LabTabPayDirt07

!"#y &''() Pa,e &Sea/0n P"2#is5in, S6e7ia# La2 Edi/i0n

!"#D & 'he e*o,nomi* im0a*t of afedera66y funded 6ab,oratory at :omesta<e

is 0ri*e6ess, and the o00ortunities for te*hno6o>y de?e6o0,ments in the state are on6y 6imited by our ima>inations, @6a*<:i66s Aision *hairman Mar< Mer*hen said fo66oCin> anannoun*ement that the s*ientists Cou6d definite6y be *omin>to toCnD

#fter DrD Ee?in !es<o, 0rin*i0a6 in?esti>ator and *hief s*i,entist for the 0ro0osa6 to de?e6o0 a dee0 under>round s*ien*eand en>ineerin> 6aboratory at :omesta<e, re*ei?ed a *a66from the FGF site se6e*tion *ommittee re0ortin> that :ome,sta<e Cas the unanimous *hoi*e for the 6ab, Cord s0read 6i<eCi6dfire throu>hout the Forthern :i66s and the state as 0eo06ebe>an to mar?e6 about hoC the 6ab Cou6d *reate an u0sCin>for a *ommunity that had been stru>>6in> Cith its e*onomyDMiners Cho had mo?ed aCay from the on6y toCn they <neCChen :omesta<e *6osed Cere on*e a>ain bein> in?ited tota<e Iobs to reo0en the mineD 'he 0hones at 6o*a6 rea6 estateoffi*es be>an rin>in> off the hoo< as0eo06e *a66ed about in?estment 0ro0er,ties and e*onomi* de?e6o0ment offi*ia6sbe>an to ma<e 0redi*tions on*e a>ainabout the im0a*t su*h a fa*i6ity Cou6dha?e on the tiny toCn of more than J,KKK0eo06e, and on the entire stateD

Lhi6e there Cere no definite e*onom,i* im0a*t numbers to Cor< Cith, as thea*tua6 effe*ts *ou6d be ?ast and di?erse,e?eryone <neC that their 0rayers hadbeen ansCeredD Lith eMistin> businessesand entertainment on the u0sCin> in the*ommunity, and the many differentindustries the 6ab Cou6d brin> to !ead, the toCn Cou6d on*ea>ain be*ome an e*onomi* hub in the Forthern :i66s, thestate, *ountry, and in the Cor6dD

NO Cou6d 6i<en it to the de*ision to *ar?e Mount Push,

more,Q Mer*hen said of the e*onomi* 0ossibi6ities of the 6abDN"?en Chen that mountain started to be*ome a rea6ity thee*onomi* im0a*t >reC as it be*ame more rea6D FoC CeRre6oo<in> ba*< some SK, TKyears a>o and noC Ce <noCCe *an 0ut a 0ri*e to Chat Casa 0ri*e6ess >oa6 that startedthat many de*ades a>oD O rea6,6y be6ie?e thatRs Chat :omes,ta<e re0resentsDQ

'hrou>hout its fundraisin>*am0ai>n, Chi*h has yie6dedUVDVS mi66ion from VVS differ,ent in?estors to mar<et the@6a*< :i66s as a te*hno6o>y*orridor, @6a*< :i66s Aisionmembers ha?e *ited the Wa< Pid>e Fationa6 !aboratory as aneMam06e of Chat *ou6d ha00en in !ead on*e s*ien*e at the 6abis in fu66 sCin>D De?e6o0ed in the midd6e of some farm6and inWa< Pid>e, 'ennD, in the VXYKs, the 6ab a*ted as a *ata6yst to

he60 a non,eMis,tent toCn de?e6o0into a thri?in>*ommunity ofZ[,J\[ 0eo06e,Cith fami6ymedian in*omesof about US[,K\[and a ?ariety ofte*hno6o>i*a66ybased business,in*6udin> a @oe,in> manufa*tur,in> 06antD

Wn*e s*ientists start *omin> to toCn, :omesta<e 0rin*i0a6in?esti>ator and *hief s*ientist DrD Ee?in !es<o said they Ci666i<e6y rent homes for the duration of their stay in !ead, *om,mutin> ba*< and forth from their other ob6i>ations at ?arious

uni?ersities and s*ientifi* *ommitments around the Cor6dD@ut based on the *urrent *ost of 6i?in> & in*6udin> rent, >as,>ro*eries, administrati?e su00ort and e]ui0ment needs &

DeadCood "*onomi*De?e6o0ment "Me*uti?eDire*tor Chu*< 'urbi?i66eestimates that ea*h s*ientistCho *omes to toCn Ci66s0end a minimum ofUSK,KKK a yearD 'hose do6,6ars, he said Ci66 turn o?erfi?e to se?en times Cithinthe Forthern :i66s *ommu,nity and the state as ?arious0ersonne6, businesses andser?i*e 0ro?iders sho0

6o*a66yD N'his is >oin> to be tremendous,Q 'urbi?i66e saidD NWn to0

of that Ce Ci66 ha?e the neC te*hno6o>y industry Chi*h ison6y 6imited by our ima>inationsD OtRs one of the bi>>estthin>s that has ha00ened *ertain6y in Cestern Gouth Da<otaand O thin< for the stateDQ

'urbi?i66e 0ointed out that in addition to the s*ientists froma66 o?er the Cor6d Cho Ci66 be f6o*<in> to the dee0est under,>round 6ab in the *ountry, miners Ci66 be ab6e to return to the*ommunity Cith their fami6ies to he60 0re0are and maintainthe mine for the 6abD 'hat in itse6f is 0romisin>, as the eModusof miners from !ead after :omesta<eRs *6osure de?astatedthe toCnRs e*onomyD

Real estateOn fa*t, the e*onomi* im0a*t on the area has a6ready be>un,

as 6o*a6 rea6tors re0ort that immediate6y after the FGF madeits announ*ement, rea6 estate in]uiries be>an to riseD #nd Citha rise in 0otentia6 buyers *ame in*reased as<in> 0ri*es ashomeoCners sou>ht to *a0ita6i_e on in?estorsR in]uiriesD

NWur 0hone ran> off the hoo<,Q said Eristine Ai66afuerte of'he Pea6 "state `rou0 of !ead,DeadCoodD

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Lead, Black Hillsalready benefitingfrom lab location

“I would liken it to the decision tocarve Mount Rushmore. Even whenthat mountain started to become areality the economic impact grew as itbecame more real.”

— Mark Merchen,Black Hills Vision chairman

By $endy (it+ic-@6a*< :i66s aioneer

Gee OMa#C' on aa>e Y

For the last few yearsmany people played keyroles in making sureHomestake was selectedas the site for a nationaldeep underground sci-ence and engineering lab-oratory. Some of theminclude, from left to right,Lead Mayor Tom Nelson,Rep. Stephanie Herseth-Sandlin, Lt. Gov. DennisDaugaard, Gov. MikeRounds, Sioux Falls busi-nessman and philan-thropist T. Denny San-ford, Homestake Collabo-ration leader Kevin Lesko,Sen. John Thune, and S.D.Science and TechnologyAuthority ExecutiveDirector Dave Snyder.

Photo by Michelle Hall

J"#$ &''() P+,- .S-+012 P"3#45642, S7-84+# L+3 E;40412

Just as she sat down for a quick chat aboutthe real estate market in Lead the day after theannouncement, her phone rang. It was yetanother client calling to raise the price on hishouse as many had done before him.

=It>s like everybody had @ust sort of beenwaiting to hear and then once that announce-ment came it was @ust full-on,B said TrishFahey, Villafuerte>s business partner.

However, despite investors> increasedinterest in Lead, Villafuerte and Fahey saidthe area is still very much a seller>s market.There is still a great deal of inventory outthere, but with the increased interest thatcould change. Another phenomena the realestate brokers reported was the fact thatinvestors looking for properties in Lead aremostly from the surrounding areas. Very fewout-of-state buyers, they said, even knowabout the lab and therefore it is not a sellingpoint for them. Those investors who did knowabout the lab, Fahey said, started buying Leadproperties a couple of years ago.

But the real estate values inside the city ofLead have their limits on increased value,Fahey said, due to the historic nature of mostof the homes. =Realistically we are in an oldtown where the houses still need a lot of workas well,B Villafuerte said.

However, Fahey said there are still plentyof houses and properties, particularly on theperiphery of Lead such as those near DeerMountain, which have great appreciationpotential.

=There are plenty of houses within Leadthat have the ability to change and be some-thing,B Fahey said. =Inside Lead you>re prob-ably limited on what you can do unless youtear these buildings down and rebuild.B

On the flip side of real estate values risingis the availability of affordable housing, andTurbiville said that>s something local officialsmust continue to work on to ensure the grow-ing workforce and scientists that come withthe lab can find places to live at reasonableprices. An affordable housing task force,spearheaded by Neighborhood Housing Ser-vices is already working on a plan for that.Additionally, Turbiville said Deadwood Eco-nomic Development has financed property toconstruct 18 town homes in Lead, whichcould be rentals for the scientists and workersat the lab.

=In order to accommo-date these people comingin it is very important thatLead and Deadwood andthe surrounding commu-nities and LawrenceCounty prepare for this,BTurbiville said. =Areprices going to go upS Itseems like always whensomething like this takesplace the prices do go up.There are people anticipating selling for moreand renting for more. I anticipate an immedi-ate spike but I believe that it will come backdown and level off in the neTt few months towhere it is still going to be available. It>s up tous to make sure there are opportunities forrentals.B

JobsBut @ust eTactly how many more people are

eTpected to come back into Lead for housingS

While Dave Snyder, eTecutive director ofthe S.D. Science and Technology Authority,said he doesn>t yet know how many new @obswill be created, the Authority is currentlymaking plans to eTpand its staff to accommo-date the lab.

