1 Dr. Martin Land Access Networking Protocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021 Access Networking Connecting the User to the World 2 Dr. Martin Land Access Networking Protocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021 Small Office / Home Office (SOHO) LAN (Local Area Network) to WAN (Wide Area Network) Ethernet WiFi ADSL WiFi Access Point Ethernet Switch IP Router ADSL Modem Cable‐based transmission protocol defined at PHY layer G.992.5 ADSL 802.11 802.3 Wireless LAN protocol defined at DATA LINK and PHY layers WiFi Cable‐based LAN protocol defined at DATA LINK and PHY layers Ethernet Internet 3 Dr. Martin Land Access Networking Protocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021 Laptop Browser to Web Server — Simplified View Access IP ADSL WiFi Router WiFi IP ADSL Access IP Server Internet Laptop PHY PHY Data Link Data Link WiFi IP IP IP TCP TCP HTTP HTTP 4 Dr. Martin Land Access Networking Protocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021 ADSL — Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line High speed transmission on standard voice line POTS — plain old telephone service 24 Mbps downstream 3.3 Mbps upstream Ref: JDSU, ADSL Technology, JDS Uniphase Corporation, 2005
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1Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
AccessNetworking
Connecting the Userto the World
2Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Small Office / Home Office (SOHO)LAN (Local Area Network) to WAN (Wide Area Network)
Ethernet
WiFi
ADSL
WiFi Access PointEthernet Switch
IP RouterADSL Modem
Cable‐based transmission protocol defined at PHY layerG.992.5ADSL
802.11
802.3
Wireless LAN protocol defined at DATA LINK and PHY layersWiFi
Cable‐based LAN protocol defined at DATA LINK and PHY layersEthernet
Internet
3Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Laptop Browser to Web Server — Simplified View
Access
IP
ADSL
WiFi Router
WiFi
IP
ADSL
Access
IP
ServerInternetLaptop
PHYPHY
Data LinkData LinkWiFi
IPIPIP
TCPTCP
HTTPHTTP
4Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
ADSL — Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineHigh speed transmission on standard voice line
POTS — plain old telephone service24 Mbps downstream3.3 Mbps upstream
5Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
ADSL Access Network
Ref: Vodaphone, Wholesale Layer2 DSL (W‐DSL‐L2I), VTCW011 ‐ I 03/13
6Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Typical Bezeq ATU‐R
ADSL33 Mbps
IP Routing
802.3Ethernet
802.11WiFi
7Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Bezeq Fast Internet Access
usermanagement
and IP datagramforwarding
IP datagramforwarding
Bezeq ISP
Internet routing
ADSL modem onpoint-to-point
channel
Server
IPnetwork
telephonenetwork
Client
switchedATM
network
8Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Fast Internet Protocols — Envisioned Campus CasePPP
Point to Point ProtocolLogon + connection management
PPPoEPPP over EthernetVirtual point‐to‐point connection over shared LANClient opens private session with ISP
Client
Ethernet802.3
PPPoEPPPIPTCPApp
Router
802.3
PPPoEPPP
9Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Fast Internet Protocols — Envisioned Campus CaseATM
Asynchronous Transfer ModeData Link protocol for broadband
telephone servicesPermits real time QoS
MPOA + AAL5Adaptation protocols for ATM
ADSLPhysical bit transmission
Client
Ethernet802.3
PPPoEPPPIPTCPApp
802.3
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoE
Router
802.3
PPPoEPPP
802.3
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoE
Bezeq
10Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Fast Internet Protocols — Envisioned Campus Case
Connection to ISPClient runs Network Control Protocol (NCP) over PPPCHAP (challenge handshake authentication protocol) —User Name + PasswordISP authorizes user and engages IP forwarding
Client
Ethernet802.3
PPPoEPPPIPTCPApp
802.3
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoE
Router
802.3
PPPoEPPP
802.3802.3
PHY
PPPoE
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoE
Bezeq
802.3
PHY
PPPoEPPP
ISP
Connection to ISP
11Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Fast Internet Protocols — Envisioned Campus Case
IP forwardingISP forwards IP datagrams to server via Internet backbone
Client
Ethernet802.3
PPPoEPPPIPTCPApp
802.3
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoE
