“LAKE WATER MONITORING SYSTEM”

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belgaum, Karnataka-590014

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“LAKE WATER MONITORING SYSTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By

Bhavana Savanth (1NH15EC011)

Sanjana Ranjan (1NH15EC741)

Shubha A (1NH15EC102)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. B. MOHAN KUMAR NAIK

Professor

Dept. Of ECE, NHCE, Bengaluru

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Certificate

Certified that the project work entitled “LAKE WATER MONITORING SYSTEM” carried out

by, BHAVANA SAVANTH (1NH15EC011), SANJANA RANJAN (1NH15EC741), SHUBHA A

(1NH15EC102), bonafide students of New Horizon College Of Engineering in partial fulfilment for the

award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication of the Visveswaraiah

Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2019. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions

indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental

library.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project

work prescribed for the said Degree.

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

(Dr. B. Mohan Kumar Naik) (Dr.Sanjeev Sharma) (Dr. MANJUNATHA)

External Viva

Name of the examiners Signature with date

1

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our pleasure to present a project in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

project work on “LAKE WATER MONITORING SYSTEM” in Bachelor of Engineering,

Department of Electronics and Communication.

We thankfully express our gratitude to Dr. Mohan Manghnani, Chairman of New Horizon

College of Engineering. We are very much thankful to Dr. Manjunatha, Principal of New

Horizon College of Engineering. They have provided me with the opportunity to reach the

most cherished goal and thus helping us to make a brighter career through Engineering.

We are very much thankful to Dr.Sanjeev Sharma, Head of the Department of Electronics

and Communication. We wish to express our gratitude to our Project Coordinators and our

guide Dr. B. Mohan Kumar Naik, Senior Associate Professor, Department of Electronics

and Communication Engineering, for their guidance and support during the course of our

project.

We express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of ECE Department for their

guidance and encouragement.

We would also like to thank our friend Mr Hariraj and Mr. Vitthal Muddapur, senior

Engineer for assisting us throughout our project.

Bhavana Savanth (1NH15EC011)

Sanjana Ranjan (1NH15EC741)

Shubha A (1NH15EC102)

DECLARATION

We, BHAVANA SAVANTH (1NH15EC011), SANJANA RANJAN (1NH15EC741), SHUBHA A

(1NH15EC102), students of 8th semester in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Bangalore hereby declare that the project work entitled

“LAKE WATER MONITORING SYSTEM” submitted to the Visvesvaraya Technological University

during the academic year 2018-2019, is a record of an original work done by us under the guidance of

Dr. Sanjeev Sharma, HOD, Department of Electronics and Communication, New Horizon College of

Engineering, Bangalore , DR. B. Mohan Kumar Naik, Professor, Department of Electronics and

Communication, New Horizon College of Engineering. This project work is submitted in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and

Communication. The results embodied in the thesis have not been submitted to any other University or

Institute for the award of any degree.

BHAVANA SAVANTH - 1NH15EC011

SANJANA RANJAN - 1NH15EC741

SHUBHA A - 1NH15EC102

PLACE: BENGALURU

DATE : 10-05-2019

ABSTRACT

With the elixir of life being fed with an influx of toxins drained in by the effluents channelled by the

ever-growing factory productions, monitoring what enters the water systems such as lakes is the need

of the hour. The innumerable health hazards and the biomagnification entering the Eco-system requires

prevention of these unmonitored pollutants from being a part of the system.

The purpose of the project is to monitor the compositions in water systems in rural and urban areas

that are prone to water pollution leading to various environmental and health hazards. This project

helps in connecting the various organizations including the Government and the factories using IOT and

transfer the real time information to keep a check on the factory outlets entering the water bodies and

hence prevent water pollution.

i

CONTENTS

Chapter-1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem Statement .......................................................................... …....1

1.3 Aim and Objective

1.3.1 Aim……………………………………………………………………………………………2

1.3.2 Objective.…………………………………………………………………………..………2

1.4 Motivation………………………………………………………………………………………..….2

1.5 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………..3

1.6 Existing Methodology…………………………………………………...........................3

1.7 Proposed Methodology………………………………………………………………………..4

Chapter-2

Literature Survey

2.1 Literature survey………………………………………………………………………………….5

Chapter-3

System Design

3.1 System Architecture…………………………………………………………….................7

3.2 Data flow Diagram……………………………………………………………………………….7

3.3 Flow Chart……………………………………………………………………………………………8

3.4 Block Diagram……………………………………………………………………………………..9

3.5 Equations……………………………………………………………………………………………10

ii

Chapter-4

Hardware Description

4.1 Components……………………………………………………………………………………….11

4.2 Components Description

4.2.1 Sensors………………………………………………………………………………………12

4.2.2 Power Supply…………………………………………………………………………….16

4.2.3 Controller………………………………………………………………………………….18

4.2.4 Communication…………………………………………………………………………24

4.2.5 Display-LCD……………………………………………………………………………….26

4.2.6 GSM Module……………………………………………………………………………..27

Chapter-5

Software Description

5.1 Software Used……………………………………………………………………………………29

5.2 Software Explanation

5.2.1 Arduino IDE………………………………………………………………………………29

5.2.2 ThingSpeak………………………………………………………………………………30

5.2.3 KiCad……………………………………………………………………………………….32

iii

Chapter-6

Implementation & Working

6.1 Hardware Implementation…………………………………………………………………35

6.2 PCB Designing Steps…………………………………………………………………………..36

6.3 Software Implementation………………………………………………………………….39

6.4 Working……………………………………………………………………………………………..42

Chapter-7

Results and Snapshots

7.1 Results……………………………………………………………………………………………….44

7.2 Snapshots………………………………………………………………………………………….44

Chapter-8

Applications and Future Scope

8.1 Applications………………………………………………………………………………………47

8.2 Future Scope…………………………………………………………………………………….47

References………………………………………………………………………………….………….48

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………….50

LAKE WATER MONITORING SYSTEM

Dept of ECE, NHCE Page 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Healthy lakes provide us with a number of environmental benefits and influence our quality of life and

strengthen our economy. Proper lake function can ease the impact of floods and droughts by storing

large amounts of water and releasing it during shortages. They moderate the climate of the

surrounding areas and maintain an aquatic ecosystem and help in developing tourism.

Due to the vast increase in global industrial output, rural to urban drift and the over-utilization of land

and sea resources, the quality of water available to people has deteriorated greatly. The high use of

fertilizers in farms and also other chemicals in sectors such as mining and construction have

contributed immensely to the overall reduction of water quality globally.

In this paper, an IOT based water checking framework is utilized to deliver the difficulties relating to

explicit water dangers that are caused because of modern or Sewer squanders that are dumped in the

stream or lake water. This framework would be conveyed in a lake, a little repository, and so on.,

which would hand-off back the real‑time estimations of various parameters like pH, turbidity and

temperature remotely utilizing the submerged sensors in an effective and cost‑effective way. The

changein qualities sensed by the sensors can be retrieved by the ARM cortex-M3 controller.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

To have a monitoring system that can record and keep a check on the lake’s health and thus prevent

water pollution that are caused by the industrial effluents.

Due to lack of unattended effluent entry from the factories into lakes that are not accounted or

monitored and lack of documentation of periodic changes in the water contents that lead to

contamination

Utilization of technological means to combat recurring and exponentially increasing water pollution

and to intimate the concerned bodies to prevent the same.



