Land and Livestock Post

PRSRT STDUS POSTAGE

PAIDBRYAN, TX 77802PERMIT # 23

JAMES THOMPSONStraight from the horse's mouth.PAGE 3




May 2014— Issue 1

$oaring prices

Beef shortagemeansmore for producers PAGE 12

PRSRT STDUS POSTAGE

PAIDBRYAN, TX 77802PERMIT # 23

POWERFULMESQUITETurning a problem into electricity.PAGE 6

IMPORTANTVACCINEDr. Steve Wikse talks bovine viral diarrhea.PAGE 9

RABIES DANGERSSafeguards to prevent the spread of the virus.PAGE 14

WHAT IS A COWWORTH?How much should you pay for your cattle?PAGE 17

May 2014— Issue 1

May 2014— Issue 1 The Land & Livestock Post2

NewsFrom the General Manager

Iwas a little hesitant to usethe cover story I chose forthis issue. The story is about

the high price of beef, which isgood for ranchers. The storydoes talk about how people havecut back on theirbeef purchases,and how somehave opted tochoose otherprotein sources.

Choosingchicken mayruffle somefeathers in the beef industry,but I felt the underlying themeof the article was important:Beef is good, people want beef,beef prices are up. That’s newsthat is good for ranchers, andafter years of drought articles,I am going to jump all over thechance to print any news that is

good for ranchers.We also have some other sto-

ries in our mix including oneabout rabies, one about bovineviral diarrhea, and a few othersabout what is going on in theindustry. There is an interest-ing story about using mesquiteas a source for biomass, so ifyou were looking for an excuseto not get out there and chop,dig up or poison a bunch ofmesquites, then we have got thearticle for you.

Hope you enjoy it, and as al-ways, thanks for reading.

’Til next time,

• For more information about con-tent or advertising, contact JesseWright at jesse.wright@theeagle.

JESSE WRIGHT

CharlesW.GrahamreceivesTexasA&MAgriLifeDistinguishedTexan inAgricultureAward

By Blair FanninTexas A&MAgriLife Extension

Service

SANANTONIO—Dr.CharlesW. Graham has received the Dis-tinguishedTexan inAgricultureAward from Texas A&M AgriL-ife — the highest honor given toindividuals demonstrating out-standing leadership and provid-ing significant contributions toTexas agriculture.

Graham received the awardat the Texas and SouthwesternCattle Raisers Association Con-vention in San Antonio April 6.

“Dr.GrahamexemplifieswhattheDistinguishedTexan inAgri-culture Award is all about,” saidMark Hussey, interim presidentof TexasA&MUniversity.Husseywas thevicechancelloranddeanof agriculturewhenGrahamwasselected as the honoree.

“He’s the only individual toserve as president of both theTexas Quarter Horse Associa-tion and the Texas Thorough-bredBreedersAssociation.He’salegendamongthoseintheequineindustry, having establishedequine veterinarian facilitiesthat are recognized among thenation’s most prominent.

“He also has successful cattleand feedlot operations in addi-tion to other agricultural inter-ests. We are proud to recognizeDr.Grahamforhiscontributionsto Texas agriculture and TexasA&M.”

“Dr.Grahamismostdeservingof this award,” said Bill Dugas,

acting vice chancellor and dean.“He has served on several com-mittees through the years andhasassistedmanyof ourstudentsas they have learned more aboutthe animal science professiont h r o u g hfirst-handtours at hisequine andbeef facili-ties. We aredeeply hon-ored to rec-ognize Dr.Graham forthese con-tributions.”

Graham earned his bachelorof science degree in animal hus-bandry in 1953, his bachelor ofsciencedegree inanimal sciencein 1954 and his doctorate in vet-erinarymedicine in1961,all fromTexas A&M.

In theearly1960s,GrahamandDr.W.H.Cardwellbuilt theElginVeterinaryHospitalandgrewthepractice into one of the largestequineveterinaryfacilities inthenation. Graham is now owner ofanumberof otherbusinesses, in-cluding the1,300-acreSouthwestStallion Station in Elgin, whichhasbredsomeof thetopstallionsand broodmares in the quarterhorse industry.

The numerous awards Gra-ham has received include the2010 Texas A&M UniversityCollege of Agriculture and LifeScience Outstanding Alumniand his 2009 induction into the

AmericanQuarterHorseHall ofFame. He is the only individualto be selected Horseman of theYear by both the Texas QuarterHorseAssociationand theTexasThoroughbred Breeders Asso-ciation. He also has been namedOutstanding Alumnus of TexasA&M’s College of VeterinaryMedicine and Biomedical Sci-ences.