Dynatec Corporation, the Canadian-basedmining firm hired to prepare the mine forreentry, has already hired approTimately 15people to help with reentry efforts, and therecould be as many as 25 total new hires. Andaccording to Lesko, many scientists from all

over the world willbe in and out ofLead annually foreTperiments.

=There are somany concurrentactivities to donow,B Snyder said.=We have theadministration andthe operations ofthings, the reentry

work that Dynatec has and then we have towork with the development of this newdesign. Additionally we have to work with thescientists who are coming in and work withthe NSF. So it>s a big eTercise.

=This is a huge pro@ect that has eTtremelylong legs,B Snyder continued.

Lead Mayor Tom Nelson said he antici-pates slow growth in the community, both invisitor and resident population.

=I think we>ll see some pretty good

employment opportunities in the neTt severalmonths with the reentry contract and thedewatering contract,B Nelson said. =Beyondthat, once they start moving on the surfacewith the classroom and the campus setup, Ithink that>s going to bring a lot more peopleto town. I think that is going to add a lot ofpeople to the critical mass which Lead reallyneeds to help support the downtown business-es.B

Overall, Turbiville said he eTpects the num-ber of higher-paying @obs available in Lead tooffset the higher cost of living. =This is some-thing that everybody who is in economicdevelopment looks for,B he said. =This isChristmas for people like me. Through thehelp of a lot of people in the state and the gov-ernor and everybody who worked on this weare now creating a whole new level of high-paying @obs with great benefits. That>s whatwe>re looking for.B

BusinessIn addition to the @obs created in the labora-

tory, Turbiville said the number of supportbusinesses that will result in this facility willalso act as a boom to the economy. WhileSnyder said he does not believe the scientistswill require any more businesses than thegeneral population needs X such as gas, gro-ceries, and lodging X Merchen, and otherswho dream of a technology-based economysaid the sky is the limit for technological busi-nesses throughout the Black Hills. It>s a mar-keting goal that Black Hills Vision has beenbeen planning for the last four years, and

Merchen along with his board and 115investors are getting ready to implement thatplan to market Lead and the Black Hills tocorporations around the country and theworld. While Merchen did not share specificdetails about his plan, he said it could be noth-ing but positive for western South Dakota andthe state.

And as time goes on, Turbiville said thatmarketing will become easier and easier aspeople from all over the world hear about thescientific advancements being made in Lead.

=I think that with all of the high-tech newdevelopments that are going on you>re goingto see South Dakota talked about in universi-ties and in boardrooms in China, Japan, Aus-tralia, and throughout Europe. The lab isprobably going to be included in some col-lege curriculums as a showplace for eTperi-ments and creating knowledge. So as timegoes on South Dakota and the lab will defi-nitely receive worldwide notoriety.B

It>s a repeat of what Mount Rushmore didwhen GutZon Borglum envisioned a shrine ofdemocracy that would draw people from allover the world. While state economic devel-opment officials and officials at the SanfordUnderground Science and Engineering Labo-ratory still have a lot of work behind them, itwill be worth it in the end as what couldpotentially be South Dakota>s greatest indus-try grows. But it will be a long process.

=Carving mountains is not easy,B Merchensaid.

IMPACTContinued from Page 3

“This is Christmas forpeople like me ... We are nowcreating a whole new levelof high-paying jobs withgreat benefits.—

Chuck Turbiville, DeadwoodEconomic Development

Lead's Main Street will soon see a slow increase in activity as scientists come to town to conduct experiments at the4,850-foot level of the Sanford Underground Laboratory. Photo by Michelle Hall

Congratulations tothe community of Leadand everyone who workedso hard to make the Homestake/SUSEL project a success

Senator Jerry Apa,Representative Tom Hills &

Representative Chuck Turbiville

Ad bought and paid for by Apa, Hills and Turbiville

Would like to thank everyone who worked so hardto make the Deep Underground Scientific

Engineering Laboratory Designation by theNational Science Foundation a reality.

A special thanks to Governor M. Michael Roundsfor his vision, dedication and commitment.

To his staff for their total commitment and ceaseless efforts.

To our Congressional Delegation; Senators JohnThune and Tim Johnson and Representative

Stephanie Herseth Sandlin for their unceasingefforts at the national level.

To T. Denny Sanford for his magnanimous gift ofseventy million dollars. Words cannot express our

gratitude for such a generous gift.

To mayor Tom Nelson for his eternal optimism and confidence.

And last but surely not least to all the citizens ofLead and Lawrence County for their continual and

constant support throughout these many years.

Homestake Lab is the FirstGreat Opportunity of the Century

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!uly &''(, Page .Seaton Publishng Special Lab :dition

!"#$%&'()%(#*+,'#-%.)/0

GovernorMike Rounds

This is a tremendous opportunity for the advance-ment of science and to createopportunities for our chil-dren for generations to come.

— Gov. Mike Rounds

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What is a DUSEL?

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A diagram of the Homestake levels shows the layout of the mine. File photo

T. Denny Sanford and Gov. Mike Rounds cut the ribbon for the newly dubbed SanfordUnderground Science and Engineering Laboratory at Homestake as key players look on.

File photo

Homestake workers inspect thecables at the Ross Shaft forrecommissioning.

Photo courtesy of S.D. Scienceand Technology Authority

!"#$%&'()"*)+,-,)+./&0.&102)3&.40"5"6()7#%4"$/%(

Gold Dust688 Main St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-2100

Gradinaru’s Haus of Kaffee32 Baltimore,Lead, SD 57754605-722-4670

Grelind Printing & Design1822 W. Kansas City St.,Rapid City, SD 57702605-348-4010

JL’s Gifts170 W. Main St.,Lead, SD 57754605-584-3478

K & K Kustoms18731 N. Hwy. 85,Belle Fourche, SD 57717605-723-1132

Lead-Deadwood Medical Clinic71 Charles St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-719-6471

Lead-Deadwood Regional Hospital61 Charles St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-722-6101

Movie Madness603 W. Main Suite ALead, SD 57754605-722-4203

Northwestern Engineering Co.Stan AdelsteinRapid City, SD 57709605-394-3310

Old Style Saloon #10657 Main St.Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-3346

Pack Horse Liquor & Convenience95 Sherman St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-2479

Paramount Technical Products2600 Paramount Dr.,Spearfish, SD 57783605-642-4787

Pet Pantry1101 W. Omaha St. #1Rapid City , SD 57701605-343-5500

Presidents Park11249 Presidents Park LoopLead, SD 57754605-584-9925

Rapid City Regional Hospital353 Fairmont Boulevard,Rapid City, SD 57701605-719-1000

Roundhouse Liquors133 Glendale Drive,Lead, SD 57754605-584-3300

Scott Peterson MotorsNorth Hwy 85,Belle Fourche, SD 57717605-892-2643

Shankar Arts29 Deadwood St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-722-0517

Tri-State Realty, Inc.1828 5th Ave.Belle Fourche, SD 57717605-892-2113

Twin City Hardware & Rental399 Cliff St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-3782

Wells Fargo Bank825 St. Joe,Rapid City, SD 57701605-394-3800

Black Hills Pioneer315 Seaton Cir.Spearfish, SD7 S. Main, Lead, SD

DAKOTA EQUIPMENT RENTAL

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TRI-STATE REALTY, INC.“Professional Service with the Personal Touch.”

Barefoot Resort21111 Barefoot Loop,Lead, SD 57754605-584-1577

Berg Jewelry596 Main St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-722-0011

Blue Cactus Bar314 W. Main St.Lead, SD 57754605-717-0610

Buffalo Bodega Gaming Complex658 Main St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-1162

C-21 Spearfish Realty, Inc.123 E. Jackson Blvd. Ste. 3Spearfish, SD 57783605-642-4607

Dakota Equipment Rental4435 E. Colorado Blvd.,Spearfish, SD 57783605-642-4703

Dakota Territory FederalCredit Union - 78 Cliff St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-3995

Dakota Travel332 W. Main St.,Lead, SD 57754605-584-1090

Deadwood Gift Shoppe666 Main St.Deadwood, SD 57732605-722-4975

Deadwood Holiday Inn ExpressMain St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-3330

Deadwood Social Club657 Main St.,Deadwood, SD 57732605-578-1533

July 2007, Page 7Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition

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!"#$%&''() *+,-%./-+012%*"3#45642,%/7-84+#%9+3%:;40412

!hat are neutrinos-

“The underground science labwill be a site for doing fundamen-tal physics research on a par withthe other major research labsaround the world.”

— Andy Johnson,BHSU Physics professor

!" And" 'ohnsonK;.5)/&%"'%"9.%N)'*..-

Ray Davis works at his neutrino detector in the Homestake Mine.Photo courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory

The Spearfish Area Chamber of Commerce and the Spearfish Economic Development Corporation welcome the National Science Foundation to the

beautiful Black Hills of South Dakota!Contact Our Organizations at:

106 W. Kansas St. • Spearfish, SD 57783or call 605-642-2626

www.spearfishchamber.org • www.spearfishdevelopment.com

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StephanieHerseth Sandlin

Tim Johnson

NSF decision example of what South Dakotans can do when working together

South Dakotans know how to make lemons into lemonade

By $.S. Rep. Stephanie Herseth Sandlin

By $.S. Sen. Tim Johnson

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Meet the players

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+2&B9$0)..#-$);)B$)+$"'.$"2,#$'*$N(/#$L2'*+9$F@ @̀9$2*$=)B$aH9$677X9$)+$+"#)>#$25$IH@$1#$-'#-$25$82,0('8)+'2*.$5&2,$C(["#',#&S.$-'.#).#@

Raymond Davis along with Tokyo physicist Masotoshi Koshiba pioneered the way to findelusive neutrinos. Davis’ experiments were conducted nearly a mile underground at Home-stake. He received the Nobel Prize for his work. Photo courtesy of Brookhaven National Lab

>B. D-?429-5E1@ F3B4##4+20=42;

>+?-%/2$;-B%+0%06-%6-#=

Homestake principal investigator Dr. Kevin Lesko (left), Gov. Mike Roundsand S.D. Science and Technology Authority Executive Director Dave Snydercelebrate the recommissioning of the Ross Shaft.