1.3 AIM & OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 AIM

To develop a system that can monitor the variations in the water properties through parameters such as pH,

temperature and turbidity to enable documentation of the changes caused by effluents from the respective

factories and to intimate the government regarding the same.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

To use multiple sensors, monitor and record the various parameters and factors that must be checked

to determine the water pollution.

Tosend real time alerts and update the cloud based on a certain threshold for each of these

parameters.

To have various sensor modules and network devices at the outlet gate of the surrounding factories

and also to update the periodic results from the nodes on which of them are violating the threshold or

have been the contributors of the increasing effluent component.

To connect the cloud to the factories as well as the Ecology and Environmental sector of the

government that regulates them.

To enable direct feedback system to the factories which can then be obliged to regulate their outlets

failing which a system to shut the valve at the outlet can be established. This step is only a proposition

which can only be implemented through the consent of the government and the factories.

1.4 MOTIVATION

The beautiful foamy lakes encompass a great deal of effluents that reflect the nature’s fury in fumes and

bring forth health and environmental hazards which deteriorate the quality of life. One such significant

example is the fuming Bellandur lake which is the source of motivation for our project.



1.5 METHODOLOGY

Three steps are used to carry out any project starting. It includes planning, implementing and

testing for the proper functionality.

Fig. 1.1 Methodological Flowchart

1.6 EXISTING METHODOLOGY

In the existing proposed projects, short rangecommunication protocols such as zigbee and wifi have been

used to establish communication between the central and the peripheral nodes.



1.7 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

In the project that we have proposed,

The concept of central and peripheral nodes

Using long range communication protocol LORA

Implementation of IOT by updating real time data to the cloud with respect to the nodes



CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. I. Kanu and Omeachi [10]

Summary:This paper is about the sources of water pollution that is caused by the various types of industries.

It is also gives the information about the Industrial effluents that affects the water quality. The industrial

effluents are characterized by their abnormal ph, temperature, total suspended salts, biological oxygen

demand, conductivity and total hardness. It is the study of the different effluents released from different

industries that are responsible for the change in the above parameters.

2. S. Geetha and S. Gouthami [1]

Summary:The paper presents a detailed survey on the smart water quality monitoring system that uses a lost

cost and less complex tools and techniques. In this, a single Launch pad with wi-fi module and is used as a

controller and sensors are embedded on the same controller. The parameters like turbidity, conductivity,

water level and ph are measured and the data is transmitted to the cloud (UBIDOTS) that provides SMS alert

to the smart phone when it’s threshold increases. The collected data is also displayed on a LED. The features

of UBIDOTS cloud include a real-time dashboard to analyze data or control devices and share the data through

the public links. It also provides the information about the applications of smart water quality monitoring,

types of controller used, parameters monitored, wireless communication technology and protocols used, type

of sensors used and the power consumption issues.

3. Vaishnavi V. Daigavane and Dr. M. A Gaikwad [4]

Summary:In this, the sensors used and working principle is explained in detail. The System consists of several

sensors like turbidity, pH, flow and temperature is connected to the core controller. The core controller can

access the sensor values and can process them to transfer the data through internet. Internet wi-fi

systemhelps in viewing the sensor data.They have deployed pH sensor, Turbidity sensor, Temperature sensor,

Flow sensor. They have used ATMEGA 328 with Wi-Fi module.Inbuilt ADC and Wi-Fi module connects the



embedded device to internet. Finally the Data will be automatically sent to the web server, when a proper

connection is established with sever device.

4. Amruta Amit Joshi [9]

Summary:This project is a water quality monitoring system using Wireless sensor Network (WSN) technology.

In this, the controller used is ARM board and the circuit is powered by Solar panel. Here a distributed sensor

nodes and a base station architecture is suggested for the real-time monitoring of the water at different sites.

The base station station and nodes are connected using the WSN technology like Zigbee. Data collected by

different sensors at the node side such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, pH and salinity is sent to the

base station through WSN. Data collected from the remote sites can be displayed in visual format and it can

be analyzed using different simulation tools at base station. This system has various advantages like, low

power consumption, more flexibility to be deployed at remote site and no carbon emission.

5. A. N. Prasad, K. A. Mamun, F. R. Islam, H. Haqva [8]

Summary:The research involves the demonstration of a smart water quality monitoring system. They

collected water samples from 4 different water sources and were tested at the intervals of 1 hour for a

period of twelve hours in order to validate the accuracy of the system measurement. The obtained and

the expected research results matched. The system also has the GSM technology implementation that

alerts the final user to take immediate action to ensure the water quality by sending alarmon the basis of

reference parameter. In addition to this, the different water sources’ parameter references obtained will

be further used to build classifiers.

Predictive Analysis-These classifiersbuilt will be used to perform the automated analysis of the water

based on the data collected in the form of Neural Network Analysis using machine learning.



CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

Large systems are always decomposed into sub-systems that provide some related set of services. The

initial design process of identifying these sub-systems and establishing a framework for sub-system control and

communication is called Architecture design.

The architectural design process is concerned with establishing a basic structural framework for a system. It

involves identifying the major components of the system and communications between these components. In

the following sub-sections we develop into the design aspects and the sub systems involved.

The project is divided into two modules

Sender site consisting of water sensors, processing unit and transceiver module for wireless

transmission.

Receiver site for monitoring received data from various transmitter nodes in the lakes.

3.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Data flow models are an intuitive way of showing how data is processed by a system. At the analysis

level, they should be used to model the way in which data is processed in the existing system. The notations

used in these models represents functional processing, data stores and data movements between functions.

Data flow models are used to show how data flows through a sequence of processing steps. The data is

transferred at each step before moving on to the next stage.

Fig 3.1Data Flow at sender site

Data from the sensors are transmitted to the controller via serial port, where this data is processed and then

further transmitted to a LORA-Transmitter.

LORA-

Transmitter

Sensors Microcontroller



CLOUD

Fig 3.2 Data flow at receiver site

The received data over the wireless link is fed to the controller for displaying it on the terminal window of the

pc for monitoring and is also displayed on LCD. The data is also used to build a GUI to easily analyse the data.

3.3 FLOW CHART:

Fig 3.3 Flowchart

LORA-

Receiver

Microcontroller PC GUI& LCD

a



3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

A simple block diagram of the project is as shown below. This combines the data flow diagram of both the

sender site and the receiver site. This gives an overall view of the project.

Fig 3.4 Peripheral Node

Fig 3.5 Central Node



3.5 EQUATIONS

Voltage divider equation(to make the 5V sensor values compatible with the 3.3V IO pins of the

microcontroller )

Vin(sensor)=Vout(sensor)/2 ...(Eq 3.5.1)

pH Voltage to pH value conversion

floatvout=((float)avgValue*3.3)/4096.0 ...(Eq 3.5.2)

Voltage to Temperature conversion

celsius = (float)raw / 16.0; …(Eq 3.5.3)

fahrenheit = celsius * 1.8 + 32.0; …(Eq 3.5.4)

Voltage to Turbidity value conversion

volt += ((float)analogRead(Turbidity_SensorPin)/4096)*3.3; …(Eq3.5.5)

volt = volt/800; …(Eq3.5.6)

volt=(volt*2)+Sensor_offset;

…(Eq3.5.7)



CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 COMPONENTS:

PERIPHERAL NODE

1. Controller : STM32F103C8T6

2. SENSORS : PH sensor pH-03

Temperature sensor DS18B20

Turbidity sensor

3. Power Supply : Rechargeable Li-Ion 18650 Lithium Battery

Step up Converter boost 3V to 5V

4. Communication : LORA Ra-02

5. Display : LCD

CENTRAL NODE

1. Controller : STM32F103C8T6

2. Power Supply : Rechargeable Li-Ion 18650 Lithium Batter

Step up Converter boost 3V to 5V

3. Communication : LORA Ra-02

4. GSM Module : SIM900



4.2 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 SENSORS:

PH SENSOR pH-03

Fig. 4.1 PH sensor

SPECIFICATIONS

Module Power : 5.00V

Module Size : 43*32mm

Measuring Range : 0 – 14V

Measuring Temperature : 0 – 60 degree

Accuracy : +/- 0.1pH

pH sensor Pin Details

Fig 4.2 Pin Details



Working Principle

pH is the indication of Hydrogen ion Concentration present in certain solutions. pH value varies from 0 to 14.