Graham has served on theboard of directors of the Elginschool district and as a memberof theElginKiwanisClubandtheThorndale Masonic Lodge. Heparticipates in numerous stockshow events to support youthinvolved in 4-H, FFA and otheragricultural organizations. In2005, the Star of Texas Rodeo ofAustin named its new offices forGraham.

CHARLESW. GRAHAM

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Theeconomicsofusingmesquite forelectricityBy Kay LedBetter

Texas A&MAgriLife ExtensionService

VERNON — Using mesquitebiomass for electricity genera-tion may become economicallyfeasible if ecologicalandagricul-tural factors are considered, ac-cordingtoaTexasA&MAgriLifeResearch paper being publishedin the BioEnergy Research jour-nal.“EconomicFeasibility of Mes-

quite Biomass for ElectricityProduction: Projections of theLong-termSustainabilityof TwoHarvest Options” will appear inthe April issue of the journal.The paper was written by

AgriLife Research personnelJaesung Cho, postdoctoral as-sociate; Seong Park, economist;JimAnsley, rangelandecologist;andMustafaMirik, associate re-search scientist, all in Vernon.Theirstudyestimatedthelong-

termeconomicfeasibilityof mes-quite biomass in electricity pro-duction under five harvest sce-narios,Parksaid.Theyexaminedvariations in rates of standingbiomass accumulation and treedensity re-establishment afterharvest using an above-ground-only or whole-plant harvest op-tion.Other work by Ansley has

shown the heating value of mes-quite isnearlyequal to lowgradecoal.The ecological and agricul-

tural benefits of harvestingmesquite for bioenergy make it

apotentiallyviablealternative tocoal, Park said.More traditionalincome from these lands, suchas livestock grazing and hunt-ing, would be enhanced, andmesquite control costs would bereduced.Current control methods

of mesquite include herbicidesprays, mechanical treatmentsand prescribed fire, Ansley said.Herbicidesandmechanical treat-mentscanbecostly for landown-ers.Andprescribedfire, the leastexpensiveoption,has limiteduseduetothesmokedistributionandhigher risk of damage to non-target areas, especially duringdrought.Increased grass production

would lead directly to increasedagricultural income throughgrazing by cattle, and leavingpatches or strips of unharvested

mesquiteamongharvestedareaswould increase wildlife habitat,he said.Mesquite reduction alsocould lower soil erosion due to

the increased grass cover andincreaseoff-sitewateryields intorivers and streams.The researchers found some

drawbacks to using mesquiteas a bioenergy feedstock forelectricity production, however.Re-growth and harvesting costs

vary greatly, depending on theharvesting methods, rainfalland soil type. This can disruptthe supply of mesquite biomassfor a power plant.A previous study showed the

Texas A&MAgriLife Research photoMesquite biomass could be feasible for electricity generation once things such asgrass production are factored in.

SeeMESQUITE, Page 7


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re-establishment of mesquitebiomassfromemergingseedlingsfollowing whole-plant harvestwould take considerably longerthan regrowth from a plant withabove-groundonlyharvest,Parksaid. The whole-plant harvesttechnique isconsidered tobe lessexpensivecomparedtotheabove-ground harvest due to the differ-ence in harvesting procedures.

Themuchgreaterre-establish-ment rate that occurs with theabove-ground harvest options,however, makes this more eco-nomicallyviable than thewhole-plant harvest option, he said.

Mesquite also has a low appli-cability in existing power plantsdue to the high lignin contentand its fibrous structure, Ansleysaid. Due to this structural limi-tation, mesquite biomass can-not be burned completely in theconventional firebox of existingpower plants because coal millscannoteffectivelyproduceapow-

der from the woody biomass.The study determined pre-

treatment techniques, such astorrefaction, which is a roastingof the wood to dry it, and pel-letization, may be required toincrease the grindability, com-bustibility, uniformity, density,handling ability and energy ef-ficiency of mesquite biomassduring theelectricitygenerationprocess, he said. This generatesadditional production costs.