Photo by Wendy Pitlick

?##$MCbO ?F`MOR$2*$L)>#$HI ?##$:O?\W$2*$L)>#$HI

Celebrating the announcement of the Sanford Underground Science & Engineering Lab

at Homestake.Michael Guilbert, O.D.

Dennis Mills, D.D.SLennie Hopper, D.D.S

88 Charles St., Deadwood

578-17611-800-666-0454

578-38101-800-641-2035

!uly &00(, *age ..Seaton *ublishng Special Lab :dition

T. >enny Sanford makes phenomenal donationBefore T. )enny Sanford made his phe-

nomenal announcement of a very generous;<0 million pledge to the Sanford >nder-ground Science and ?ngineering Laboratoryat Homestake, the chances for South )akotato be selected as the site for the nationEsnewest laboratory were just a little better thanthe competition.

But after the announcement, state and localleaders knew they had it in the bag!

But who is this man with the generousheart and commitment to scientific discoveryand educationI

As the C?O of >nited Mational Corpora-tion, First Premier Bank, and PremierBankcard, the Web site philanthropy.comlists him as the 14th Smost generous donor.SHis donation to what was dubbed as the San-ford >nderground Science and ?ngineeringLaboratory nearly equaled his total charitablecontributions in 200V, when he gave ;<0.Wmillion to various organiXations.

Overall, SanfordEs passion is rooted inmaking money and donating to causes whichhe supports. Sanford began making his for-tune in 19<9 and 19Z0 when then-[ov. BillJanklow helped make it easier for credit cardcompanies to do business in the state. FirstPremier Bank now has 13 locations in easternSouth )akota, with assets close to a billiondollars and at least ;430 million in trust

assets. The company also has facilities inSpearfish, )akota )unes, and Watertown.Causes Sanford has supported in the pastinclude the ChildrenEs Home Society inSouth )akota, the Mayo Foundation inRochester, Minn., and the Health?ast Foun-dation in St. Paul, Minn. His primary interest,according to his biography published thisyear, is in helping sick, disadvantaged,abused and/or neglected children.

SanfordEs wealth is a far cry from hisupbringing in a working-class household.According to his biography, Thomas )ennySanford was born on )ec. 23, 193V in St.Paul, Minn. His mother died of breast cancerwhen he was just 4 years old, and his fatheralso died at an early age. ?arly in life hisbiography says that Sanford developed astrong work ethic, and extreme determina-tion to succeed and attend college. He even-tually realiXed that dream when he graduatedfrom the >niversity of Minnesota in 19VZwith a degree in psychology.

When he is not working, Sanford alsoenjoys playing on the Westward Ho CountryClub golf course in Sioux Falls. He is alsoknown for his love of adventure and recre-ation, with activities including snow skiing,sailing, and traveling around the world.

While he is not married, Sanford has onebrother, two sons and two grandsons.

Meet the players

T. Denny Sanford, right, made a $70 million pledge to the Sanford Under-ground Science and Engineering Laboratory at Homestake. This drastical-ly improved the chances of Homestake being chosen. File photo

Congratulations toLead! This is truly anexciting day for thecommunity of Lead,the Black Hills region,and our entire countryas the Sanford >nder-ground Science and?ngineering Laborato-ry at Homestake takeson its new role as thesite for our nation’sproposed deep under-

ground science and engineering laboratory. The discovery of gold in the Black Hills

attracted pioneers from all over who hoped tostrike it rich in South )akota. Mow, once again,the Black Hills region has another opportunityto lead the nation in a new area of discoverythat will enrich the lives of all Americansthrough cutting-edge science and research.

The term cneutrinod did not even exist, letalone the in-depth study of them, when [eorgeHearst purchased the Homestake MiningClaim for ;<0,000 in 1Z<<. But the remnantsfrom the pursuit of gold Z,000 feet into theearth will now provide the perfect environmentto pursue further studies of neutrinos and otherphysical sciences in a cosmic-ray free environ-ment.

A project of this magnitude will again bringthe spotlight of discovery to Lead and theMorthern Hills. Homestake’s new mission willbring some of the greatest scientific minds ofour generation to the Hills. This will mean new

scientific discoveries and significant economicdevelopment potential for the Black Hills.

I would be remiss if I did not acknowledgethe vision and the generosity of philanthropistT. )enny Sanford and his generous ;<0 millionpledge, which helped make this happen. Iwould also like to congratulate local leadersand scientists for the lion’s share of the work ittook to make this project a reality, along with[overnor Rounds and the rest of the Congres-sional delegation.

The MSF announcement means that Homes-take is no longer competing against other sitesfor this important project, but that does notmean the fight is over. With the ;1V millionaward, Homestake will have the next threeyears to further refine the plans involved indeveloping this lab, but it must still competewith other MSF projects for additional funding.

We will continue to make the case that theSanford Lab at Homestake is a wise investmentfor federal research funding. I will continue towork diligently with my colleagues, the WhiteHouse, and the Mational Science FoundationBoard to secure funding to open the deepunderground science and engineering laborato-ry ()>S?L).

The economic impact and the ripple effectthat this will send through the Black Hillsregion will not be entirely known for decades.The innovation and invention that can emergefrom an endeavor of this magnitude is only lim-ited by human imagination.

The pioneers who traveled to South )akota’snew frontier were following the call to c[oWest houng Man.d Starting today, it is our hopethat Homestake will bring people from Morth,South, ?ast, and West in search of great scien-tific discovery.

John Thune

By U.S. Sen. )ohn Thune

Mining New Technology

LEAD — South Dakota’s claim to fame with theLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory goes deeperthan the Homestake Mine.

Long before Lawrence Berkeley National Labora-tory physicist Dr. Kevin Lesko began working on aproposal that would bring the West Coast nuclearphysics laboratory together with South Dakota offi-cials, the lab was already familiar with our Midwest-ern state as it is the birthplace of its namesake, ErnestLawrence.

Lawrence was born on Aug. 8, 1901, in Canton, asmall town near Sioux Falls in the southeastern cor-ner of the state. A star student, he graduated fromCanton High School, then attended St. Olaf Collegein Minnesota. In 1919 he went to the University ofSouth Dakota before obtaining his doctorate fromYale University.

According to the Web site Nobelprize.org, some ofLawrence’s most significant contributions to scienceincluded a vital role in the development of the atom-ic bomb and then an even more important role serv-ing as a member of the U.S. delegation at the 1958Geneva Conference to obtain an international agree-ment to suspend atomic bomb testing.

Centering on nuclear physics, Lawrence’s workwas vast, as he is known for developing thecyclotron, a device to accelerate nuclear particles to

very high velocities without using high voltages, dis-covering hundreds of radioactive isotopes, and serv-ing as a consultant for the Institute for CancerResearch at Columbia.

Lawrence then went on to develop more uses forthe cyclotron, until he eventually used it to generatecosmic particles that later led to studies on antiparti-cles — one of the foundations for neutrino research.

His work eventually won national recognition as hewas awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1939.

James Symons, director of the Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory Nuclear Science Division,expressed excitement about the lab’s continuing affil-iation with South Dakota when he wrote, “At Berke-ley Lab, we have been working on the Homestakeproposal for over six years and are delighted that theNSF’s comprehensive review process has selectedHomestake as the site of a deep underground lab inthe United States. The scientific opportunitiesoffered by the Homestake site are first rate. We’reexcited at using the scientific, educational and tech-nical resources of Berkeley Lab to assist in develop-ment of our new sister laboratory in South Dakota.These opportunities build on the historic connectionsbetween UC Berkeley, the Hearst family and theHomestake mine, and between Berkeley Lab and thestate of South Dakota, which was the birthplace ofour founder, Ernest O. Lawrence. We look forward torenewing the relationship with Homestake in the 21stcentury.”

July 2007, Page 12Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition

We’re all a little“DIFFERENT”

in these parts. You’ll fit right in!

Welcome to the Black Hills!

Deep Roots:South Dakota has longstanding ties with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

B" Wend" (itlic-Black Hills Pioneer

B" Wend" (itlic-Black Hills Pioneer

Nelson ‘cheerleader’ for lab

LEAD — He’s the self-proclaimed“cheerleader” for Homestake: LeadMayor Tom Nelson.

Nelson has served as the positive forcefor state officials — encouraging them tomove forward even when the lab possibil-ities were bleak.

“I looked at my task as making sure thateverybody kept their eye on the prize,”Nelson said of his involvement. “I thinkall along as corners turned and people gotdiscouraged I just tried to be a cheerleaderand say ‘Hey, this has got to be a great dealand whatever it takes or how long it takes

we need to find the resources to make sure it happens.’”And that’s exactly what he did.When an indemnification agreement from Barrick Gold Corp.

looked like it might not happen, Nelson stood confident. When theNSF decided for the second time to open up to proposals nationwidelast year, Nelson told Lead residents not to worry. Through thewhole process he has been a man on a mission — to preserve andcontinue Lead’s legacy.

“I was the one who kept the pot stirred when people forgot aboutit and tried to make sure everybody was as positive and as confidentas I was,” Nelson said. “I guess I just feel relieved that there is goingto be a continuity with that hole in the ground. The whole infra-structure — not only from an industrial standpoint, but from a lifestandpoint and a memory standpoint — is going to continue withthat legacy and that heritage.”