Router
802.3
PPPoEPPP
802.3802.3
PHY
PPPoE
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoE
Bezeq
802.3
PHY
PPPIP
PHY
PPPoEPPP
ISPPHYServer
PPPIPTCPApp
Connection to ISPIP Routing
12Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Fast Internet Protocols — Typical SOHO Case
Router/modem initiates connection to ISPRuns NCP over PPP over PPPoE over EthernetRouter provides always‐on Internet access over WiFi + Ethernet
Client
WiFi802.11
IPTCPApp
802.3
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoEPPP
Router
WiFi
802.3802.3
PHY
PPPoE
ADSLATMAAL5MPOA
PPPoE
Bezeq
802.3
PHY
PPPIP
PHY
PPPoEPPP
ISPPHYServer
PPPIPTCPApp
Connection to ISPIP Routing
13Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Telephone Network Local loop (last mile)
Analog voice + dataVoice 64 kbps (DS0)
PDH / SDH digital hierarchyDS0 streams combined to hierarchy of data rates1.544 Mbps (T1) to 40 Gbps (STM-256)
ESS7Hierarchical tree of central office switches for DS0 streams
15Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Data Concentration Multiplexing
Combine multiple nodes onto one link
32 inputsat 64 kbps
1 output at2.048 Mbps
Multiplexor
32 outputsat 64 kbps
1 input at2.048 Mbps
Demultiplexor
39.81312 Gbps256 x E4STM‐2569.95328 Gbps64 x E4STM‐64
SDHPDH
2.48832 Gbps622.08 Mbps155.52 Mbps51.84 Mbps
16 x E44 x E4E4
21 x E1
STM‐16STM‐4STM‐1STM‐0
139.264 Mbps4 x E3E434.368 Mbps4 x E2E38.448 Mbps4 x E1E22.048 Mbps32 x DS0E1
16Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Cellular NetworkWireless to base station — uses Telco network for WAN service
Base System (BS)
Telco VoiceNetwork
CellController
ClusterController
Mobile SwitchingCenter (MSC)
Public Land Mobile Network
Mobile Station(MS)
HLRVLR
CellCluster
GPRS
Internet
SGSN
GGSN
Voice
Data
17Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
3G Cellular Network
18Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Enormous investment in existing equipmentGlobal network of hardware nodes + transmission lines
Developed to provide many servicesInternet (IP-based unreliable connectionless) just one service
Most developed before Internet Telegraph — 1794Telephone — 1876Teletype modem — 1943Digital telephone — 1962Internet opened to public — 1992
Hardware updates Replacement of manufactured hardwareSlower than software updatesMore expensive than software updates
Network InfrastructureEconomic perspective
19Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Enterprise NetworksEnterprise
The word (ref: http://www.etymonline.com)Past participle of entreprendre — "undertake, take in hand" From Old French — entre "between" + prendre "to take"
The pose
Enterprise networkLarger + more complex + more expensive + more awesome than SOHOIntegrated LAN + WAN technologies
Traditionally implemented in specifically‐designed hardware systemsIncreasingly implemented as Software Defined Networks (SDN)
SecurityHigh overall traffic volume
20Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Traditional Network InfrastructureCisco Smart Business Architecture (SBA) Ref: WAN Design Overview, Cisco 2013
21Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Technologies in the Cisco SBA Conventional Layer 3 routing
Permits universal access to any host / nodeNext‐hop IP datagram forwarding
Conventional Layer 2 switching —N x N non‐blocking switchingPermits access to nodes on same physical networkEthernet MAC physical port‐to‐port switchingESS7 64 kbps voice telephone switchATM cell switching for switched and permanent virtual circuitsFrame Relay switching for permanent virtual circuits
PHY
Data Link
IP
PHY
Router
PHY
Data Link
IP
Next Hop by IP
PHY
Data Link
Next Hop by MAC or VC
NodeSwitchNode
PHYPHY
Data LinkData LinkData Link
IPIP
TCPTCP
HTTPHTTP
22Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Technologies in the Cisco SBAVirtual LAN (vLAN)
LAN switch configured to partition nodes into subnetsNo router needed for subnet partitions
Virtual Private Network (VPN)Private network implemented on public infrastructure
Router Network
Subnet Subnet
Internet
Private Network Private Network
Access Restricted by IP
Programmable Switch
23Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Technologies in the Cisco SBAMultiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Label header added to IP datagramLabel identifies end-to-end routeImplements end-to-end virtual circuit