Park said they concluded that,given the regrowth characteris-tic of mesquite and structurallimitation of the biomass, a cost-effectiveprocessingmethodmustbe determined before recom-mendingmesquite as a potentialbioenergy feedstock.Overall, he said, the study de-

termined the above-ground har-vestmethod, with 17 years of ro-tation lengthbeforere-harvestofthe brushy regrowth, generatedthe largest economicreturns toa

Mesquite, from Page 6

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Ask the VetThemost important cattledisease to vaccinate againstSeveral columns ago, I an-

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tant cattle disease to vaccinateagainst?”Most veterinarians agree

that it is bovine viral diarrhea.There are three reasons why itis critical for all beef herds tovaccinate against the disease:the virus is wide-spread in herdsthroughout theU.S., substantialdisease lossesoccur when it isactive in a herd,and effectivevaccines areavailable frommultiple companies.Even so, many ranchers

do not vaccinate their cattleagainst bovine viral diarrheabecause they think they havenever had it in their herd. Theproblem is this virus can causemany different illnesses in cat-tle, most without its namesakediarrhea.The outcomes of infection of

cattle with bovine viral diar-rhea depend onmany variables,including overall health andimmune ability, age of cattleand pregnancy status of cattle.The strain of bovine viral diar-rhea virus (type 1 or type 2) andits biotype (cytopathic or non-cytopathic) also affects severityof disease.Basic to understanding this

disease is the virus is capableof causing twomajor types ofinfections: acute and persistent.Cattle with acute infections getsick, develop immunity and ridtheir bodies of the virus. Cattlewith persistent infections carrythe virus in their bodies for life,constantly shedding the virusinto the environment.

Acute infectionsNo clinical signs are found

in 70 percent to 90 percent ofhealthy infected cattle. Themost common clinical outcome

in cattle acutely infected withbovine viral diarrhea virus eas-ily may bemissed. A rancherwould suspect a problem onlyby closely watching his herd.I’ve seen acute bovine viral di-arrhea in groups of beef calves.About 10 percent of the calveslook tired and lie down a lot.These calves have lowwhiteblood cell counts and bovineviral diarrhea virus can beisolated from their blood. Theyhave a low-grade fever for a dayor two, shed virus for about aweek and eliminate the virusfrom their bodies. Usually thereare no deaths.Acute, profuse diarrhea plus

high fevers are seen in cattleinfected with highly virulentstrains of bovine viral diarrheaand deathsmay occur. The vi-rus got its name from this formof the virus infection, which af-fects the digestive tract.Pneumonia is the clinical out-

come of some cases of bovineviral diarrhea virus infection.While it is not considered tobe a primary respiratory tractpathogen, it is themost com-mon virus isolated from lungsof calves with pneumonia.Devastating reproductive

losses can result in cows thatbecome infected with the virusduring the breeding season.These include low conceptionrates, fetal resorptions, or abor-tions during the first trimester.The virus is responsible for 5percent to 10 percent of cattleabortions. Fetal infection withbovine viral diarrhea virusbetween 100 and 150 days canresult in calves bornwithvarious congenital defects es-pecially cerebellar hypoplasia.In addition, infection of fetusesbetween 45 and 125 days of ges-tation with a non-cytopathicbiotype bovine viral diarrheavirus can result in calves bornwith life-long persistent infec-tion. These calves were infected

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See BOVINE, Page 10


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in-utero before developmentof their immune systems andinstead of making an immuneresponse against the virus theyrecognize it as self. They be-comemobile virus incubatorsthat shedmillions of viral par-ticles into the environment.Introduction of a bovine viral

diarrhea persistent infectioncalf into a non-immune cow-calf operation would result insubstantial production losses.Based on details of outbreaksin beef herds that have beenpublished in the veterinaryliterature, there would be a 5percent decrease in pregnancyrate coupled with a 10 percentcalf loss between pregnancydiagnosis andweaning. In ad-dition, there would likely be a3 percent reduction in averageweaning weight, a 20 percentincrease in number of calvesrequiring treatment betweenbirth andweaning, and a 5 per-cent increase in culling of cowsfor nonpregnancy.

Persistent infectionsMost persistent infection

calves are unthrifty and 50 per-cent die by age one, but a fewlive to adulthood. It’s commonfor such calves to have roughhair coats and chronic diar-rhea. Death losses of persistentinfection calves areminor invalue compared to the damagedone by bovine viral diarrheavirus they shed to herd-mates.Mucosal disease is a 100 per-cent fatal form of bovine viraldiarrhea that occurs in somepersistent infection cattle.

Affected cattle have ulcersthroughout the digestive tractcausing bloody diarrhea, fever,dehydration and death. My dadonce helpedme necropsy somefeedlot calves that died frommucosal disease. His commentwas “Steve, this disease is realhard on these calves.”Mucosal disease happens

when a PI animal is attackedby a cytopathic BVD virus thatis antigenically similar to thenoncytopathic bovine viral di-arrhea virus causing persistentinfection. The cytopathic strainraises havoc because the persis-tent infection animal is unableto develop even a weak immuneresponse against it.