The solutions are said to be acidic if their pH value lies between 0 and 7. The solutions are said to be basic if

their pH value lies between 8 and 14. The Acidic solutions will have higher hydrogen concentration and the

basic solutions will have lower hydrogen concentration. The Acidity of a solution can be measured by

measuring the pH of a solution. The solutions with the pH value 7 are the Neutral solutions.

pH sensor works on the principle that interface of two liquids produces a electric potential which can be

measured. It measures the potential difference between the two electrodes, a reference

electrode(silver/silver chloride) and a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ion. This forms the probe.

The electronic circuit is used to condition the signal appropriately.

TURBIDITY SENSOR

Fig 4.3 a) Turbidity sensor b) Inner Structure

SPECIFICATIONS

Model : LGZD Sensor V1.1

Voltage : 5V DC

Current : 30mA(MAX)

Response Time : Less than 500ms

Insulation Resistance : 100Mohm(min)



Output : Analog (0-4.5v)

Digital (high 5V/ low 0V)

Operating Temperature : -30 to 80 degree.

PIN DETAILS

Fig 4.4 a) Pin details b) Connections

Working Principle

Turbidity Sensor is an electronic monitoring module that works with various Micro Controller platforms like

Arduino, ARM, PIC, Raspberry etc., It is used to detect and verify the quality of the water, by obtaining the

turbidity measurement and it is also possible to verify the results by means of digital or analog signal next to

the corresponding pins in the accompanying electronic module.

The Turbidity Sensor emits an infrared light at its end, imperceptible to human vision. This Infrared light is

capable of detecting particles that are suspended in water, measuring the light transmittance and the

dispersion rate. This measurement changes according to the Amount of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) that

increases or decreases the turbidity of the liquid whenever its levels increases or decreases. The sensor has an

end specially prepared for direct contact, having an electronic module to amplify and send the received data

to the microcontroller of the project. Hence it is used in projects involving the monitoring of water turbidity in

rivers, streams, lakes and water bodies.



TEMPERATURE SENSOR- DS18B20

Fig 4.5 DS18B20

SPECIFICATIONS

Voltage : 3.0 to 5.5V

Usable Temperature Range: -55 to 125 degree

9 to 12 bit selectable resolution

Uses 1-wire interface and requires only one digital pin for communication

Multiple sensors can share one pin

+/- 0.5 degree Accuracy

Temperature – limit alarm system

PIN DETAILS

Fig 4.6 a) Pin details b) Connections



WORKING PRINCIPLE

Temperature sensor has a 1 Meter Long Waterproof, sealed and pre-wired digital sensor probe based on

DS18B20sensor. Since it is digital, there will not be any signal degradation even over long distance.

Information is sent to/from the DS18B20 over a 1-Wire interface, so that only one wire (and ground needs to

be connected from a central microprocessor to a DS18B20. Power for reading, writing, and performing

temperature conversions can be derived from the data line itself with no need for an external power source.

When using with microcontroller a 4.7k resistor is used at the sensing pin, which is required as a pull up from

the DATA to VCC line.

4.2.2 POWER SUPPLY

RECHARGEABLE Li-Ion 18650 LITHIUM BATTERY

Fig 4.7a) Battery b) Polarity

SPECIFICATIONS

Nominal Voltage : 3.6V

Nominal Capacity : 2850mAh

Minimum discharge Voltage : 3V

Minimum discharge Current : 1C

Charging Voltage : 4.2V(max)

Charging Current : 0.5C

Charging Time : 3 hours(approx)

Charging Method : CC and CV



WORKING PRINCIPLE

The Rechargeable 18650 battery has the Lithium Ion type chemistry, due to which very high care has to be

taken while using this battery. As the name suggests, it is both charging and discharging battery. Discharging

the battery, requires more care, so that current consumption shouldn’t be more than the C rating and also

discharging shouldn’t happen below 3.0 V. Hence for a single 18650 cell, a battery protection module

like TP4056is highly recommended to charge and discharge the module safely. This circuit monitor the

discharge current and the under voltage value to cut off the battery from the load if anything goes wrong.

Care should also be taken that the battery never experiences reverse polarity or a short circuit.

C rating and mAh of a battery:

These are the two common terms associated while working with the batteries. A2850mAh rated 18650

cell rated means that the battery will consume 2.850A current from the battery and will last for 1 hour.

Similarly if its consumes only 0.285A current from the battery, it will last for 10 hours.Hence the Ah rating

allows us to calculate how long the battery based on the current consumed, which is required for our

application.

C rating for a 18650 battery is usually 1C. This indicates that we can consume a maximum of 2.85A from the

battery. Since (Ah rating * C rating) gives the maximum current that can be sucked out from the battery. In

the case of C rating for a battery 0.5C a maximum of 1.42A (2.8/2) can be consumed from the battery.

The charging voltage of 18650 cell is 4.2V and recommended charging current is 1A (0.5C). A module like

TP4056 helps in charging this module and also provides protection while discharging.Inorder to achieve higher

level of voltages, more than one 18650 cells will be connected in series or parallel.Here care should be taken

that all the cells are maintained at the same voltage levels. This process is called as cell balancing. It is usually

done using a BMS (Battery management system) which takes the responsibility of charging and discharging

the batteries uniformly.

https://components101.com/tp4056a-li-ion-battery-chargingdischarging-module



4.2.3 Controller-STM32F103C8T6

Fig 4.8 STM32F103C8T6

PIN DESCRIPTION

Fig 4.9 Pin Description



SPECIFICATIONS

Architecture : 32-Bit ARM Cortex M3

Operating Voltage : 2.7V to 3.6V

CPU Frequency : 72MHz

Number of GPIO Pins : 37

Number of PWM Pins : 12

Analog Input Pins : 10 (12-bit)

USART Peripherals : 3

I2C Peripherals : 2

SPI Peripherals : 2

Timers : 3(16 bit)

Flash Memory : 64KB/128KB

RAM : 20KB

Reset button

LED on PIN PC13

32 kHz Real time clock crystal

Jump links on Boot0 and Boot1

Micro USB connector for power and data

ST-Link header on the top of the board.

OVERVIEW

ARM Cortex®-M3 core with embedded Flash and SRAM

The ARM Cortex®-M3 processor is the latest generation of ARM processors for embedded systems. It

has been developed to provide a low-cost platform that meets the needs of MCU implementation,

with a reduced pin count and low-power consumption, while delivering outstanding computational

performance and an advanced system response to interrupts. The ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit RISC

processor features exceptional code-efficiency, delivering the high-performance expected from an

ARM core in the memory size usually associated with 8- and 16-bit devices



Embedded Flash memory

64 or 128 Kbytes of embedded Flash is available for storing programs and data.