A lifelong resident of Lead, Nelson lives in the Sunny Hill areawith his wife, Melodee. He works as the general manager of theGold Dust Gambling Hall and Restaurant in Deadwood. When hehas spare time, Nelson enjoys gardening, golfing and outdoor activ-ities throughout the Black Hills. He has three grown children, onein Sioux Falls, one in Denver and one in Arizona.

Tom Nelson

Ernest Lawrence, thenamesake of theLawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory,poses in front of theoriginal “Rad Lab” onthe campus of theUniversity of Califor-nia in Berkeley in1932. Lawrence wasborn in Canton, S.D.which was the lab’sfirst connection to thisMidwestern state.

Photo courtesy ofLawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory

1.800.MDU.FASTwww.montana-dakota.com

On September 5, 1928, a gas lighting ceremony was held in Belle FourcheCelebrating Montana Dakota Utilities bringing natural gas to the Black Hills.

2007 marks our 79th year servicing the Northern Black Hills and Rapid City. Wewill continue to provide quality, dependable natural gas service as well asappliance and equipment sales and service to our customers in Lead/Deadwoodand the Black Hills communities that we serve.

Montana Dakota Utilities Co.Congratulates the City of Lead forbeing awarded the Underground

Sciencce & Engineering Lab. (DUSEL)

S.D. scientists looking for immediate practical applications from DUSEL research

LEA$ — Antibiotics that cansustain very high temperaturesand en9ymes that could helpmake ethanol production easierwill be the focus of $rs. SookieBang, Bruce Bleakley, BamesStaley, Fathi Dalaweish, andMike Lehman whenthey embark on a bio-prospecting project inthe deep undergroundscience and engineer-ing laboratory.

Bang, a microbiol-ogy professor at theSouth $akota Schoolof Mines and Tech-nology, along withBleakley andDalaweish of South$akota State Iniver-sity, Staley of theIniversity of Washington, andLehman of the I.S. $epartmentof Agriculture submitted a pro-posal to enter the deepest reachesof the Domestake Mine to search

for microorganisms that growand thrive in the high tempera-tures underground.

According to Bang, since sci-entists know that microorgan-isms existed deep undergroundbefore the Domestake miningoperations started, the introduc-tion of outside materials, peopleand animals would have interact-

ed with the isolatedm i c r o o r g a n i s m sunderground. Thisinteraction, Bang saidcould have caused anevolutionary mutationwhich could haveresulted in very differ-ent microorganisms,metabolites and by-products that theworld has never seen.

Additionally, Bangsaid those microorgan-isms that live and

thrive underground in high tem-peratures are called ther-mophiles, and their discoverycould yield some immediatepractical effects on the scientific

community. LThose thermophiles are grow-

ing and they are producingen9ymes as well as antibiotics

which can sustain high tempera-ture,L Bang said. LMost antibi-otics are very temperature sensi-tive and theyMre structure will be

destroyed when they are exposedto high temperatures. But those

Antibiotics, ethanol production at top of list for possible research

Dr. SookieBang Dr. Ray Davis (left), who pioneered the neutrino experiment navigates his way through the

4,850-foot level of the Homestake Mine. File photo


By Wendy PitlickBlack Dills Pioneer

See $ISEL on Page OP


SPEARFISH — Black Hills State Univer-sity is taking education to a whole new level.

With Lead being chosen as the NationalScience Foundation’s site for a deep under-ground science and engineering laboratory,and college administration and faculty aregearing up for positive changes.

President Kay Schallenkamp said thisannouncement has put the school in theinternational spotlight. With a possibleexpansion of the science department ondeck, several research opportunities alreadyin place and an excited staff, BHSU is readyto take on the science world in a whole newlight.

“We are who we are,” Schallenkamp said.“Our light has been under a bushel basket forso long and now that bushel basket has justbeen taken off. By being in the national spot-light we will have the opportunity to shareall of the wonderful things that are happen-ing here. This will change us.”

Over the years, BHSU has created a longand lasting partnership with the South Dako-ta Science and Technology Authority. Schal-lenkamp said former university presidentTom Flickema saw the opportunities for theuniversity and had a vision seven years agoof what this might mean for this school.Since then, she said, the campus has beendiligent in preparing for this announcement.

Ben Sayler, director of BHSU’s Center forthe Advancement of Math and Science Edu-

cation (CAMSE), has been involved sincethe beginning. “It opens up a breadth of whatwe can do for sure,” Sayler said.

BHSU and the Authority currently have amemorandum of understanding of whichSayler has been instrumental in creating. Itoutlines the collaborative activities that willhappen between the university and theAuthority to support the eventual creation ofthe Sanford Center for Science and Educa-tion.

Having the Sanford Underground Scienceand Engineering Lab 17 miles away fromcampus is by far the best thing that couldhave happened to the science department. Atthis point, biologists are going to be the onesthat participate the most during the earlyresearch at the lab, he explained. Thoseopportunities include looking for exotic lifeforms and examining the geo-chemistry andwater quality.

Schallenkamp said that an expansion ofthe department is possible, but it will take alot of fundraising. “It is BHSU’s top priorityright now, but the most recent cost estimateswe have are at $24 million to do what reallyneeds to be done,” she said.

Starting small, she said, she hopes toincrease the number of science programs oncampus and reach out and recruit studentsthat can take advantage of the researchopportunities the lab creates for them.

The university will re-focus a substantialmarketing plan that will consistently utilizethe verbiage regarding the Sanford Under-ground Science and Engineering Laboratory.Schallenkamp said this is an opportunity for

exposure that the institution has never hadbefore.

“There is a reason to look at South Dako-ta and when they do, BHSU is going to bethere,” she said. “The fact that we are BlackHills State University in the Black Hills ofSouth Dakota where the SUSEL is located isgoing to make a difference.”

Enrollment is definitely affected. Not onlywill the presence of the lab bring in researchscientists from all over the world, it will alsoattract their spouses and families. Schal-

lenkamp said that as the multi-purpose, com-prehensive university that BHSU is, she isgoing to take advantage of attracting individ-uals interested in lifelong learning and cul-tural experiences. “That’s our special respon-sibility and we are ready for it,” she said.

Outside of additional students, Schal-lenkamp is also looking forward to workingwith more universities. “This is truly a sitethat embraces everyone. It is not a closed orprivatized facility so every good idea is wel-come,” she said.

!"#$%&'(%)#*+%,%-.%+-Black Hills Pioneer

BHSU optimistic about growth with lab’s arrival

Dr. Ben Sayler, director of the Center for the Advancement of Math and Sci-ence Education at Black Hills State University, works with a group of sciencestudents. Sayler has been tapped as the coordinator for activities related tothe Sanford Center for Science and Education. Courtesy photo


Congratu)ationson -eing chosen asthe site for a ne2nationa) under4ground science )a-o4rator56 7his designa4tion -rings un)i8ited9ossi-i)ities to theregion: the state: as2e)) as for the uni4versit5 and our stu4dents6 <)ac= Hi))sState @niversit5:)ocated Aust BC 8i)es

fro8 the Da- site: 2i)) 9)a5 an integra) ro)e inthe deve)o98ent of the Da-6

Ee recogniFe and a99reciate the transfor48ationa) effect the Da- 2i)) have on the )ivesof our students and the future of the entireregion6 Ee are an eager 9artner in this eGcit4ing endeavor6 As the on)5 co89rehensiveuniversit5 in 2estern South Ia=ota: <HS@2i)) not on)5 have a ro)e in the education andscience 8ission of the Da- -ut 2i)) a)so 9ro4vide )ife)ong )earning: cu)tura) and ath)eticeG9eriences for those 2ho 2i)) co8e to thisarea to )ive and 2or=6 7he @niversit5Js cen4ters in Kntre9reneuris8: Conservation <io4)ogica) Lesearch: and 7ouris8 2i)) a)so havea ro)e in 9roviding service to the region6 Our-usiness students and facu)t5 are a)read5eager)5 antici9ating and discussing s9in4offendeavors and 2e envision nu8erous tech4no)og5 and scientific -usinesses throughout

the <)ac= Hi))s6 7hereJs no Nuestion that8uch of 2hat 2e do at <HS@ 2i)) ta=e a ne2focus6 7he )ist of 9ossi-i)ities is infinite6

<HS@ 2i)) ta=e a )eading ro)e in the deve)4o98ent of educationa) outreach6 <HS@:2hich has the )argest teacher4education 9ro4gra8 in the state: is 9oised to deve)o9 innov4ative education and outreach 9rogra8s 2iththe Da-6 7he Center for the Advance8ent ofOathe8atics and Science KducationPCAOSKQ at <)ac= Hi))s State @niversit5 isa natura) conduit for he)9ing connect 2or)d4reno2ned scientists that S@SKD 2i)) attractto the area 2ith R4BS students: teachers: anddistricts across the state6 Ir6 <en Sa5)er:director of CAOSK: is 2or=ing 2ith Da-officia)s to deter8ine ho2 <HS@ can faci)4itate co))a-orations during the deve)o948ent6

7he a8aFing 9otentia) for 8aAor )arge4sca)e research 9roAects is un-e)ieva-)e6 Ourstudents 2i)) have the o99ortunit5 foruniNue research o99ortunities and a chanceto 2or= 2ith 2or)d4reno2ned scientists6

It has -een a 9)easure to 2or= in 9artner4shi9 2ith the South Ia=ota Science and7echno)og5 Authorit5 PSIS7AQ and theHo8esta=e Co))a-oration: and 2e )oo= for42ard to the Aourne5 ahead6