Bottom LineBovine viral diarrhea virus

can result inmany differentdiseases in beef herds. Whowould think that a virus namedafter diarrhea could be thecause of a calf born blind anduncoordinated? Or that it couldalso cause abortions? Bovineviral diarrhea is one of themostcomplicated diseases of cattle.Prevention of bovine viral

diarrhea virus infection in beefherds centers on biosecurity,identification and elimina-tion of reservoirs (persistentinfection animals) and vaccina-tion. The details of a controlprogram are different for eachranch. Your local veterinarianis the personmost qualified todesign a successful program.

• Dr. Steve Wikse is a retired profes-sor of large animal clinical sciencesin the College of Veterinary Medicineand Biomedical Sciences at TexasA&M University.

Bovine, from Page 9


1-800-750-9608www.hudsonlivestock.comEmail: [email protected] Thompson RoadMiles, Texas 76861

News

powerplant. Itwasmoreeconom-ically viable than a whole-plantharvestplanbecauseof themuchfaster re-establishment rate be-fore thenextharvest. Frequencyinthewhole-plantharvestoptioncould be as long as 40-50 years.In addition, the above-ground

harvest option was more viablebecause tree density would nev-er decline— essentially all treeswould re-establish shoots imme-diately after harvest—whereas,in the whole-plant option, thetree density level would have tobe re-established fromnewseed-lings, Ansley said.“Regarding the economically

optimum 17-year rotation forre-harvest in the above-groundscenario, this might be too longfor ranchers interested in live-stock grazing,” he said. “Typi-cally, grass used for grazing willflourish for seven to eight yearsafter mesquite is harvested, butat about 10 years, mesquite re-

growth begins to out-competegrasses for water and light.”So froma livestockproduction

standpoint— and a selling pointfor ranchers to commit theirpastures to periodic mesquiteharvest in the above-ground sce-nario — harvesting every 10-12years would be more attractive,he said.Therefore,abiomassoperation

based on the above-ground har-vest scenario may have to settlefor a less-than-optimumharvestcycle to meet the needs of otherincome streams on a particularproperty, but would still be bet-ter in the long run economicallythan thewhole-plant harvest op-tion, Ansley said.

Power, from Page 7


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Through the roofBeefprices reachhighest level since1987

By BETSY BLANEYAssociated Press

LUBBOCK—The highest beefprices in almost three decadeshave arrived just before thestart of grilling season, caus-ing sticker shock for both con-

sumers and restaurant owners— andrelief isn’t likely anytime soon.A dwindling number of cattle and

growing export demand from countriessuch as China and Japan have causedthe average retail cost of fresh beef toclimb to $5.28 a pound in February, upalmost a quarter from January and thehighest price since 1987.Everything that’s produced is being

consumed, said Kevin Good, an analystat CattleFax, a Colorado-based informa-tion group. And prices likely will stayhigh for a couple of years as cattle pro-ducers start to rebuild their herds amidbig questions about whether the South-west and parts of theMidwest will seeenough rain to replenish pastures.Meanwhile, quick trips to the gro-

cery store could drag on a little longeras shoppers search for cuts that won’tbreak the budgets. Patrons at onemar-ket in Lubbock seemed resigned to thehigh prices, but not happy.“I quit buying steaks a while ago when

the price went up,” said 59-year-old Lub-bock resident LenMarkham, whoworksat Texas Tech University. She says shelimits redmeat purchases to hamburger,opting for chicken, pork and fish instead.Fellow Lubbock resident Terry Olson

says she buys chicken and eggs now.“I don’t buy (red) meat, period,” the

67-year-old said, admitting there’s an oc-casional hamburger purchase. “Not likeI used to because of the price.”Restaurant owners, too, must deal

with the high prices. Mark Hutchens,owner of the 50 Yard Line Steakhouse in

Lubbock, raised his menu prices for beefitems by about 5 percent in November.Since then, the owner of the eatery hastried tomake cuts elsewhere to avoidpassing it on to customers.“It really squeezes the small guys

more,” he said of non-chain restaurants.“You just can’t keep going up on peopleforever. I just think you have to staycompetitive and keep your costs low.”White-tablecloth restaurants have

adjusted the size of their steaks, mak-

ing them thinner to offset the priceincreases, says JimRobb, director of theColorado-based LivestockMarketingInformation Center. Some places now

AP Photos/Toby BrusseauA cow walks with her newborn calf in March on Chuck O’Connor’s Ranch near Philip, S.D. The highest beef prices in decades have some consumers spending ex-tra time in meat market aisles as they search for cuts that won’t break their budgets. Prices likely will stay high for a couple of years as cattle producers start torebuild their herds amid big questions about whether cattle-producing states will get enough rain to replenish pastures.On the cover: A newborn calf rests on O’Connor’s Ranch

See PRICES, Page 15



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News

Photo by Texas Parks &Wildlife DepartmentIn Texas, the fox is the most common carrier of rabies.