CRC (cyclic redundancy check) calculation unit

The CRC (cyclic redundancy check) calculation unit is used to get a CRC code from a 32-bit data word

and a fixed generator polynomial. Among other applications, CRC-based techniques are used to verify

data transmission or storage integrity.

The CRC calculation unit helps compute a signature of the software during runtime, to be compared

with a reference signature generated at linktime and stored at a given memory location.

Embedded SRAM

Twenty Kbytes of embedded SRAM accessed (read/write) at CPU clock speed with 0 wait states.

Nested vectored interrupt controller (NVIC)

The STM32F103xx performance line embeds a nested vectored interrupt controller able to handle up

to 43 maskable interrupt channels (not including the 16 interrupt lines of Cortex®- M3) and 16 priority

levels.This hardware block provides flexible interrupt management features with minimal interrupt

latency

External interrupt/event controller (EXTI)

The external interrupt/event controller consists of 19 edge detector lines used to generate

interrupt/event requests. Each line can be independently configured to select the trigger event (rising

edge, falling edge, both) and can be masked independently. A pending register maintains the status of

the interrupt requests.Up to 80 GPIOs can be connected to the 16 external interrupt lines.

Clocks and Startup

System clock selection is performed on startup, however the internal RC 8 MHz oscillator is selected as

default CPU clock on reset. An external 4-16 MHz clock can be selected, in which case it is monitored

for failure. If failure is detected, the system automatically switches back to the internal RC oscillator. A

software interrupt is generated if enabled. Similarly, full interrupt management of the PLL clock entry



is available when necessary (for example on failure of an indirectly used external crystal, resonator or

oscillator).

Boot modes

At startup, boot pins are used to select one of three boot options:

• Boot from User Flash

• Boot from System Memory

• Boot from embedded SRAM

The boot loader is located in System Memory

Power supply schemes

• VDD = 2.0 to 3.6 V: external power supply for I/Os and the internal regulator. Provided externally

through VDD pins.

• VSSA, VDDA = 2.0 to 3.6 V: external analog power supplies for ADC, reset blocks, RCs and PLL

(minimum voltage to be applied to VDDA is 2.4 V when the ADC is used). VDDA and VSSA must be

connected to VDD and VSS, respectively.

• VBAT = 1.8 to 3.6 V: power supply for RTC, external clock 32 kHz oscillator and backup registers

(through power switch) when VDD is not present.

Low-power modes

The STM32F103xx performance line supports three low-power modes to achieve the best compromise

between low-power consumption, short startup time and available wakeup sources:

Sleep mode: In Sleep mode, only the CPU is stopped. All peripherals continue to operate and

can wake up the CPU when an interrupt/event occurs.

Stop mode: The Stop mode achieves the lowest power consumption while retaining the

content of SRAM and registers. All clocks in the 1.8 V domain are stopped, the PLL, the HSI RC

and the HSE crystal oscillators are disabled. The voltage regulator can also be put either in

normal or in low-power mode.

Standby mode: The Standby mode is used to achieve the lowest power consumption. The

internal voltage regulator is switched off so that the entire 1.8 V domain is powered off. The

PLL, the HSI RC and the HSE crystal oscillators are also switched off. After entering Standby



mode, SRAM and register contents are lost except for registers in the Backup domain and

Standby circuitry.

Timers and watchdogs

1. Advanced-control timer (TIM1) :The advanced-control timer (TIM1) can be seen as a three-phase

PWM multiplexed on 6 channels. It has complementary PWM outputs with programmable inserted

dead-times. It can also be seen as a complete general-purpose timer. The 4 independent channels can

be used for • Input capture • Output compare • PWM generation (edge- or center-aligned modes) •

One-pulse mode output If configured as a general-purpose 16-bit timer, it has the same features as the

TIMx timer. If configured as the 16-bit PWM generator, it has full modulation capability (0-100%).

2. General-purpose timers (TIMx) :There are up to three synchronizable general-purpose timers

embedded in the STM32F103xx performance line devices. These timers are based on a 16-bit auto-

reload up/down counter, a 16-bit prescaler and feature 4 independent channels each for input

capture/output compare, PWM or one-pulse mode output. This gives up to 12 input captures/output

compares/PWMs on the largest packages.

3. Independent watchdog :The independent watchdog is based on a 12-bit downcounter and 8-bit

prescaler. It is clocked from an independent 40 kHz internal RC and as it operates independently of the

main clock, it can operate in Stop and Standby modes. It can be used either as a watchdog to reset the

device when a problem occurs, or as a free-running timer for application timeout management. It is

hardware- or software-configurable through the option bytes. The counter can be frozen in debug

mode. Window watchdog The window watchdog is based on a 7-bit downcounter that can be set as

free-running. It can be used as a watchdog to reset the device when a problem occurs. It is clocked

from the main clock. It has an early warning interrupt capability and the counter can be frozen in

debug mode.

4. SysTick timer: This timer is dedicated for OS, but could also be used as a standard downcounter. It

features: • A 24-bit downcounter • Autoreload capability • Maskablesystem interrupt generation

when the counter reaches 0 • Programmable clock source



I²C bus

Up to two I²C bus interfaces can operate in multimaster and slave modes. They can support standard

and fast modes. They support dual slave addressing (7-bit only) and both 7/10-bit addressing in master

mode. A hardware CRC generation/verification is embedded.

Universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART)

One of the USART interfaces is able to communicate at speeds of up to 4.5 Mbit/s. The other available

interfaces communicate at up to 2.25 Mbit/s.

Serial peripheral interface (SPI)

Up to two SPIs are able to communicate up to 18 Mbits/s in slave and master modes in fullduplex and

simplex communication modes. The 3-bit prescaler gives 8 master mode frequencies and the frame is

configurable to 8 bits or 16 bits.

Universal serial bus (USB)

The STM32F103xx performance line embeds a USB device peripheral compatible with the USB full-

speed 12 Mbs. The USB interface implements a full-speed (12 Mbit/s) function interface. It has

software-configurable endpoint setting and suspend/resume support. The dedicated 48 MHz clock is

generated from the internal main PLL

GPIOs (general-purpose inputs/outputs)

Each of the GPIO pins can be configured by software as output (push-pull or open-drain), as input (with

or without pull-up or pull-down) or as peripheral alternate function. Most of the GPIO pins are shared

with digital or analog alternate functions. All GPIOs are high currentcapable. The I/Os alternate

function configuration can be locked if needed following a specific sequence in order to avoid spurious

writing to the I/Os registers.

ADC (analog-to-digital converter)

Two 12-bit analog-to-digital converters are embedded into STM32F103xx performance line devices

and each ADC shares up to 16 external channels, performing conversions in singleshot or scan modes.

In scan mode, automatic conversion is performed on a selected group of analog inputs. Additional logic

functions embedded in the ADC interface allow:



• Simultaneous sample and hold

• Interleaved sample and hold

• Single shunt

The ADC can be served by the DMA controller. An analog watchdog feature allows very precise

monitoring of the converted voltage of one, some or all selected channels. An interrupt is generated

when the converted voltage is outside the programmed thresholds.