7he Da- has -een a )ong ti8e co8ing6<HS@ has -een co88itted since the -egin4ning6 EeJve -een )oo=ing for2ard and 9)an4ning 2ith cautious o9ti8is8 for the deve)4o98ent of a 2or)d4c)ass )a- faci)it5 righthere in the <)ac= Hi))s6 Our drea8s haveco8e true 2ith this designation and 2e areeGcited and a2ed -5 the infinite 9ossi-i)i4ties6

Dr. Kay Shallenkamp

Lab brings unlimited possibilitiesBy Dr. Kay Shallenkamp<HS@ President

Sayler brings Homestakescience to the classroom

Ehi)e scientists f)oc= to the Sanford@nderground Science and KngineeringDa-orator5 at Ho8esta=e to conduct cut4ting edge research: educators fro8throughout the state and countr52i)) -e )oo=ing to Ho8esta=e foreducationa) o99ortunities6

7hatVs 2here Ir6 <en Sa5)erco8es in6 As the Science Kduca4tion Outreach Coordinator forthe )a-: Sa5)er has -een 2or=ingsince SWWB on different 2a5s toca9ita)iFe on the scientistsVresearch and teach it to studentsin =indergarten through BSthgrade6

Sa5)er -eca8e invo)ved 2iththe effort to 9)ace a dee9 under4ground science and engineering)a-orator5 at Ho8esta=e in SWWB2hen he sat on a 9ane) to shareeGisting science education efforts in theregion6

Since then Sa5)er has -een -us5 2or=ingon o99ortunities to -ring science fro8Ho8esta=e into the c)assroo8: and viceversa6 So8e of his ideas inc)ude -ringing a8o-i)e neutrino science )a- to e)e8entar5schoo)s around the area6

In addition to 2or=ing on educationefforts at Ho8esta=e: Sa5)er is a)so the

director of the Center for Oath and ScienceKducation and a 9rofessor at <)ac= Hi))sState @niversit56 He ho)ds a 8asterVsdegree in geo)og5 and geo9h5sics fro8Xa)e @niversit5 and a PhI in at8os9hericsciences fro8 the @niversit5 of Eashing4ton6 He has -een eGtensive)5 invo)ved in R4

BS education outreach for8ath and sciences state2ide:through his 2or= 2ith the Cen4ter for the Advance8ent ofOath and Science Kducation at<HS@6

Ehen he is not 2or=ingthough: Sa5)er said he enAo5ss9ending ti8e 2ith his fa8i)5and ti8e outdoors6 His 2ife isa doctor in Iead2ood: andSa5)er has t2o sons: ages Yand Z: 2ho8 he 9)a5s 2ithever5 chance he gets6 In hiss9are ti8e Sa5)er a)so enAo5srunning: -ac=9ac=ing: andte)e8ar= s=iing6

Eor=ing c)ose)5 2ith the S6I6 Scienceand 7echno)og5 Authorit5 and 8e8-ers ofthe Ho8esta=e Co))a-oration: Sa5)er saidthe -est 9art a-out the 2ho)e effort is 2or=4ing 2ith the 9eo9)e6

[7he 9eo9)e: the energ5: and the co88it48ent to i89roving science education Phas-een greatQ:[ he said6 [7he Ho8esta=e ini4tiative re9resents a fa-u)ous o99ortunit5for the Hi))s: for South Ia=ota: and for thenation6 ItVs an honor to -e 9)a5ing a ro)e6[

Dr. BenSayler

By Wendy Pitlick<)ac= Hi))s Pioneer

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1850 1900 1950 2000

2000September

After 124 years of operation, the Homestake

Mining Company announced that it would closeits gold mine in Lead. Scien-tists who had been involved

with experiments conducted at the 4,850-foot

level in the mine suggested that the site be used specifically as

an underground science facility.

December — Barrick Gold Corporationbought the Homestake Mining Company.Homestake management expressed hope thata deal could be made to save plans to convertthe company’s Lead gold mine into an under-ground science lab. The last blast at the Homestake Mineoccurred. The blast occurred at 1:30 p.m. onthe 6,950-foot level, stoop designation 24A.Ore will continue to be taken out of the mine.The decommissioning of the mine extendedthrough the first quarter of next year.

2001January — Members of the National Underground Lab-oratory Committee visit Lead for a tour of the HomestakeMine. February — A group ofphysicists tours the Homes-take Mine.A banner, strewnacross Main Street in Leadreads "Welcome Scientists."Feb. 23 would becomeknown as "Neutrino Day"for years to come.

March — A blue ribbon committee of scientists picked the 125-year-old Homestake Gold Mine for the site ofa world-leading underground science laboratory.

May — Physicists and politicians submit to the National Science Foundation a formal $281 millionproposal to fund a lab at the Homestake Mine inLead.June — Gov. Bill Janklow said in June plans for aspecial office to coordinate efforts to turn the Homes-take Gold Mine in Lead into an underground researchlab were under way.

July — With the closure announcement of the Homestake Mine, the annual United Steel WorkersUnion of America Local 7044 picnic on Saturday, July 7became the last picnic the miners would enjoy together asemployees of the mine.

1877June — George Hearst of Californiabuys the Manuel brothers' claim for$70,000.November — Hearst incorporateshis holdings as the Homestake MiningCompany in California. George Hearst

1879January

The New York StockExchange accepted

Homestake stock on theopen market.

1876April — Moses and Fred Manueldiscover an outcrop of ore (a "lead")on the Homestake ledge. The discov-ery would eventually give the town ofLead its name.

Fred Manuel

1964University of

Pennsylvania physicistRaymond Davis sets

up a detector, one mileunderground in the mine.

His objective — to discover fusion from the sun, or neutrinos.

HOMESTAKE TIMELINEInformation compiled from Black Hills Pioneer archives, the Homestake Visitor Center, and the S.D. Science and Technology Authority.

and neutrino physics experiments developing the earliesttypes of particle accelerators in the mid-80s. His experi-ence then expanded when he helped develop the PMTarray for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Ontario,Canada starting in 1989. Currently Lesko works as a groupleader, leading the Sudbury National Observatory as asenior physicist at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Labo-ratory, and as a research physicist at the University of Cal-ifornia-Berkeley. Up until 2005 Lesko was also involved indeveloping Japan's KamLAND, an experiment establishedto study the properties of neutrinos in detail. During thistime Lesko served as the project manager for the contruc-tion project, and on the executive council for KamLAND.

He's no stranger to shepherding major research projectsin the physics world, as he has seen many successfulendeavors to fruition. But who is the man behind theresearch?

A native of the San FranciscoBay area, Lesko lives in Oakland,Calif. with his wife of 18 years,and his children, ages 15 and 18.He holds a bachelor's of sciencefrom Stanford University, andcompleted his doctorate degree atthe University of Washington,where he worked at the nuclear physics lab. He did post-doctoral studies at the Argonne National Laboratory in1983-85 and at Berkeley through 1985 to 1987.

"I still drive the same car I had when I was at Stanford,"he said of his 1969 MGB. "Although both of my childrenhave expressed interest in taking it with them to college.”

While he remains a staunch supporter of Homestake,

Lesko plans to continue to lead the lab construction, whichis likely to last through 2016. Following construction helooks forward to conducting research there himself. Leskosaid he will not relocate full time to the Lead area. Withtwo teenagers at home, and a wife who has a nearly full-time career as a physical therapist at Oakland's Children'sHospital, the Lesko family has already put down roots onthe west coast. But Lesko is no stranger to commuting towork, having traveled to Los Alamos, Japan and Canadafor work for the past 23 years.

But just because he doesn't plan to relocate doesn't meanhe's not looking forward to commuting to South Dakotaevery chance he gets, to mingle with the people in Lead.

"I've found all the citizens of South Dakota very wel-coming and intensely interested in Homestake," Leskosaid. “It has been a real pleasure to work in the Black Hills

with Bill Roggenthen at S.D.School of Mines and Technol-ogy and all the folks at theAuthority. We've held severalimportant meetings in Lead inthe past year, beginning withour collaboration meeting andpresentation of the Letters ofInterest in February 2006 to

the recent NSF visiting committee site visit in March2007. The hospitality of the South Dakota citizens contin-ues to make a very positive impact on all the DUSEL par-ticipants, including everything from international visitorsto intensely overworked committee members."

“The hospitality of the SouthDakota citizens continues to makea very positive impact on all theDUSEL participants...”

— Dr. Kevin Lesko

LESKO: A brilliant mindContinued from Page 10tural economics. He moved to Pierre in 1980 wherehe operated a successful farm, which he then sold in2000 when he retired to Lead. Today, Snyder calls a200-acre ranch just 10 miles south of Lead home.While he is not married, Snyder has two growndaughters and a 4-year old grandson. In his sparetime, Snyder likes to spend time with these specialpeople in his life, as well as play racquetball, hike andbike through the Black Hills. He also spends a con-siderable amount of time, money and effort in help-ing to restore the Historic Homestake Opera House.

Overall, Snyder said in a previous interview theentire process has been an interesting one. He hasparticularly enjoyed working with the scientists whohave been involved with the project. "They have bril-liant minds. They see things differently, and theyhave inquisitiveness and tremendous drive," he said.

Dave SnyderContinued from Page 10


2003 20042002

2002January —Underground mining at the 125-year-old Homes-take Mine con-cluded as the lastore was “skipped” to the top of the mine.

February — With the touch of two switches Homestake cut power tothe last mill at the Homestake Mine. President George Bush announces that his planfor the 2003 budget includes funding for theNational Science Foundation to further studyneutrinos.

June — Barrick Gold Corp. officials outlined to Lead residents the decommission-ing and demolition plans for the defunct Home-stake Gold Mine.October — University of Pennsylvania sci-entist Raymond Davis split the $1 millionNobel Prize for physics with one other scientistfor pioneering the construction of giant under-ground chambers to detect neutrinos.