Bewareof rabies inwildlifeBy RoBeRt FeaRsSpecial to The Post

There is amisconception thatrabies occurs only in domesticpets. To the contrary, distinctstrains of rabies virus com-monly infect raccoons, skunks,foxes, coyotes and bats. Peoplewho aremost likely to encoun-ter rabid critters are ranchers,farmers, wildlife biologists and

others whowork outdoors inrural areas; however, rabid wildanimals have been observed inurban settings as well. Anytimea susceptible animal is observedbehaving strangely, contactshould be avoided.According to the American

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See RABIES, Page 16


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Newsserve a 6-ounce sirloin, com-pared to 8- or 10-ounce portionsoffered years ago, he said.And fast-food restaurants

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they’re seeing these higherprices,” he said. “They can’t doanything with the high prices.”The high prices are welcome

news for at least one group:ranchers, especially thosein Texas who for years havestruggled amid drought andhigh feed prices. Despite the

most recent numbers that showthe fewest head of cattle in theU.S. since 1951, prices for beefhaven’t declined along with theherd size as demand has re-mained strong.But even as ranchers breathe

a sigh of relief, someworrylasting high prices will promptconsumers permanently tochange their buying habits—switching to chicken or pork.Pete Bonds, a 62-year-old Texasrancher and president of theTexas and Southwestern CattleRaisers Association, said that’sa big concern, especially asyounger consumers start to es-tablish themselves.But such fearsmay be un-

founded, Robb said. Threeyears ago, economists thoughtconsumers would start findingsubstitutions for beef as thedrought spread. “We’re sur-prised we haven’t seenmore ofthat,” he said.

South Dakota rancher ChuckO’Connor is optimistic thatconsumers won’t abandon beef

for good.“I’m sure some aremaybe go-

ing to cut back some, but to say

that people aren’t going to buyit anymore, I don’t think that’sgoing to happen,” he said, add-ing, “I hope not.”Beef isn’t the onlymeat with

higher price tags. The price ofpork also has climbed, largelydue to a virus that has killedmillions of young pigs. Andcomposite retail prices forchicken in February were $1.95per pound, the highest sinceOctober.“I think these higher food

prices are here to stay, includ-ing beef,” said Dale Spencer, arancher in central Nebraskaand the former president of theNebraska Cattle Association.“As we grow the herd, we’llhavemore supplies and pricesshould drop some at themar-ket. I would not say a drasticdrop.”Good saidmore shoppers

will choose cheaper hamburgerover higher-priced steaks.

Prices, from Page 12

AP File Photo/Sue OgrockiButcher Freddie Quina cuts meat at Super Cao Nguyen in Oklahoma City. The high-est beef prices in decades — fresh beef climbing to $5.28 a pound in February, upfrom $5.04 in January — have some consumers searching for cuts of beef or othermeats that won’t break their budgets.


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Newsbies. Birds, fish, reptiles andamphibians are not affected bythe disease. Most cases of rabiesoccur in wild animals and inrecent years, cats have becomethe most common infected do-mestic animal. This is becausepeople do not vaccinate theircats before the animals are ex-posed to rabid wildlife. Rabiesalso occurs in dogs and cattle insignificant numbers and, whilenot as common, the disease hasbeen diagnosed in horses, goats,sheep, swine and ferrets.

The Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention reports thatwild animals accounted for 92percent of reported rabies casesin 2010. Of these cases, raccoonsaccounted for 36.5 percent,followed by skunks at 23.5 per-cent, bats at 23.2 percent, foxesat 7 percent, and other wildanimals, including rodents andlagomorphs (rabbits and hares),accounting for the remaining1.8 percent. So it pays to be vigi-lant around wildlife.

Animal symptomsThe American Veterinary

Medical Association also statesthat once the rabies virus en-ters the body, it travels alongthe nerves to the brain. Dogs,cats and ferrets with rabies mayshow a variety of signs, includ-ing fearfulness, aggression, ex-cessive drooling, difficulty swal-lowing, staggering and seizures.