MPLS enabled router Next hop by MPLS labelFaster than next hop IP routing
Saves time of layer 3 processingDatagram read / write, routing, TTL
Switch / Router InteractionPermits vLAN and VPN definitionOptimizes multimedia streaming
Application TCP IP DL PHY
DL PHY
Application TCP IP DL PHY
DL PHY
DL PHY
DL PHY
24Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Technologies in the Cisco SBANexus 7000 Switch
100 Gbps Ethernet switchCopper or fiber access portsQoS control
Cut-through architecture (forward data without buffering)Low latency + jitter
Extensible through fabric extenders (FEX)Scalable to 15.76 Tbps (15,760 Gbps)
Supports virtual networking through MPLS
Nexus 2000Fabric extender (FEX)Add remote ports to Nexus 7000
Ref: http://www.cisco.com
25Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Technologies in the Cisco SBACisco XR 12000 Router
For large enterprises and service providers1280 Gbps capacityInternet protocols
Redundant infrastructure continuity + disaster recoveryCentralized management of OAM, security, performanceVirtualization serve multiple users on physical serverMultitenancy provide multiple sandboxed application instances on OS
User sees guaranteed serviceAgility
User / provider reconfigure service / infrastructure as needed Growth, load balancing, time-zone serving
32Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Cloud OwnershipPublic cloud
Service provider as public utility — sells / rents computing serviceInitial providers leverage large existing infrastructureAmazon, Microsoft, Google, IBM
Menu of services at fixed prices
Private cloudCloud infrastructure for private organizationManaged internally or outsourcedIsolates service developers from implementation issues
Standard development platformRequirements for economic justification
Large organization Technology-based servicesFrequent new serviceExample — internet content provider
33Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
What's Different in Cloud NetworkingEnd user
Not muchAccesses service "somewhere" on network
Business service providerDefine business serviceOutsource implementationOAM limited to SLA-level virtual environment
Cloud service providerManage vast real environment mapped to virtual environmentsOAM requires effective picture of real system from SLA POV
34Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Networking FunctionsForwarding function
Data transferImplement network protocolsHigh performance dedicated hardware
Control functionManagement of forwarding function
Configuration of network topology and policiesSupervision, measurement, maintenance
Traditional controlImplemented in dedicated hardware Switches, cable connections, programming at console interface
Software Defined Networking (SDN) control Implemented in system softwareGeneric control interface in hardwareSystem programmer configures modes, connections, policies
35Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Software Defined Networking (SDN)SDN Application
Programs communicate network requirements to SDN Controller Receive abstracted view of network for planning
SDN ControllerTranslates requirements from SDN application to SDN Datapaths Provides SDN applications with view of network
SDN DatapathLogical network device controls data forwarding hardware
Single forwarding device Logical device defined from internal network of forwarding devices
FabricHardware associated into SDN
36Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
38Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Layer 3 OverlayLogical IP + switched network
Edge and border switchesIntermediate IP router
Physical networkSame as Layer 2Physical switchesCablesIP routing implemented
in software
39Dr. Martin LandAccess NetworkingProtocols and Networks — Hadassah College — Fall 2021
Centralize Decentralize Centralize ?1950s — 60s
Centralized mainframe computer + multiple OS instances over hypervisorTimesharing OS serves multiple usersUser sees OS environment via dumb terminal (thin client)
1970s User applications offloaded to minicomputers + timesharing servicesUser sees timeshared OS environment via dumb terminal
1980sUser applications offloaded to personal workstations (PC)User sees single-user OS environment running locally
1990sNetwork single user workstations User sees single-user OS environment running locally
2000sCentralized control of local OS environment by IT departments