July — The Homestake Collaboration submit-ted a proposal to the National Science Founda-tion detailing plans to turn the decommissionedgold mine into a world-class laboratory. August — The Homestake Lab ConversionProject opened its offices in Rapid City.Congressman Bill Janklow meets with the BushAdministration to confirm its support for themine. November — Homestake Mining Companysealed the Yates and the Ross shafts to preventpossible damage to the infrastructure.

December — Gov. Mike Rounds asked theLegislature for $10 million to convert theHomestake Mine into a national undergroundscience laboratory.

2003January — Barrick Gold Corp. remains ready to negoti-ate with South Dakota on the terms to transfer the mineover to the state for pursuit of an underground laboratory.Newly elected Gov. Mike Rounds took this on with enthu-siasm and determination. May — Homestake Principal Investigator and Universi-ty of Washington Physicist Dr. Wick Haxton proclaimedthat if the Homestake Mine floods with water, it is likelythat it will not be the site of the National Underground Sci-ence Laboratory.

June — The National Science Foundation voted unanimously Lead’s Homestake Mine as the best site for apossible underground physics laboratory. Homestake waschosen based on the geology and depth of the site. Fifteen of the world’s leading scientists pleaded with Bar-rick Gold Corp. to keep the pumps on in the mine, thusmaintaining a dry facility. On June 10 Barrick Gold Corp. officials shut downthe pumps in the Homestake Mine. State officialsannounced they were still committed to reaching anindemnification agreement so the company coulddonate the mine for use as a lab. As negotiationscontinued, water was flooding the mine at a rate ofthree-quarters of a million gallons a day. Governor Mike Rounds sends a letter to 15 Nobellaureates asking them to support Homestake.Gov. Rounds received approval from the Legisla-ture to authorize the spending of $420,000 in statefunds to take over ownership of the Homestake Mine.

2004January — Gov. Mike Rounds signs an agreement between South Dakota and the Barrick Gold Corp. Theagreement marked the end of years of negotiationsbetween the two entities.Gov. Rounds asks the Legislature for a bond issue of $105million to further develop the mine for the lab, and createthe South Dakota Science and Technology Authority tooversee its conversion. Gov. Rounds distributed a memo to state legislators esti-mating the initial economic impact of lab construction atHomestake at about $50 million a year. February — South Dakota Legislature committed $14.3 million to the project. The action set the stage for theNational Science Foundation to consider the site. Although the National Science Foundation had earlier des-ignated Homestake as the preferred site for an undergroundlaboratory, the NSF asked that new proposals be submit-ted. Discussion began to center on the lab being built at the8,000-foot level.

June — If water pumping could begin in the former Homestake Mine in January 2005, it would take 20 monthsto empty the huge complex, engineer Dynatec Mining Co.reported.

August — It was announced that Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory would take over the Homestake LabConversion Project. Dr. Kevin Lesko would take the reinsand act as the principal investigator for the effort. Gov. Mike Rounds appointed Thomas Adam, DaveBozied, Pat Lebrun, Casey Peterson, and Dave Snyder tothe board of directors for the S.D. Science and TechnologyAuthority.

NovemberDr. Richard Gowen

resigned from his post asexecutive director of theS.D. Science and Tech-

nology Authority.

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More than one wayAstrophysicist proposes xenon-filled detector to search for dark matter


LEAD — There's more than one way to find dark matter inthe universe and one astrophysics professor intends to provethat in Homestake Mine.

Dr. Rick Gaitskell, of Rhode Island's Brown University isanxiously awaiting the opportunity to place a dark matterdetector filled with one ton of liquid xenon at the 4,850 footlevel of the mine. If dark matter particles interactwith the detector, as theoretically expected, theywill generate both a flash of light and also someelectrical charges in the xenon. Key details in thecombined signals will provide a signature thatwill help convince the scientists on the LUX(Large Underground Xenon) Experiment thatthey have indeed discovered dark matter.

"We have a very good idea of how much mat-ter there is in the universe. The luminous matter,the matter that we have seen in telescopes onlyappears to account for part of that," Gaitskellsaid. "More than four-fifths of matter appears tobe dark and we're trying to work out what it'smade of."

According to Gaitskell, using his liquid xenonfilled detector will force the dark matter particles, which arevery weak in nature, to interact with the noble elements. This,he said will cause a flash of light in the middle of the detec-tor. Additionally, unlike the liquid neon or argon experimentsthat have also been proposed by other astrophysicists,Gaitskell said his xenon-filled detector will pick up on asmall charge generated by the particles which can be drifted

when an electrical field is applied to the detector. All of this,he said is being done simply to understand the missing mat-ter of the universe in every way possible.

"Having measured the scintillation of light and also theionization gives you a double measurement of the particleinteraction and gives you more information than you getfrom just looking at the light," he said. "What we really wantto know is where did the particle interact within this target.The reason we want to know that is we are looking for very

rare interactions of this hypothetical dark matter."According to Gaitskell, the hypothesis of astro-

physicists around the world is that dark matter isthe dominant matter of the universe, and it com-prises more than 90 percent of the mass of theMilky Way. But, scientists believe that thevery weak particles which rarelyinteract with neighboring parti-cles do not possess the illumina-tion that we need to see themwith a telescope, move in ran-dom orbits around theMilky Way and thus areextremely difficult todetect.

"If you take your coffee cupthere are roughly one or two of these parti-cles in that coffee cup," Gaitskell said."That's the sort of local density they are at.They're moving relatively fast. They're actual-ly moving at hundreds of kilometers a second so theydon't stay in your coffee cup for long. They're going in allsorts of random directions."

Since the dark matter particles rarely interact with any

other matter, Gaitskell said it could take weeks or evenmonths before scientists are able to detect them and measuretheir charges inside the xenon detector. But the end result isworth it, he said, if scientists can provide direct evidence ofdark matter.

"At present we don't know what 95 percent of the universeis composed of," Gaitskell said. "Our goal is to identify thedominant source of mass in the universe by directly detect-ing. The nature and source of dark matter is one of the top sci-entific mysteries of the 20th and now the 21st century. Wehope to have it solved well before the 22nd century."

But before scientists are ready to start watching for darkmatter particle interaction and charges Gaitskell said a major

challenge comes with building such a sensitive detector.Since dark matter particles are so gun-shy, Gaitskell said

scientists need to eliminate as much "back-ground noise" or radioactive energy as pos-sible from the detector. This arises fromnaturally radioactive elements, and from

cosmic rays. Even something as simple ashuman presence around the detectorcould stop it from working complete-ly, he said, as natural radioactive

decay particles come from humansabout 10,000 to 20,000 times per second."Every time one of those radioactive decayshappens inside us energy is emitted and it'senough energy such that if you were stand-

ing right next to our experiment you wouldcompletely stop it from working," he said. "So we have to

select materials which are low in radioactivity so that we can

By Wendy PitlickBlack Hills Pioneer

Dr. RickGaitskell

See MORE THAN ONE WAY on Page 30

2005 2006 2007

2005February — Scientists working as part of the Homestake Collaboration submitted their first proposalsupporting the underground laboratory to the NationalScience Foundation. July — Homestake and Henderson Mines are selected as the two preferred sites for DUSEL. Both sitesreceived $500,000 to further develop their proposals.The S.D. Science and Technology Authority and theHomestake Collaboration propose building an interimlaboratory at the 4,850-foot level as part of its strategy tosecure the national underground lab. September — The state struck a property transferagreement with Homestake and Barrick Gold to transferthe mine to public ownership. October — State legislators approved a $19.9 millionexpenditure to develop an interim laboratory at Homes-take’s 4,850-foot level.

December — Gov. Rounds announced that an additional 9.3 full time equivalent jobs would be added tohelp with the Homestake Lab Conversion Project.

MayMembers of the S.D. Sci-

ence and TechnologyAuthority award a more

than $3 million contract toDynatec to begin inspectingthe shafts in the HomestakeMine and prepare to installpumps that will empty themine down to the 5,300-

foot level.

2007January — Contenders from the University of Washington, university of Minnesota and the HendersonMine in Colorado submit proposals to the National Sci-ence Foundation. February — SEH Engineering unveils an agressiveplan to re-enter the Ross Shaft and begin pumping waterout. Officials from the S.D. Science and TechnologyAuthority set a deadline of Sept. 11, 2007, to have thework completed, as that is the time when the water isestimated to reach the 5,000-foot level. The estimated timeline for a deep underground scienceand engineering laboratory site decision from the Nation-al Science Foundation was pushed back to May or June,NSF officials announced. March — Gov. Mike Rounds lauds the progress forreopening the Homestake Mine in a special press confer-ence called just days before a panel of scientists wasexpected to inspect the mine. A panel of scientists and engineers visited the HomestakeMine as part of their regular site-selection process. April — Members of the S.D. Science and TechnologyAuthority and the Homestake Collaboration travel toWashington D.C. to meet with the National ScienceFoundation’s DUSEL site-selection panel for the reversesite visit.July — At about 9 a.m. on July 10 the National ScienceFoundation site selection panel chairman calls Dr. KevinLesko with good news. Homestake would host the deepunderground science and engineering laboratory.

NovemberRapid rising water in the Homestake Mine

reached the 5,600-foot level. December

A successful videoinspection of the Ross

shaft discovers it in surprisingly good

condition.

2006January — Gov. Mike Rounds announces that 65 different scientists around the world have submitted let-ters of interest to conduct scientific experiments in theHomestake Mine. Officials record that the water level in Homestake was atthe 6,200-foot level. The level was a few months behindoriginal projections. February — Scientists from all over the world gath-ered at the Golden Hills Inn to pitch research proposalsfor the proposed Deep Underground Science and Engi-neering Laboratory at the Homestake Mine.