Rabid wild animals maydisplay only unusual behavior.For example, an animal that isusually only seen at night maybe seen wandering in the day-time. Horses, cattle, sheep andgoats with rabies may exhibitdepression, self-mutilation orincreased sensitivity to lightin addition to the signs seen indogs and cats.

Medical authorities distin-guish between “furious” and“dumb” rabies, based on clini-cal signs. “Mad dog” symptomsare pronounced in the furious

variety. The animal is irritableand will snap and bite at real orimaginary objects. It may runfor miles and attack anything inits path. The animal is extreme-ly vicious and violent. Withina short time, paralysis occurs,usually affecting the hind legsfirst. Death follows four to sevendays after the onset of clinicalsigns.

In dumb rabies, the promi-nent symptoms are drowsinessand paralysis of the lower jaw.The animal may appear to havea bone lodged in its throat,sometimes resulting in an own-er forcing open a pet’s mouthto investigate and becomingexposed to rabies. Animals withdumb rabies have no tendencyto roam but will snap at move-ment. They are completelyinsensitive to pain, and usuallybecome comatose and die fromthree to 10 days after the firstsymptoms appear.

History, occurrenceOfficials with the Texas

Department of State HealthServices relate historical factsand fiction concerning rabies.They said, “Centuries beforethe birth of Christ, rabies wasrecognized in both animals andman. Cases were described withamazing clinical accuracy dur-ing Aristotle’s lifetime.” Thename hydrophobia, meaning‘fear of water,’ was given to thedisease at that time becauseancient Greeks observed rabidanimals’ aversion to water.

“Actually, the truth is thatthey cannot drink because ofthroat paralysis. It is this dis-ease characteristic that produc-es the classic picture of a beastwith foam-flecked jaws. Salivaaccumulates in the paralyzedthroat and drools from the cor-ners of the mouth, giving theimpression of mad-dog foam.

“It isn’t hard to understandwhy those ancient people wereterror stricken by such a sight,

Rabies, from Page 14

SeeWILDLIFE, Page 19


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News

Photo courtesy of The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationThe value of heifer calves has risen to record highs.

In today’smarket, howmuch is that cowworth?

By Steve SwigertThe Samuel Roberts Noble

Foundation

Since recent droughts havecaused a lack of available foragein many areas, the incentive toretainheifersandpurchasecowshas been very low.This situation is coupled with

thehighvalueof heifer calvesaf-ter weaning, preconditioning orthe stocker phase. It makes thedecision to retain or purchasefemales extremely difficult.Asaresult, thecattle inventory

has declined to levels not seensince the1930sand1940s, and thevalueof heifercalveshasrisentoall-time record highs.

With lowcownumbers,histor-ic high prices for weaned calvesand the cost of cows at recordhighs for the foreseeable future,thismeans good, young, produc-ing cows are going to be hard tofind. Prices will consistently ex-ceed $2,000 per cow.

How much could cows beworth?Basedon$550annualcowcost, 88percentcalf cropand$180perhundredweightaveragepricefor a 525-pound calf over sevenproduction years, a $2,150 cow/calf pair purchased in the springof 2014 would have a 10 percentreturn on investment.In determining if this invest-

See VALUE, Page 18


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On Thursday, May 8th, a complete listing ofall sale cattle will be atwww.johnsoncattlemarketing.com

Contact Tom Johnson817-291-5121

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News

ment should be made, produc-ers should ask themselves afew questions. Are more cowsneeded? Is there enough grassfor more cows? Is there a betteralternativeuse for thegrass thancows (e.g., retained ownershipof owned calves or purchased

stockers)? Are the estimates inthe previous example higher orlower than your operation? Canfinancing be secured for cows atthe higher price?

If it is determined that cowsare the best option, then the de-cision has to be made when tobuy the cows, and what type andageof female.Becauseof thecow

cost and the value of the calves,the timing of the purchase canmake a significant difference inthe value of the cow (a cow is typ-ically more valuable the closer itis to the sale of a calf). Also theage of the cow will make a dif-ferencebecauseyounger femalestypicallywillhavemoreeconom-ic value because they will havemore calves.

For example, using the previ-ous assumptions, let us comparethe value of an open heifer, bredheifer and first-calf heifer pair.If a first-calf heifer pair is worth$2,150, then a bred heifer wouldbe worth approximately $2,050and an open heifer (that will bebred in May for spring calving)would be worth approximately$1,450.