Serial wire JTAG debug port (SWJ-DP)

The ARM SWJ-DP Interface is embedded and is a combined JTAG and serial wire debug port that

enables either a serial wire debug or a JTAG probe to be connected to the target. The JTAG TMS and

TCK pins are shared with SWDIO and SWCLK, respectively, and a specific sequence on the TMS pin is

used to switch between JTAG-DP and SW-DP.

4.2.4 Communication- LORA RA02

Fig 4.10 LORA RA-02

The SX1276/77/78/79 transceivers feature the LoRa long range modem that provides ultra-long range spread

spectrum communication and high interference immunity whilst minimizing current consumption.



Features

LoRaTM Modem 168dB maximum link budget

+20dBm - 100mW constant RF output vs. V supply

+14dBm high efficiency PA

Programmable bit rate up to 300kbps

High sensitivity: down to -148dBm

Bullet-proof front end: IIP3 = -11dBm

Excellent blocking immunity

Low RX current of 9.9mA, 200nA register retention

Fully integrated synthesizer with a resolution of 61Hz

FSK, GFSK, MSK, GMSK, LoRa and OOK modulation

Built-in bit synchronizer for clock recovery

127dB Dynamic Range RSSI

Automatic RF Sense and CAD with ultra-fast AFC

Packet engine up to 256 bytes with CRC

Built-in temperature sensor and low battery indicator

Applications

Automated Meter Reading

Home and Building Automation

Wireless Alarm and Security Systems

Industrial Monitoring and Control

Long range Irrigation Systems



4.2.5 LCD 16*4

Fig 4.11 LCD

SPECIFICATIONS

Character LCD 16x4

5x8 dots includes cursor

Bulit-in controller (ST7066 or Equivalent)

+5V power supply (Also available for +3V)

WG16032D3 optional for +3V power supply

1/16 duty cycle

LED can be driven by PIN1, PIN2, PIN15, PIN16 or A and K

Interface : 6800, option SPI/I2C (RW1063 IC)

Interface Pin Function

Table 4.1 Pin Description

Pin No. Symbol Description

1 VSS Ground

2 VDD Power supply for logic

3 VO Contrast Adjustment

4 RS Data/ Instruction select signal

5 R/W Read/Write select signal

6 E Enable signal



7~14 DB0~DB7 Data bus line

15 A Power supply for B/L +

16 K Power supply for B/L -

4.2.6 GSM Module-SIM900

Fig 4.12 SIM900

The GPRS Shield is based on SIM900 module from SIMCOM and compatible with Arduino and its clones. The

GPRS Shield provides you a way to communicate using the GSM cell phone network. The shield allows you to

achieve SMS, MMS, GPRS and Audio via UART by sending AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM

enhanced AT Commands). The shield also has the 12 GPIOs, 2 PWMs and an ADC of the SIM900 module

Features

Quad-Band 850 / 900/ 1800 / 1900 MHz – would work on GSM networks in all countries across the

world.

GPRS multi-slot class 10/8

GPRS mobile station class B

Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+



Class 4 (2 W at 850 / 900 MHz)

Class 1 (1 W at 1800 / 1900MHz)

Control via AT commands : Standard Commands: GSM 07.07 and 07.05 – Enhanced Commands:

SIMCOM AT Commands.

Short Message Service : so that you can send small amounts of data over the network (ASCII or raw

hexadecimal).

Embedded TCP/UDP stack : allows you to upload data to a web server.

RTC supported.

Selectable serial port.

Speaker and Headphone jacks

Low power consumption : 1.5mA(sleep mode)

Industrial Temperature Range – -40°C to +85 °C

Application

M2M (Machine 2 Machine) Applications.

Remote control of appliances.

Remote Weather station or a Wireless Sensor Network.

Vehicle Tracking System with a GPS module.



CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 SOFTWARES USED

Arduino IDE

ThingSpeak

KICAD

5.2 SOFTWARE EXPLANATION

5.2.1 ARDUINO IDE

Arduino integrated development environment popularly known as Arduino IDEis an application with a

cross-platform compatible with the Windows, mac Operating System, Linux that is written in the

popular JAVA which is a high level programming language.

It is not only used to write codes and dump programs to Arduino compatible boards but it is also used

to program on with the assistance of third party cores, various other vendor development

programmable boards.

The IDE source codes are all released under the General Public License popularly known as GNU,

which is of version 2. The Arduino IDE software supports other programming languages such as C and

C++ using special structuring coding rules.

The Arduino IDE offers a special software library from their Wiring project, which offers many

common same inputs and same output procedures. User who have written their codes only requires

two main basic functions, that is for starting the sketch and for the main program loop, that are

compiled and then linked with a program functionstub main() using a GNU tool into an executable c

executive cyclic program , also which is included with the IDE distribution.



The Arduino IDE uses one of the program avrdude to do the conversion of thethe executable code into

a text file in the hexadecimal encoding method that is then loaded into the Arduino programmable

board using the program loader in the firmware section of the board.

Fig 5.1 ArduinoWindow



5.2.2 ThingSpeak

ThingSpeak is an Internet Of Things platform with analytics service that helps the user to collect,

visualize, and analyse the live stream of data in the cloud platform.

The user can send data to ThingSpeak from their own devices, make simple instant visualizations of

live stream data, and send alerts usingTwitterandTwilio which are popular web services.

HavingMATLAB analytics inside the ThingSpeak, the user can code and execute MATLAB programs to

performvariouspreprocessing, visualizations, and analyses. ThingSpeak allows students, engineers and

scientists to make a prototype and build an entireIoT systems without having to set up servers or even

develop web software.

Most important tasks of ThingSpeak include:

Device configuration using a REST API or MQTT to send the user data to ThingSpeak.

Collect data on as and then from devices and various third-party sources.

Procure visualizations instantly from live or past data from sensor.

Preprocess and analyze all the aggregated data using MATLAB which is integrated.

Automatically run all the IoT analytics depending upon schedules or events.

Act and modify on your data and also use third-party services like Twilio or Twitter for communication.

Capabilities

Collect

Sensor data is sent to the cloud.

Analyze

To analyze and visualize all the data.

Act

Reaction is triggered

https://thingspeak.com/pages/how_to

http://thingspeak.com/pages/how_to#analyze

http://thingspeak.com/pages/how_to#act



Fig 5.2 ThingSpeak

5.2.3 KiCad

KiCad popularly pronounced as "Key-CAD" is a free suite software used for electronic design

automation popularly known as EDA. It helps the designer of the schematic to design schematics for electronic

circuits and also helps in facilitating to convert them to PCB designs.

KiCad was developed originally by Jean-Pierre Charras. It has an environment integrated to capture the

schematic and PCB layout design. There are various tools that are present within the package to make the bill

of materials, the artworks, the important Gerber files, and the 3Dimentional views and images of the PCB and

its components.

Main Parts

The important main parts of the KiCad suite are

KiCad – the main manager of the project.

Eeschema – the editor of the schematic capture.

Pcbnew – the program for PCB layout . It also has a 3D view in it.

GerbView – the view of the Gerber.

Bitmap2Component – tool used for PCB artwork in the conversion of the images to footprints

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_diagram

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_format

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_format



Features

Cad uses an environment thaisia integrated for all of the design stage processes that is Schematic capture,

PCB layout design, Gerber file generation or visualization, and as well as library editing.

KiCad is a program that is cross-platform, developed in C++ programming language with wxWidgets

software to run easily on FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OperatingSsystemX.