May — On May 17 the state of South Dakota became the proud owner the Homestake Gold Mine as Gov. MikeRounds, S.D. Science and Technology Chairman DaveBozied, and Barrick Gold Corp. Executive Vice Presidentand General Counsel Patrick Garver gathered in Lead tosign the final papers to transfer mine ownership. The S.D. Science and Technology Authority moves itsoffices from Rapid City to the former administrativeoffices at Homestake in Lead. June — Former Homestake employees and staff fromthe S.D. Science and Technology Authority completed alive video inspection of the Yates Shaft. The Homestake Collaboration submits a more in-depth Conceptual Design Report, to the National Sci-ence Foundation. Gov. Mike Rounds announces that Sioux Falls phil-anthropist T. Denny Sanford will pledge $70 millionto the Homestake project. The site is officially named the Sanford Laboratory at Homestake.

LEAD — Mining engineer WilliamPariseau was the chairman of the originalNational Science Foundation site selectionpanel that said Homestake would be idealfor the deep underground science andengineering laboratory.

That was many years ago, and his biastoward the Homestake Mine has notchanged. In fact, he said, he can't wait toget back into the mine and create engi-neering designs for the massive neutrinodetector caverns many physicists hope tobuild there. As a professor of mining engi-neering at the University of Utah, Pariseausaid he had been measuring displacementsof rock in the Homestake Mine around theexcavations and comparing those dis-placements with numerical models. Thatproject started in 1994, and abruptly endedin 2003 when the mine was officiallyclosed.

"In the overall scheme we want to do abetter job of engineering excavations inrock," he said. "Especially in the designand construction of mines both under-ground and at the earth's surface. Rock innature is an engineering material for us.It's a challenging material because it's notmanufactured like steel or concrete tosome specification.

"What we want to do is to formulatesome hypotheses for doing a better job and

then to test them in the field of the minewhere we can make measurements and seewhether our concepts have any validity."

His original research, Pariseau said,included a variety of experiments. Oneinvolved mining high-grade ore body nearthe Ross Shaft. The concern was whethermining close to the old shaft pillar woulddamage the shaft.

"Our mining results and our mine mea-

surements said that it was a 'go' and ulti-mately it turned out that way," he said."We felt that we did provide useful guid-ance to the mine operators."

According to Pariseau, his research willhave very real applications as it will exam-ine how the mine will withstand the enor-mous neutrino detectors physicists hope tobuild inside the mine. Caverns for thesedetectors, he said would be about 150 feet

in height — the size of a 10-story building. "Those caverns will have a very long

life of 25-30-plus years," he said. "Wewant to know that the rock is not going todeteriorate in time. By updating our mea-surements in the mine we'll have a betterunderstanding of that. I don't think it's areal problem, but there is no substitute formaking a measurement. We want to besure that we understand the rock massbehavior as Mother Nature presents it to usand that we can do a good engineering cal-culation and design for that sequence ofoperations."

In addition to studying the deteriorationof the rock in Homestake, Pariseau said hehas also been able to study the long-termbehavior of the rock. If he can get backinto the mine and resume his existingresearch, he said he will have added fouror five years to his existing data, "whichwould really be wonderful."

According to Pariseau, Homestake isthe ideal site for these types of engineeringcalculations because of the 300 miles ofdrifts, tunnels and cross-cuts that giveengineers access to three dimensions ofthe huge rock mass. "We can study howthis rock behaves in a variety of ways atthe very tiny grain scale up to the scale ofthe mine with the thousands of feet," hesaid. "No other site has that advantage."

While Pariseau said he intends to do his

LEAD — Many experiments pro-posed for the deep underground sci-ence and engineering laboratory aredesigned for scientists tolearn about the propertiesof neutrinos.

Dr. Steve Elliott, of LosAlamos National Labora-tory in New Mexico wantsto take those questions onestep further as he specu-lates that neutrinos havemass and are their ownantiparticles.

Officially dubbed theMajorana experiment,named after the Italianphysicist Ettore Majoranawho studied the phenome-na of particles that are theirown antiparticles back in the 1930s,Elliott said his project is based on dou-ble beta decay. The experiment willuse a large collection of germaniumdetectors, a chemical tin-like elementthat is an important semiconductorand has electrical properties that arebetween a metal and an insulator. Ger-manium crystals will be used in theexperiment. According to Elliott, a

collaboration of scientists from 15 dif-ferent universities and laboratoriesfrom four different countries — Rus-sia, Japan, the United States andCanada — will use extremely purifiedgermanium crystals to find an

extremely rare nucleardecay in the element. Thatprocess, he said can onlyoccur if neutrinos havemass, and if they are theirown antiparticles —which is Elliott's hypothe-sis.

But before Elliott saidthe experiment can startthe detectors must becompletely free of anyinterfering elements orparticles. Uranium andthorium, which are verycommon types of radioac-

tive elements found in everything, cancreate signals that would mask thosewhich would come from double betadecay. Cosmic rays, extremely high-energy particles that constantly passthrough the earth, can also interferewith the experiment. In order toremove these disturbances, Elliottsaid the experiment would best be

Yuri Kamyshkov, aphysics professor atthe University of Ten-nessee at Knoxville,Tenn., has written aproposal to do anti-matter research in theproposed deep under-ground science andengineering laborato-ry at Homestake. Theresearch is the first ofits kind to be conducted in the United States, andKamyshkov will be working in col-laboration with several other physi-cists from the University of Ten-nessee, Indiana University, North Car-olina State University, Maryland, theUniversity of South Dakota, Califor-nia State University, and the OakRidge National Laboratory in Ten-nessee.

"All anti-matter seems to have dis-appeared in the universe,"Kamyshkov said. "However, webelieve that at the very beginning ofthe universe matter and anti-matterwas produced in equal amounts. So thequestion is where anti-matter disap-peared (to). This is a big outstandingproblem in physics and cosmology which (hasstood) for many years and we are trying to under-

stand how to resolve that." According to Kamyshkov, in the 1930s physi-

cists discovered that almost every particle in theworld has an anti-parti-

cle, and each particlethat is created has anopposite in equalparts. When matterand anti-matter parti-cles meet they "anni-hilate" — destroyeach other producingneutral photons (par-ticles of light) andneutrinos. But scien-tists have never been

able to find how anti-matter disappeared in theuniverse leaving us only with matter in the form of

planets, stars, galaxies, and galaxyclusters.

In the early days of the universe,Kamyshkov says, matter and anti-matter were converted into each otherat varying rates, which produced anon-equilibrium among the particlesand anti-particles. This, Kamyshkovsaid, is called a CP-Violation, which isa violation of symmetry between par-ticles and antiparticles.

"(But) since we observe no anti-matter in the universe anti-matter par-ticles should disappear," Kamyshkovexplained. "But since they annihilatewith matter particles then the matter

particles should also disappear,"

!uly &''(, *a,e &&Seaton *u2lishin, Special 8a2 9dition

Mining engineer part of original NSF site selection panel

Dr. William Pariseau conducts scientific experiments in the HomestakeMine. Photo courtesy of Bill Pariseau

Scientist sets out toprove neutrinos havemass, antiparticle

Dr. SteveElliott

;here did all the anti=matter ,o?3ne physicist seeks answers in Homestake

YuriKamyshkov

!" $end" Pit+ic-Black Hills Pioneer


See MIINING ENGINEER on Page 27

See SCIENTIST on Page 27 See NEUTRINOS on Page 30


“All anti-matter seems to have disappeared inthe universe. However, we believe that at the verybeginning of the universe matter and anti-matterwas produced in equal amounts. So the question iswhere anti-matter disappeared (to).”

— Yuri Kamyshkov,Physics Professor University of Tennesee

145 Glendale Drive, Lead, SD • 605-584-2905


Uranium, thorium neutrino research could determine energy production

LEAD — Neutrino detectors at the 4,850-foot level of theHomestake Mine could help scientists understand the total energyproduced in the earth's interior as well as the history of the earth.

Nikolai Tolich, of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,along with scientists Yuen-Dat Chan, Charles Currat, PatrickDecowski, Brian Fujikawa, Reyco Henning, Kevin Lesko, AlanPoon, Kazumi Tolich, and Joseph Wang have sent in proposals toconstruct a 1-kiloton (1,000 tons) neutrino detectorthat will study electron antineutrinos which come fromthe uranium and thorium decay within the Earth's core.

"The energy coming from uranium and thoriumdecay is thought to be the most significant energysource inside the earth," Tolich said. "So this is the dri-ving engine for things such as tectonic plate move-ments, volcanoes and earthquake. We are looking forneutrinos, particularly electron antineutrinos ... comingfrom uranium and thorium decay inside the earth. Theuranium and thorium is distributed all through theearth in the mantle. One part in 10 million of the earth'smass is thought to be made of uranium and thorium.This should produce enough neutrinos that we shouldbe able to see hundreds of events per year."

According to Tolich's proposal, a significant frac-tion of the heat dissipation from the earth's interior is believed tooriginate from uranium and thorium minerals. However the onlyestimates of this heat comes from Earth models that are based onmeteorites, which have a large margin of error. The detection ofelectron antineutrinos produced by uranium and thorium decaywill allow a more direct measure of the total uranium and thoriumcontent in the earth, thus allowing a more direct measure of the

Earth's heat production. One hundred years ago, Tolich said Lord Kelvin used earth

temperature changes to estimate that the planet is approximately100 million years old. However, Tolich said Kelvin's findings wereinaccurate because they failed to consider the amount of uraniumand thorium that makes up a significant mass of the earth. Takingthe two minerals into consideration, Tolich said scientists nowestimate that the earth is actually more than 10 times older than theoriginal estimation.