All of these factors should beconsidered when making thedecision to buy cows at a timewhen cow and calf prices are ata premium.

It is extremely importantto know and understand the

ranch’s annualcost to main-tain a cow, thepercent weanedcalf crop andthe weaningweight per calf.All these factorswill weigh intohow much canbe invested andhave a reason-able return.

Value, from Page 17


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Newsandwhy they thought theseanimals were demon-possessed.Writers of the day attributed ra-bies to an invasion of the bodyby an evil spirit.”Department officials said,

“Although rabies has plaguedbothman and animals from thedawn of recorded history, it wasnot until 1884 that Louis Pas-teur first announced his discov-ery of an anti-rabies vaccine.During Pasteur’s time, Francewas overrunwith rabies and hisresearch stemmed from a greathumanitarian soul and a zeal-ous desire to do something tomitigate the horrible, inevitablefate of rabies victims.“Once in the village of Arbois

where he lived, Pasteur saw oneof the townsmen being treatedfor a wolf bite by cauterizingthe woundwith a red hot iron.That was the only treatmentmethod known then, and henever forgot the sight.”Department officials said,

“Pasteur was never able toisolate the virus which causedthe disease, but he did developa vaccine against it. He tooksaliva from a rabid dog andinjected it into a rabbit, whichsubsequently died. Pasteur thenremoved the rabbit’s spinalcord and allowed it to dry for 14days. He reasoned that dryingthe spinal cord would weakenits virus concentration to thepoint it wouldn’t cause thedisease when injected into a hu-man body, but would still trig-

ger the body’s natural defensemechanism to produce rabiesantibodies.”The vaccine was used to

inoculate a small boy, despitePasteur’s misgivings and a loudprotest from the public. JosephMeister, anAlsatian boy, wasbitten by amad dog and hismother turned to Pasteur asa last hope. First, the scientistinjected the lad with the 14-day-old preparation. Then graduallyday by day, the vaccine con-centration was increased untilPasteur was using a compoundthat had dried for only threedays. JosephMeister did notdevelop rabies and the worldhad its first weapon against thedisease.According to the Texas

Department of State HealthServices, hazards formerly con-nected with taking anti-rabiestreatment were considerable;however, the rabies vaccineand antiserum in current usehave excellent safety records.Since the chances of develop-ing the disease are somuchgreater than the chances ofadverse reaction to the vaccine,anti-rabies treatment shouldbe administered in all exposurecases.Worldwide, rabies is prob-

ablymost prevalent in Russia,Belgium, France, the UnitedStates, Africa, Mexico and thelower Americas. Raccoon rabiesvirus predominates in the east-ern United States; skunk rabies

Wildlife, from Page 16

See VIRUS, Page 21

Photo by Texas Parks &Wildlife DepartmentBat-proofing your home and surrounding structures from Mexican free-tail and other bats can help prevent the spread of rabies.


SALE EACH SATURDAY

NewsSpringBeefCattleWorkshopslated forMay16 inBandera

By Paul SchattenBergTexas A&MAgriLife Extension

Service

BANDERA—TheTexasA&MAgriLife Extension Service Ag-riculture and Natural ResourceCommittee for Bandera Countywill present the “Spring BeefCattle Workshop” from 3-6 p.m.May 16 in Bandera.The programwill begin at the

Mansfield Park Recreation Cen-ter,2886Texas16N.,andconcludeat the Flying A Ranch.“With low inventory numbers

and high cattle prices, there ap-pears to be a renewed interest inbeef production,”saidSamWom-ble,AgriLifeExtensionagent foragricultureandnatural resourc-es, Bandera County. “More andmore landowners are looking atcattleasamanagementtool toen-hance their production system.”Womble said program presen-

tations will include: Basic Con-

siderations for Getting Startedin the Cattle Business, Nutrition101, Facilities and Cattle Han-dling, and NicheMarkets.The program will feature

hands-on demonstrations.The cost is $15 per person and

includes refreshments. To regis-ter, contact the AgriLife Exten-sion office in Bandera County at830-796-7755 byMay 9.For more information and to

learn about upcoming educa-tional programs, go to bandera.agrilife.org

Texas A&MAgriLife Extension Service photoASpringBeefCattleWorkshopwill be heldthe afternoon of May 16 in Bandera.


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is themost prevalent in theCentral United States and Cali-fornia; fox rabies is themostcommon in Texas, Arizona andAlaska; andmongoose rabiesis the variant that occurs inPuerto Rico.