Various libraries of components are available, and user can design and make and can also add custom

components to the library. The customized components can be available only for a particular project or can be

made global to the future projects. There are also many tools that help with importing the components from

various other EDA applications such as EAGLE. Configuration files are documented well in plain text, which

facilitates in interfacing the version control systems, as well as with interfacing the automatically generated

scripts of the component.

The software suports multiple languages

like Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Jap

anese, Korean, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and Swedish.

Eeschema

Eeschema has many features which include the schematic sheets which are hierarchical, customize symbol

creation, and an ERC populary known as electrical rules check. InEeschema, schematic symbols are very

loosely joint to the footprints in Pcbnew to promote the reuse of the footprints and as well as the symbols for

example consider a single 0805 footprint can be used for capacitors, resistors, inductors, etc..

Pcbnew

Pcbnewinternally supports maximum up to 32 layers of copper and 32 layers of technical. Dimensions of the

pcbneware stored with a precision in nanometer , a signed 32-bit integers that makes the theoretical maximal

of the PCB dimension to 231 nm, 2.14 meters approximately.

Pcbnewiscurrenlyheavily refactored, including it’s getting a brand new rendering engine called the graphics

abstraction layer, or popularly known as GAL with back ends of an OpenGL and Cairo . Pcbnew is also

developing a new framework too to help more easily allow other user developers to add more number of

tools without having to struggle with borrowing support from multiple renderers. Due to this reason, some of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WxWidgets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAGLE_(program)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(graphics)



the tools are only available on the XOR-based renderer legacy and some only GAL renderers have the

availability.

KiCad has a auto-router built-in for simple single connections. On the alternative side ,Java based free routing

of AlfonsWirtz's can be used toautoroute the boards externally. Toporouter of Anthony Blake's , a topological

autorouter who developed in the year 2008 for a google funded open source project gEDAmentored

by DJDelorie, has adapted for the use with KiCad as well.

A DRC popularly known as Design Rules Check is available to check for logical errors that commonly occur.

The function that is used for 3D viewing is generally based on the VRML models, and the exportation for CAD

integration of theboard model.

Some recent] additions are as follow.

An interactive router, which has the features of the ability to move around the existing traces on the way

or to shove existing traces into a new different position while still managing their connectivity.

PCB routing tools with high speed such as matching the track-length and the support the differentialpair.

SupportPython scripting.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_blit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_(electronic_design_automation)#Topological_router

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_(electronic_design_automation)#Topological_router

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEDA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJGPP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRML

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signaling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)



CHAPTER 6

IMPLEMENTATION & WORKING

6.1HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

PROGRAMMING STM32

Boot loaders decide the Mode of Operations of STM32. There are 2 Boot loaders, Boot 0 and Boot 1

namely. Jumper is used in the Boot 0 to switch between the modes.

The 2 modes are:

1. Programming Mode – Boot 0 set to 1

2. Operation Mode – Boot 0 set to 0

Boot 1 normally remains 0.

Fig 6.1 Programming modes



6.2 PCB DESIGNING STEPS

STEP 1: Design the PCB on the KiCad software

Fig 6.1 PCB Layout on KiCad

STEP 2: Take a print out of your mirrored PCB layout using a laser printer and the A4 photo paper/glossy paper

Fig 6.2 PCB PDF



Fig 6.3 Print on butterpaper

STEP 3: Cut the Copper Plate for the Circuit Board and Transfer the PCB Print onto the Copper Plate by ironing

it using the lamination machine

Fig 6.4 a) Sticking butter paper on Cu plate b) Laminating c&d) Printed Board



STEP 5: Etch the Plate

Fig 6.5 Etching

STEP 6:Cleaning, Disposal, and the Final Touches for the Circuit Board

Fig 6.6 PCB board after etching



STEP 7: Drill holes

Fig 6.7 Drilling

STEP 8: Remove the Black coatings on the pins that needs to be soldered

Fig 6.8 Scrapping

6.3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

To implement a wireless network for lake water monitoring system based on STM32F103C8T6 involves usage

of many software tools, programming language and mainly wireless network. The software tools used are

ARDUINO IDE to acquire and process the data, KiCad to design the PCBs and ThingSpeak which has MATLAB

backend to upload the data to cloud and to process the and view the data in terms of graphs.



The programming language used is Embedded C.

KICAD Implementation

After designing the circuit , a Schematic of the circuit is made

Fig 6.9 Schematics of the Central Node

Before making the footprint, the measurements are taken

Fig 6.10 Measurement



Footprint is made according to the size measured

Fig 6.11 Footprint of STM32f103C8T6

Fig 6.12 Footprint of LORA



Annotation is done, where every component is give a particular name in an order

Net-list is generated

Run cvpcb by to convert the components to modules which we can use, while we actually design the

circuit board.For each component listed we must select the required footprint.it should match up with

the physical dimensions of the components in your collection

Layout is made

Fig 6.13 PCB Layout

6.4 WORKING

In this project the aim is to determine the values of the turbidity, PH and temperature usingturbidity sensor,

PH sensor and temperature to detect water contamination. As the name suggests, it determines the

contamination of water in the lakes. This data is to be sent at the receiver site for monitoring purpose. The

sensor output cannot be directly transmitted to the receiver site, it requires some processing.Thus a controller

i.e. STM32F103C8T6 is used to process the output from the sensor. It is then wirelessly transmitted to the

receiver site for monitoring.

For implementing this, the system is divided into two parts:

Sender site

Receiver site



Sender site

At the sender site, temperature sensor, PH sensor and temperature sensor are interfaced with

STM32F103C8T6. The turbidity values, PH level and temperature of water is read by sensors which are given

to controller for processing. STM32F103C8T6 contains the threshold values of the turbidity, PH and

temperature. The function of the controller is to processes the data and whenever there is a significant

change in the values detected is transmitted. A LORA RA-02 transceiver module is interfaced to the

STM32F103C8T6 which is a wireless transmission module having long range and low power consumptions

which is used to transmit the sensed data onto the receiver site.

Fig 6.14 Pin Connections to the STM32f103C8T6

The following diagram shows the pin connections at the sender site. This diagram shows exactly to which pin

the turbidity sensor, PH sensor and the temperature sensor is connected to the controller STM32F103C8T6.

Receiver site

At the receiver site the wirelessly transmitted data has to be received and processed to be displayed on the

LCD and the app. A LORA RA-02 transceiver module is used to collect the transmitted data. It is interfaced with

the STM32F103C8T6 controller to process the data so that it is vividly displayed on the PC.

The information received is then uploaded to the cloud such as ThingSpeak or Blink using SIM900 GSM board,

so that the information can be accessed by anyone having the username and password. The information can

also be accessed by the government and the factories around to monitor the contamination level of the lakes.



CHAPTER 7

RESULTS AND SNAPSHOTS

7.1 RESULTS

Monitoring and reporting the pollution gradient in lakes and the same can be extended to other

water bodies.

Preventing hazardous events in lakes such as foaming

Conservation of water bodies

Data acquisition regarding change in effluent contents in the water

Information to the government

7.2 SNAPSHOTS

Fig 7.1 DATA TRANSMISSION



Fig 7.2 Reception of Data at Central Node

Fig 7.3 Temperature Data From Node 2



Fig 7.4 Temperature Data FromNode 2

Fig 7.5 Graphical Representation Of Data Updated to Cloud



CHAPTER 8

APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 Applications

Disaster management in water bodies

Conservation of water bodies

Health Care

Prevention of situations that call for cleaning of lakes thereby saving time and money.

