Management, Illinois DCEO, ComEd, UnisonSolutions, and the Village of Antioch.

LMOP 2003

Pro jec t o f t he Year

Di i f P j TDi it f P j t T


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Diversity of Project TypesDiversity of Project TypesElectricity GenerationElectricity Generation

InternalCombustion Engine(range from 100 kW

to 3 MW)

Gas Turbine(range from 800 kW

to 10.5 MW)

Microturbine(range from 30 kW to 250 kW)


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Electricity GenerationElectricity Generation

Most prevalent type of project in theUS accounting for about 70% ofoperational projects In US, 1,100 MW of capacity from over 300

operational projects

Electricity sold to utility, cooperative,or nearby customers

Average project size: 4 MW Range of 500 kW - 50 MW


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Internal CombustionInternal Combustion

EngineEngine Most common

technology

Ideal for projects 800kW to 3 MW

Characteristics: Relatively low cost

Higher efficiency that

turbines

Fits gas output of mostlandfills


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Gas TurbinesGas Turbines

Technologysuitable for largergas flows capable

of 3 - 5 MW

Significant

economies of scale Disadvantage: Turbines require high gascompression, causing high parasitic load loss

Additional LFG treatment for siloxanes willdrive up the cost of this technology

Mi bi


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MicroturbinesMicroturbines

Sizing: 30-250 kW Why select this

technology?

Small LFG quantitiesrequired

% CH4

composition ofgas can be as low as35%

Add and remove fairlyeasily

Low NOx emissions

Al d P & T lAlameda Power & Telecom


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Alameda Power & TelecomAlameda Power & Telecomand City of Palo Alto, CAand City of Palo Alto, CA

Two community-based utilities teamedup to meet renewableenergy goals

Alameda currently80% renewables

Palo Alto goal 20%of electric load fromnew renewables by

2015

Buena Vista (3.2 MW)online in 06

Ox Mountain (11.4MW) and KellerCanyon (4 MW) onlinein 08

= Total of 18.6 MW

LMOP

2007EnergyPar tners

o f t he Year


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Coffin Butte LandfillCoffin Butte Landfill

Corvallis, OregonCorvallis, Oregon

The Coffin Butte LandfillLFGE facility 2007 expansion project

from 2.4 MWs to5.66 MWs

Electricity is sold to PacificNorthwest GeneratingCooperative

Expansion project

removes emissionsequivalent of: 3,200 vehicles, 38,000 barrels of oil, or Planting 4,500 acres of

forest

El t i P j tEl t i P j t


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Electric ProjectElectric Project

ConsiderationsConsiderations Local electricity costs

Portfolio of existing generatingsources

RPS in place to add value?

State/local incentives?

Permitting and air quality

Generating capacity vs. LFGrecovery

C i t Hi hC i t Hi h Bt GBt G


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Conversion to HighConversion to High--Btu GasBtu Gas

Gas is purified from 50% to 97- 99%methane

Removal of carbon dioxide is primary step Uses include:

Inject treated product into natural gaspipeline

CNG and LNG can be used to fuel

landfill equipment, refuse trucks andgeneral commercial vehicles


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Conversion to HighConversion to High--Btu GasBtu Gas

Disadvantages Must meet strict standards of pipeline

Requires diligent well-field management to minimize

oxygen and nitrogen content of LFG Costly technology

Economical for larger-scale LFG recovery projects

Veolia ESVeolia ES GreentreeGreentree LFLF


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Veolia ESVeolia ESGreentreeGreentreeLFLFKersey, PAKersey, PA

Largest high-Btu LFGEproject in U.S. can process15.12 mmscfd LFG

Cleaning: membrane

technology, pressure swingabsorption, carbonpretreatment, & H2S removal

7-mile pipeline to CHP facility

Volume of LFG flaredreduced by >90%

Expect ~2 billion cf/yr

product quality gas(


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LFG for Vehicle FuelLFG for Vehicle Fuel

Biodiesel productionfacilities (???)

Compressed naturalgas (CNG) to fuellandfill equipment

and fleet vehicles

LFG to methanol to

biodiesel Ethanol production

P Hill C d


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Puente Hills CompressedPuente Hills Compressed

Natural Gas GenerationNatural Gas Generation 250 scfm of gas is processed,

compressed and stored at the LosAngeles County Sanitation DistrictsClean Fuels Facility

The compressed natural gas is used asa fuel source in the landfills water

trucks and other vehicles Fuel generated is equivalent to 1,000

gallons of diesel fuel/day


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SummarySummary

Creative thinking and development

of partnerships can lead tosuccessful LFGE projects

Many technical and financialconsiderations to be addressedbefore selecting the right LFGE

technology

Landfill Gas Energy Project Types Final

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