Dealing with rabiesA common distribution pat-

tern is for a rabid skunk, fox orother wild animal to bite andinfect one ormore dogs or catsduring an invasion into a com-munity. Another scenario is fora rabid wild animal to enter abarnyard, bite and infect thefarm dog, cat or livestock. TheCenters for Disease Controland Prevention explains thatthe disease develops in the do-mestic animals along with thethreat of their transferring theinfection to other pets and per-

haps humans. Children— be-cause of their closer associationwith pets— aremost often thehuman victims. Rapid spread ofrabies is possible only in unvac-cinated pets.In wildlife areas, a fox can

be 20 timesmore serious as arabies distribution agent thana skunk since it travels fasterand farther. Skunks, however,havemore rabies virus in theirsaliva.The Centers for Disease Con-

trol said that clinical progres-sion of rabies can be dividedinto three periods:

• Incubation•Clinical signs• Paralysis ending in death.The incubation period is the

time it takes clinical signs to de-velop after exposure to a rabidanimal. It takes from 14 days upto 18months for rabies to incu-bate, depending on animal spe-cies, amount and concentration

of the virus, victim’s age andthe wound site. The averageincubation period, which variesgreatly, is three to eight weeksformost animal species.The Centers for Disease Con-

trol lists the following immedi-ate precautions that should betaken:• Identify and, whenever pos-

sible, confine the biting dogor cat for observation.Wildanimals involved in attacks onhumans should be euthanizedimmediately and the brainexamined for rabies evidence.Suspected rabid wild animalsshould never be quarantined.•Wash the wound thoroughly

with soap and hot water as animmediate first aid procedure.Consult a physician as soon aspossible concerning the advis-ability of anti-rabies treatment.• If rabies symptoms appear

in an animal confined for obser-vation, immediately notify the

physician whowas consulted atthe time of the attack and call aveterinarian or the sate healthdepartment. The physician willdecide whether to begin the an-ti-rabies treatment at once, andthe veterinarian will verify theanimal’s rabid appearance andlater prepare the animal’s headfor laboratory examination.

Rabies controlEach rabies variant is spread

predominantly by one wildlifespecies, but all variants arecapable of infecting and killingmammals, including humans.Every year local, state, andfederal governments cooperateto distributemore than 12mil-lion oral rabies vaccine baitsin an effort to reduce rabies inwildlife. Federal participationis throughWildlife Services,which is part of the UnitedStates Department of Agricul-

ture’s Animal and Plant HealthInspection Service.The American Veterinary

Medical Association lists thefollowing things that individu-als can do to reduce the spreadof rabies.•Have your veterinarian vac-

cinate your dogs, cats, ferretsand select horses and livestock.•Reduce the possibility of ex-

posure to rabies by not lettingyour pets roam free.•Don’t leave exposed garbage

or pet food outside, as it may at-tract wild or stray animals.•Wild animals never should

be kept as pets.•Observe all wild animals

from a distance.• If you see a wild animal act-

ing strangely, report it to theproper authorities.

•Bat-proof your home andother structures to prevent batsfrom nesting and having accessto people.

Virus, from Page 19


MayMay 3- 15th Annual The Sale of Excellence CharolaisSale, College Station, TX

May3 - Texas Angus Assoc. Spring Spectacular Sale,Salado, TX

May6 – TSCRA Ranch Gathering. Gail , TX.

May8 – Jordan Cattle Auction, Special Stocker Sale. SanSaba, TX.

May 10 – LaSalle Ranch Complete Liquidation Sale .Three Rivers, TX. 361-362-5863

May 15 – Space Deadline for the Land & Livestock PostMay 17 - Emmons Ranch Beefmaster Production Sale,Fairfield, TX

May 17 – Cattleman’s Top Cut Replacement Female Sale.Navasota, TX. 817-291-5121

May22 – Capital Farm Credit presents: NextGeneration Ag Conference. Waco, TX. 877-944-5500

May22 - Texas well owner training. Conroe, TX. 979-845-1461

May24 - The Event Red Brangus Sale, Brenham, TX

May29 - Space Deadline for the Land & Livestock Post

JuneJune 7 - Jordan Cattle Auction, Special ReplacementFemale Sale. San Saba, TX.

June 9 – Stocker & Feeder Sale. Jordan Cattle Auction,Mason, TX.

June 12 - Space Deadline for the Land & Livestock Post

June 17 – Jordan Cattle Auction. Bull sale. San Saba, TX.June 26- Space Deadline for the Land & Livestock Post

Do you have a sale or eventyou’d like listed?

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[email protected]

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