Protection of living organisms in the lake

8.2 Future Scope

To have an application where public as well as the government can access the real time data procured

from the lake.

To have a display bored near the lakes which would display the effluent readings of the factories

surrounding it.

To keep this system at the factory outlets so that when the effluents exceed the threshold, the notice

can be sent to the government and the respective outlet valves can we be shut. Thus preventing the

effluents from entering the lake.



REFERENCES

1. Internet of things enabled real time water quality monitoring system S. Geethaand S. Gouthami,DOI

10.1186/s40713-017-0005-y –SpringerOpen

2. Libelium Smart Water WaspMote, Document version: v7.5 - 11/2018 -

LibeliumComunicacionesDistribuidas S.L.

3. Water Quality Monitoring System Based on IOT

4. Vaishnavi V. Daigavane and Dr. M.A Gaikwad-Advances in Wireless and Mobile Communications,ISSN

0973-6972 Volume 10, Number 5 (2017), pp. 1107-1116 -Research India Publications

5. Automatic monitoring & Reporting of water quality by using WSN Technology and different routing

methods. A.C.Khetre1, Prof.S.G.Hate2, ISSN: 2278 – 1323,International Journal of Advanced Research

in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET), Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2013

6. Basir Mustafa, Mohammad Haroon Waseem -Design of a Low-cost Underwater Wireless Sensor

Network for Water Quality Monitoring- Article in IETE Journal of Research , October 2013, DOI:

10.4103/0377-2063.123758

7. Prasad M Pujar, U.P Kulkarni, , Harish Kenchannavar -Wireless Sensor Network based Water

Monitoring Systems: A survey Conference Paper · January 2016, DOI: 10.1109/ICATCCT.2016.7911983

8. Kabir Al Mamun, F.R Islam -Smart Water Quality Monitoring System, Conference Paper · December

2015, DOI: 10.1109/APWCCSE.2015.7476234

9. Water Quality Monitoring System Using Zig-Bee and Solar Power Supply by Amruta Amit Joshi-

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,Electronics and Instrumentation

Engineering(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization), Vol. 4, Issue 10, October 2015

10. I Kanu, Ome Achi Industrial effluents and their impact on water quality of receiving rivers in Nigeria,

Article · January 2011

11. Design of a Water Environment Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks, Peng Jiang

1,*, Hongbo Xia 1, Zhiye He 1 and Zheming Wang 2- OpenAccess Sensors ISSN 1424-8220

12. Gaganjot Kaur Kang, Jerry Zeyu, Gang Xie, Gao Data-driven Water Quality Analysis and Prediction: A

Survey, 2017 IEEE Conference on Big Data Computing and Applications

13. Kofi SarpongAdu-Manu, Cristiano Tappparello -Water Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor

Networks: Current Trends and Future Research Directions, Article in ACM Transactions on Sensor

Networks · January 2017, DOI: 10.1145/3005719

14. Amundson and X. D. Koutsoukos. 2009. A survey on localization for mobile wireless sensor



networks.In Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-Less Environments. Lecture Notes in

ComputerScience, Vol. 5801. Springer,235-254

15. Derbew and M. Libsie. 2014. A wireless sensor network framework for large-scale industrial water

pollution monitoring. In Proceedings of the IST-Africa Conference. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1–8



APPENDIX

CODE FOR PERIPHERAL NODE

#include <SPI.h>

#include <LoRa_STM32.h>

#include <OneWireSTM.h>

#include <math.h>

OneWire ds(12); // (a 2k resistor is necessary)(PA12)

char data[8];

floatntu;

#define PH_SensorPin 0 //pH meter Analog output to Arduino Analog Input 0s

#define Turbidity_SensorPin 2

unsigned long intavgValue; //Store the average value of the sensor feedback

float b, offset=0.12;

intbuf[10],temp;

floatSensor_offset=0.04;

void setup(void) {

Serial.begin(9600);

while (!Serial);

Serial.println("LoRa Sender");

if (!LoRa.begin(433E6)) {

Serial.println("Starting LoRa failed!");

while (1);

}

}



void loop(void) {

/*------------------------------DS12B20 Temperature Sensor -----*/

bytei;

byte present = 0;

bytetype_s;

byte data[12];

byteaddr[8];

floatcelsius, fahrenheit;

if ( !ds.search(addr)) {

ds.reset_search();

delay(250);

return;

}

Serial.print("ROM =");

for(i = 0; i< 8; i++) {

Serial.write(' ');

Serial.print(addr[i], HEX);

}

if (OneWire::crc8(addr, 7) != addr[7]) {

Serial.println("CRC is not valid!");

return;

}



Serial.println();

// the first ROM byte indicates which chip

switch (addr[0]) {

case 0x10:

Serial.println(" Chip = DS18S20"); // or old DS1820

type_s = 1;

break;

case 0x28:

Serial.println(" Chip = DS18B20");

type_s = 0;

break;

case 0x22:

Serial.println(" Chip = DS1822");

type_s = 0;

break;

default:

Serial.println("Device is not a DS18x20 family device.");

return;

}

ds.reset();

ds.select(addr);

ds.write(0x44, 1); // start conversion, with parasite power on at the end

delay(1000); // maybe 750ms is enough, maybe not



// we might do a ds.depower() here, but the reset will take care of it.

present = ds.reset();

ds.select(addr);

ds.write(0xBE); // Read Scratchpad

Serial.print(" Data = ");

Serial.print(present, HEX);

Serial.print(" ");

for ( i = 0; i< 9; i++) { // we need 9 bytes

data[i] = ds.read(); //1 wire data read

Serial.print(data[i], HEX);

Serial.print(" ");

}

Serial.print(" CRC=");

Serial.print(OneWire::crc8(data, 8), HEX);

Serial.println();

// Convert the data to actual temperature

// because the result is a 16 bit signed integer, it should

// be stored to an "int16_t" type, which is always 16 bits

// even when compiled on a 32 bit processor.

int16_t raw = (data[1] << 8) | data[0];

if (type_s) {

raw = raw << 3; // 9 bit resolution default

if (data[7] == 0x10) {



// "count remain" gives full 12 bit resolution

raw = (raw & 0xFFF0) + 12 - data[6];

}

} else {

bytecfg = (data[4] & 0x60);

// at lower res, the low bits are undefined, so let's zero them

if (cfg == 0x00) raw = raw & ~7; // 9 bit resolution, 93.75 ms

else if (cfg == 0x20) raw = raw & ~3; // 10 bit res, 187.5 ms

else if (cfg == 0x40) raw = raw & ~1; // 11 bit res, 375 ms

//// default is 12 bit resolution, 750 ms conversion time

}

celsius = (float)raw / 16.0;

fahrenheit = celsius * 1.8 + 32.0;

Serial.print(" Temperature = ");

Serial.print(celsius);

Serial.print(" Celsius, ");

Serial.print(fahrenheit);

Serial.println(" Fahrenheit");

/*-----------------------------End Temperature Sensor--------------*/

/*-------------------------------PH sensor------------------------- */

for(inti=0;i<10;i++) //Get 10 sample value from the sensor for smooth the value

{

buf[i]=analogRead(PH_SensorPin);



delay(10);

}

for(inti=0;i<9;i++) //sort the analog from small to large

{

for(int j=i+1;j<10;j++)

{

if(buf[i]>buf[j])

