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for Lincolnopolis: 2011 Hyde Chair Design Studio by Bruce Johnson, Professor Department of Agricultural Economics University of Nebraska–Lincoln [email protected] October 13, 2011 Lincoln, NE Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan Area: Implications for the Future
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Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Jun 25, 2020

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Page 1: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

for 

Lincolnopolis: 2011 Hyde Chair Design Studio

by Bruce Johnson, Professor Department of Agricultural Economics 

University of Nebraska–[email protected] 13, 2011

Lincoln, NE  

Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan Area:  Implications for the Future

Page 2: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

The Context: A Time of Cultural Transformation

“Long before 2030 the trend toward even larger cities and an increasing ratio of urban‐to‐rural dwellers is likely to have reversed.” 

‐‐ Lester Brown

“The end of cheap energy is a fundamental economic turning point – which will change the scale and the nature of the city.” – David Orr, Earth in Mind

“This is no black‐or‐white, city –versus – suburb, winner‐takes‐all battle.  Cities and suburbs alike are part of the new spacial fix.” ‐‐ Richard Florida, The Great Reset. 

Page 3: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Two‐Fold Purpose

1st Set some economic framework to today’s metro‐area configuration 

(Outcomes of First‐Order Conditions)2nd Discuss implications for the future 

(Second‐Order Decisions) 

For Lincoln’s Settlement

Page 4: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Initial Economic Motivation:  Salt!

Page 5: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Lincoln:  A Natural Basin (Salt Build up)

Page 6: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Later, Key Transportation Hub in Western Development

Page 7: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

VS.

Page 8: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Lincoln and Key Bedroom Communities (Population & % Growth 2000‐2010)

Lincoln Metro258,40014%

Gretna 4,44189%

Bennet719 26%

Hickman 1,55343%

Page 9: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Real Estate Market Price Patterns Surrounding Lincoln

• Elongated VonThunenconfigurations following key road networks

• Real Estate gradations a function of distance form cone.

Acreage Zones Around Lincoln

HW 34

HW 2

HW77

I-80

HW 77

$40,000/ac

$15,000/ac$10,000/ac$7,000/ac

Metro

Page 10: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

• Historical Development Patterns reflecting subsidized energy era.

• Today, end of cheap energy a fundamental economic turning point.

400

300

200

100

1990                     2000                    2010

4

3

2

1

Rural Acreage Values Surrounding Lincoln Over Time

Gas Prices

Gas

$/G

alR

ural Acreage Values ($1,000)

Page 11: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Lincoln/Lancaster County Zoning for Acreages 

• 20‐acre rule (since 1978)• Minimum size for single family dwelling

• Cluster Development • Allowing “nested” 2 to 3 acre sites 

Page 12: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Current Debate (10/4/11)

‐‐Move to 5‐acre rule 

Page 13: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Market‐Driven Decisions(within the bounds of public policy) Determine Value and Use of Land

Concept of Highest and Best UseDef.: That use which will generate the greatest net return to the property over a 

reasonable period of time (highest net present value).

Determined by derived demand in the market (economic derivation)

H & B use must meet following criteria: 1. Physically possible 2. Legally possible3. Financially feasible 4. Most productive 

Typical land use profile surrounding urban center

Page 14: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Land Values Reflecting Use 

Highest and Best Use$36,000

$30,000

$24,000

$18,000

$12,000

$6,000

Commercial

ResidentialSub-Div

Acreages

Int. Ag Ext. Ag

Land Use Profile in Rural – Urban Transition Zone

Page 15: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure

Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use

A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored

• Farmland conversion is usually irreversible (economically)

• Thousands of marginal decisions, responding to market signals, can lead to a perverse societal effect 

“Tragedy of the Commons” 

(or)

“Tyranny of Small Decisions”

Page 16: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont.

B. “Public Goods” not supplied by the market

‐‐ Def:  Any good that has: 1. Nonrivalry:  One person’s consumption of that good does 

not diminish amount available to other consumers, and

2. Nonexcludability:  If available to one person then it is available to others (whether they pay or not)

Page 17: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont.

‐‐ Some public goods• Sustainable base of Farmland,• “Foodsheds” around urban areas• Biodiversity of the countryside • Wildlife habitat• Ground water recharge • Flood control benefits • Unique “view sheds” • Atmospheric benefits of green space, trees, etc.• Food producer – Food consumer connection• Resilience via diversity

Page 18: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont.

‐‐‐ Public goods generally won’t be supplied by private (market) sector since no opportunity for profit.  So, tends to be provided through unit of government or non‐profit organization.  Question:  Who should pay?  And how much?

Page 19: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont. 

C. Warped Distribution of Market ResultsEconomic winners and losers of decisions. 

Questions of equity or fairness

Some examples: Who pays for annexing new development?

Who gains (loses) from a zoning change to more intensive use?

Who gains (loses) from zoning change to less intensive use? 

Page 20: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont. 

D. ExternalitiesAlso called:  Spillover costs, spillover 

benefits, unintended consequences, side effects, third‐party effects. 