{

temp=buf[i];

buf[i]=buf[j];

buf[j]=temp;

}

}

}

avgValue=0;

for(inti=2;i<8;i++) //take the average value of 6 center sample

avgValue+=buf[i];

floatvout=((((float)avgValue*3.3)/4096.0)/6.0); //convert the analog into millivolt

float vin =(vout*2.0)+Sensor_offset;

floatphValue = 3.5*vin+offset;

Serial.print("pH:");

Serial.println(phValue,2);

/*---------------------End PH Sensor----------------------*/

/*-------------------Turbidity_Sensor----------------------*/

float volt = 0;



for(inti=0; i<800; i++)

{

volt += ((float)analogRead(Turbidity_SensorPin)/4096)*3.3;

}

volt = volt/800;

volt=(volt*2)+Sensor_offset;

volt = round_to_dp(volt,1);

Serial.println(volt);

if(volt < 2.5){

ntu = 3000;

}else{

ntu = -1120.4*sq(volt)+5742.3*volt-4353.8;

}

Serial.print(ntu);

if(ntu<0)

ntu=0;

Serial.print(" NTU");

/*-------------------------End Turbidity_Sensor-----------------*/

/*-------------------------LoRa Send data to the Gateway(Master)-----------*/

Serial.print("Sending packet: ");

memset(data,0,sizeof(buf));

// send packet

LoRa.beginPacket();

LoRa.print("ID=1"); //send Node ID



LoRa.print(',');

sprintf((char *)data, "%05.2f", celsius);

LoRa.print((char*)data); //Send Temperature


sprintf((char *)data, "%05.2f", phValue);

LoRa.print((char*)data); //Send PH value


sprintf((char *)data, "%07.2f", ntu);

LoRa.print((char*)data); //send NTU value

LoRa.endPacket();

delay(5000);

/*------------------------End LoRa------------------------------*/

}

floatround_to_dp( float in_value, intdecimal_place )

{

float multiplier = powf( 10.0f, decimal_place );

in_value = roundf(in_value * multiplier ) / multiplier;

returnin_value;

}

CODE FOR CENTRAL NODE WITH LCD

#include <SPI.h>

#include <LoRa_STM32.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>



constintrs = PB11, en = PB10, d4 = PB0, d5 = PB1, d6 = PC14, d7 = PC15; //mention the pin names to with LCD

is connected to

LiquidCrystallcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7); //Initialize the LCD

int LoRa_Receiver_Node1=0,LoRa_Receiver_Node2=0;

String Server_name="AT+CIPSTART=\"TCP\",\"api.thingspeak.com\",\"80\""; // TCPIP start command

Server Name or IP

char url_Node_1[]="GET /update?api_key=LYLQLX3R2FODBJSO",url_Node_01[250]; //page name

char url_Node_2[]="GET /update?api_key=GCZ6YVTQL6IEEWTA",url_Node_02[250];

String svr;

char Temp1[6];

char PH1[6];

char Turbidity1[8];

char Temp2[6];

char PH2[6];

char Turbidity2[8];

voidsendToServer(String str)

{

Serial1.println(str);

delay(1000);

}



voidinitGSM()

{

connectGSM("AT","OK");

connectGSM("ATE0","OK");

connectGSM("AT+CPIN?","READY");

connectGSM("AT+CSQ","OK");

connectGSM("AT+CREG?","+CREG: 0,1");

delay(1000);

}

voidinitGPRS()

{

connectGSM("AT+CIPSHUT","OK");

connectGSM("AT+CGATT=1","OK");

delay(1000);

connectGSM("AT+CSTT=\"airtelgprs.com\",\"\",\"\"","OK");

connectGSM("AT+CIICR","OK");

delay(1000);

Serial1.println("AT+CIFSR");

delay(1000);

}

voidconnectGSM (String cmd, char *res)

{

while(1)

{

Serial.println(cmd);

Serial1.println(cmd);



delay(500);

while(Serial1.available()>0)

{

if(Serial1.find(res))

{

delay(1000);

return;

}

}

delay(1000);

}

}

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial1.begin(9600); // init serial1 for GSM

lcd.begin(16, 4);//We are using a 16*4 LCD

lcd.clear(); //Clear the screen

lcd.print("LoRa Gateway and"); //Print this

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("GSM initializing"); //Print this

if (!LoRa.begin(433E6)) {

Serial.println("LoRainit failed. Check your connections.");

while (true); // if failed, do nothing



}

LoRa.onReceive(onReceive);

LoRa.receive();

delay(20000);

initGSM(); // init GSM module

initGPRS(); // init GPRS in GSM Module

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); //At first row first column

lcd.print("LoRa Gateway"); //Print this


lcd.print("and GSM Ready");

delay(10000);

}

void loop()

{

if(LoRa_Receiver_Node1==1)

{

LoRa_Receiver_Node1=0;

sprintf(url_Node_01,"%s&field1=%s&field2=%s&field3=%s",url_Node_1,Temp1,PH1,Turbidity1);

int len1= strlen(url_Node_01);

Server_communication(url_Node_01,len1);

Serial1.println("AT+CIPSHUT");



lcd.print("Node1 Data"); //Print this




lcd.print("Temp:"); //Print this

lcd.print(Temp1);

lcd.print("'C");


lcd.print("PH:");

lcd.print(PH1);


lcd.print("Turb:");

lcd.print(Turbidity1);

delay(10000);

}else if(LoRa_Receiver_Node2==1){


sprintf(url_Node_02,"%s&field1=%s&field2=%s&field3=%s",url_Node_2,Temp2,PH2,Turbidity2);

int len2= strlen(url_Node_02);

Server_communication(url_Node_02,len2);

Serial1.println("AT+CIPSHUT");



lcd.print("Node2 Data"); //Print this


lcd.print("Temp:"); //Print this

lcd.print(Temp2);

lcd.print("'C");


lcd.print("PH:");



lcd.print(PH2);


lcd.print("Turb:");

lcd.print(Turbidity2);

delay(10000);

}

}

voidServer_communication(char *url,intlen){

connectGSM(Server_name,"CONNECT OK");

delay(1000);

charSendCmd[25];

Serial1.println("AT+CIPSEND");

delay(5000);

Serial1.println(url);

delay(2000);

Serial1.write(0x1a);

delay(10000);

}

voidonReceive(intpacketSize) {

String message="";

charchar_Buf[1024];

char *ptr=NULL;

while (LoRa.available()) {



message+= (char)LoRa.read();

}

Serial.print("Gateway Receive: ");

Serial.println(message);

// Length (with one extra character for the null terminator)

intstr_len = message.length() + 1;

// Prepare the character array (the buffer)

charchar_array[str_len];

// Copy it over

message.toCharArray(char_Buf, str_len);

if((ptr=strstr(char_Buf,"ID=1")),ptr != NULL){

strncpy(Temp1,ptr+5,5);

strncpy(PH1,ptr+10,5);

strncpy(Turbidity1,ptr+15,7);

Serial.println(Temp1);

Serial.println(PH1);

Serial.println(Turbidity1);


}

if((ptr=strstr(char_Buf,"ID=2")),ptr != NULL){

strncpy(Temp2,ptr+5,5);



strncpy(PH2,ptr+10,5);

strncpy(Turbidity2,ptr+15,7);

Serial.println(Temp2);

Serial.println(PH2);

Serial.println(Turbidity2);


}

}

“LAKE WATER MONITORING SYSTEM”

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