Def:  Disassociation of benefits and costs 

Ex:  External Cost

Q

MC Social (total)

MC Private

D = Mar. Ben

$

Page 21: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont.

Market failure since: – Not all costs considered 

– Market process produces too much of a good and sells it at artificially low prices.

Page 22: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont.

Land use examples of external costs:• Excessive farmland losses from development.

• Development leading to congestion and lower property values for surrounding land owners.

• Public cost of infrastructure associated with unchecked development and sprawl.

• Environmental damage off site.

• Loss of resilience.

Page 23: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

When Market Allocation Leads to Market Failure Cont.

Implication(s) of externalities

Must internalize externalities to allow market to operate effectively.

A.  Force accountability for spillover costs.

B.  Allow appropriate benefits to flow to providers of societal benefits.

Page 24: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Implications for the Future (second‐order decisions) 

for Positive Transformation

“ Great Resets are broad and fundamental transformations of the economic and social order and involve much more than strictly economic or financial events.  A true Reset transforms not simply the way we innovate and produce but also ushers in a whole new economic landscape.  As it takes shape around new infrastructure and systems of transportation, it gives rise to new housing patterns, realigning where and how we live and work.  Eventually, it ushers in a whole new way of life – defined by new wants and needs and new models of consumption that spur the economy, enabling industry to expand and productivity to improve, while creating new and better jobs for workers. 

Economic systems do not exist in the abstract; they are embedded within the geographic fabric of the society – the way land is used, the locations of homes and businesses, the infrastructure that ties people, places, and commerce together. “

‐‐‐ Richard Florida, The  Great Reset, 2010

Page 25: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Sustainable Systems

Systems: “Everything we do as 

individuals, as an industry, or as a society is done in the context of an information–

feedback system” 

Jay W. Forrester (MIT)

Page 26: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Sustainability:

“ – The possibility, that human and other life will Flourish on the 

planet forever.” 

John R. Ehrenfeld (MIT) Sustainability By Design

Page 27: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Given• Definite limits of the earth: 

• “Source “ Function

• “Sink” Function

• Destructive Human Ecological Footprint

• Dysfunctional Economic/Financial Institutions

• Disparities Across Humanity 

• Discontentment with Traditional Societal Values 

Then:Nothing less than a complete transformation of Human Organizations and Cultures in Geographic Space Needed

Page 28: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion
Page 29: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Given the current settlement pattern of Lincoln and the forces of significant change on the horizon, how might we design and implement a growth plan that will accommodate a doubling of population in a sustainable manner?  

More specifically: 

• How would transportation networks and modes need to be altered, and what specific decisions and policies would support that change?  

• How would future housing replacement and future development look?

Page 30: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

• Discuss the role of technology in the transformation process of Lincoln in the years ahead.

• The American consumer of tomorrow may be quite different from today’s consumer—out of need and/or necessity.  Does that dictate a particular design and planning dimension that may go against conventional development patterns?

• Food security is fast becoming a critical concern the world over. How could the Lincoln metropolis build a resiliency factor into its future land use at a scale that would enhance food security?

• Are “gated communities” a dysfunctional artifact of the past?  Can the culture embrace a more inclusive community via thoughtful  design and planning;  or must  the planning and execution follow a distinct cultural shift?     

Page 31: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

A.  Shrinking Geographic Space of Daily Life. 

Due TO: • Rising costs of travel 

• Increased efficiency of interaction w/out travel

Live

Play

Webber Triangle Applied to Daily Life

Page 32: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

B.  From:  Want’s—Based Consumptive Excess

To:  Need’s—Based Consumer Leanness

Page 33: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

Life Style and Cultural Shifts

Residence: 

Vehicles: 

Large Owned 

SmallerOwned 

Smaller Leased

Coop. Leased

Multiple Vehicles Owned 

Single VehicleOwned 

SingleVehicle Leased

“Zip Car”

Page 34: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

C. Food and Diet

From:  To: Constant  Seasonal Access

Access to of Locally—Based 

International  Foods

Foods 

Page 35: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

D.  From:  Mega Industrial Economies of Size (Leading to Standardization, vulnerability, and sterility) 

TO:  Community‐Sized Economies of Sustainability (Right Scaling Leading to diversity, resilience, and synergism)

Page 36: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

E. From: Heavy Vertical Networks of Social Capital 

TO: 

More Horizontal Networks of Social Capital

(Rich Bonds of connectedness, responsibility, and mutual need)

Page 37: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

F. From: Culture of Independent and Dependent members (“Me‐Them”)

To:Culture of Interdependent Members (“US”)

• Community with a renewed “Sense of Place” • Transformation towards a livable flourishing community beginning at home. 

• “It means reweaving the local ecology into a fabric of the economy and life patterns—” David Orr 

Page 38: Land and Spacial Economics of the Lincoln Metropolitan ... Metro Future.pdf · Types of Market Failure Associated with Land Use. A. Costs of Irreversibility Ignored • Farmland conversion

A Final Thought on Lincoln

From:  A Beginning of SALT

To:  A Future of SALT

S.A.L.T. in the Form of: 

“Sustainable Assets in the Long Term”