"So these questions we're asking is really to try and determinethe history of the earth," Tolich explained. "(Wealso) want to understand the total energy in the earthand that will sort of explain why the earth is stillcausing earthquakes and whether it will cause earth-quakes in a billion years."

In addition to developing a further understandingof the earth's energy production and age, Tolich saidthis experiment will also test a hypothesis that thereis a naturally occurring nuclear reactor in the centerof the planet.

In order to capture minute fractions of the billionsof neutrinos that pass through the earth's core unde-tected, Tolich said he proposes to construct a detec-tor that is mostly comprised of purified oil. The oilincludes hydrogen atoms that will interact with theneutrino to create positrons and neutrons. These par-

ticles will then produce two flashes of light inside the detector thatwill be observed with light detecting objects around the detector.The detector's infrastructure, Tolich said, will be surrounded bywater that will help reduce background particles that make neu-trinos difficult to detect.

While this experiment can be done anywhere that he can con-struct his detector deep in the underground, Tolich, who works

closely with Homestake Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Lesko,said the Homestake site would be ideal for his project.

"One of the advantages of Homestake is they already havespace in the mine," he said. "Obviously it would be nice to do thisexperiment as soon as possible. (If another site is selected for thedeep underground science and engineering laboratory) it wouldjust be a matter of waiting for a site to become available to put thedetector in."

But while the prospect of building his detector at Homestake'sinterim 4,850-foot level is appealing to Tolich, funding is anoth-er reason he is holding out for the National Science Foundation'sDUSEL site selection announcement. With an estimated price tagthat is tens of millions of dollars for the detector, Tolich said hehopes the NSF will fund his project. That means setting up theexperiment wherever the DUSEL site is located, as along as it isdeep underground.

But that doesn't mean that Tolich isn't supportive of theDUSEL at Homestake. In fact, the Homestake mine is his pre-ferred choice.

"The reason we have to go underground is because one of thelargest backgrounds comes from the neutrons produced by parti-cles coming from the atmosphere," Tolich said. "The flux is verylarge of these atmospheric particles so the further down you gothe lower the flux is. Once you get to the levels of the Homestakeproposed lab the flux becomes an insignificant background."

While determining the total energy in the earth's core and theactual age of the planet will satisfy general curiosity that relatesto geophysics, Tolich said the practical applications for his exper-iment will not be immediate. However, the technology that isused to construct his neutrino detector can be used in many otherways around the world. One practical application for the neutrinodetector, he said, is as a monitor for nuclear power plants, whichare the second biggest source of neutrinos.

By Wendy PitlickBlack Hills Pioneer

NikolaiTolich

microorganisms living in the high temper-ature (could) have the potential to produceantibiotics ... which can be easily temper-ature tolerant. That will be very valuable."

But perhaps the most immediate practi-cal application for Bang's bio-prospectingresearch will be its potential effects on theethanol industry. Since the undergroundenzymes are thought to be able to sustainhigher temperatures than normalenzymes, Bang said they could be veryvaluable in the cellulose material degra-dation, a process that is necessary to cre-ate ethanol. Discovery of the newenzymes, Bang said, could make theethanol production process more efficient.

All of this isdirectly relat-ed to therecent creationof the S.D.2010 Centerfor Bio-pro-cessing andR e s e a r c hDevelopment,housed at theS.D. School ofMines andTe c h n o l o g y.One of the major research componentsthat drives the center, Bang said, is utiliz-ing thermophiles from the deep under-ground science and engineering laborato-ry. The best place to get these ther-mophiles, Bang said, is the HomestakeMine.

"The advantage in the DUSEL at Home-stake is its depth," Bang said. "The deep-est hole will introduce really high temper-atures. We went down to 8,000-feet before(the mine closed.) At that time there werereally high temperatures and we saw a lotof different biophil bacteria and (water)seepage. As a result you can see some typeof fungal growth here and there ... If wemake Homestake Mine a DUSEL that willgive us real opportunity to isolate anddiscover real novel microorganismswhich may not be found easily in otherDUSEL areas because they are not asdeep as Homestake."

At 8,000-feet, Bang said the tempera-ture in the Homestake Mine is about 60degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit).

While she said she is very anxious toget into the mine to conduct her research,

Bang saidsoil wastematerial thatwas scrapedlast Junewhen mem-bers of theH o m e s t a k ecollaborationsent a camerain to video-tape the Yatesshaft hasyielded some

very interesting results. Those sampleswere taken from the 4,850 foot level,where the temperature is significantlycooler. Yet when the bacteria was isolatedand heated, Bang said the enzymes grewand thrived. That lead Bang and her col-laborators to believe that perhaps

microorganisms obtained from the 4,850-foot level could be isolated and used tosustain high temperatures similar to thosewhich microorganisms at the 8,000-footlevel are exposed to. But still, Bang saidshe wants to go as deep into the mine aspossible.

"We're trying to make a bigger sample,"she said. "Basically microorganismscoming from extremophiles (extremeconditions) have the ability to producereally exotic enzymes, particularly if wecan identify those from mine shafts or

wood debris. Those are the ones produc-ing good quality thermophiles which candegrade cellulose material."

While Bang said her research intousing thermophiles for ethanol produc-tion is novel, the idea of bio-prospectingfor enzymes that live deep within theearth is not. Currently NASA is funding aproject for scientists from the Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory andPrinceton University to study microor-ganisms in deep underground mines inSouth Africa.

to the city of Lead and all the citizens who have endured and worked so hard

to make the lab a reality.From Your Hometown Real Estate Company,

Bill Laskowski - Owner/Broker

605-584-2662www.dakotagoldrealty.com

719 W. MainLead, SD

!"ly &''(, Page &.Seaton P"3lishing Special La3 Edition

“If we make Homestake Mine aDUSEL that will give us real oppor-tunity to isolate and discover realnovel microorganisms which maynot be found easily in other DUSELareas because they are not as deep asHomestake.”

— Sookie Bang

Continued from Page 13DUSEL

The Ross Shaft looms out over some berry trees in Lead. Photo courtesy SDSU

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Dr. Bill RoggenthenLesko’s right hand man

RAPID CITY — As Dr. Kevin Lesko's right hand manin the Homestake Collaboration, co-principal investiga-tor Dr. Bill Roggenthen of the S.D. School of Mines andTechnology says he always likes to support good ideas.

The good idea — in this case — is alab at Homestake.

A geology professor at Tech since1977 — most of his scientific career— Roggenthen's work with theHomestake Collaboration is not thefirst time he has helped bring amajor government project intofruition. In the late '80s and early'90s he was heavily involved withcreating the Waste Isolation PilotPlan Project in southeastern NewMexico. The project involved dis-posing the nation's defense-generat-ed radioactive waste 1,700 feetbelow ground in salt.

While his most recent focus has centered around thedeep underground science and engineering laboratory atHomestake, when Roggenthen leaves Tech at the end ofthe day he steps into a completely different role. Roggen-then and his wife of 36 years are two of almost 200 resi-dents in Keystone. His 19-year old son is a student atBlack Hills State University, where he is focusing on gen-eral studies. When it comes to his son and other SouthDakota students, Roggenthen said he is also very excitedabout the educational opportunities thte DUSEL willafford youth in the state.

Dr. BillRoggenthen

LEAD — The engineer responsible for the design andimplementation of the Sanford Underground Science andEngineering Laboratory at Homestake is a man of many tal-ents and abilities.

Dick Digennaro, a mechanical engineer at LawrenceBerkeley National Laboratory, has been named project man-ager for the project to further develop plans for a deep under-ground science and engineering laboratory at Homestake. Hecomes to the table with a long and impressive list of diverseprojects that include developing and constructing a lightsource for X-rays used for science experiments, acting as pro-ject manager for the Joint Genome Institute, which con-tributed to the humangenome project toidentify the DNAsequence for thehuman genome atLawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratoryand the LawrenceLivermore Laborato-ry in California,developing theinstrumentation foran accelerator at theOak Ridge NationalLaboratory and act-ing as a deputy pro-ject manager fordevelopment of theSNAT project, aspace telescope com-parable to the Hubbletelescope, used tostudy supernova and

evaluate dark energy.But when he’s not working, Digennaro said he enjoys com-

petitive bicycle racing. He holds two California championshipin his age division and recently he competed for yet anotherstate championship and the chance to compete at the nationallevel.

Digennaro said he also used to design and sell bicycleframes for competitive racing. However, his work got in theway of his hobby, and he had to put the frames on the backburner. He plans to pursue it after retirement.

But for right now, retirement is far from his mind. As theproject manager for the Sanford Underground Science andEngineering Laboratory Digennaro will be coordinating plansto develop the underground laboratory, including the surfacefacilities that will be tied to the lab. This is a long process, sinceit will involve developing several preliminary designs to be

approved by the NSFbefore the finaldesigns are reviewedand accepted.

In addition to hiswork and hobbies,Digennaro is also afamily man. He andhis wife, who worksas an administrativeassistant for a recre-ational equipmentcompany, live inAlbany, Calif. He hastwo daughters, onewho is a microbiolo-gy professor at acommunity college inCalifornia, and theother who is a clerkfor a federal judge inPhiladelphia.

!" $end" (itli,-Black Hills Pioneer

Project manager has varied resume

Dick Degennaro, far left, will play integral role as the projectmanager for the final design of the Sanford UndergroundLaboratory. Photo by Michelle Hall

!" $end" (itli,-Black Hills Pioneer

The same year *eneral Custermade his last stand at Little Big

Horn, W.A. Laughlin and A.W. Merrick printed the original

edition of the Black Hills Pioneer.

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research in whatever site is selected for the DUSEL, he prefersto continue his existing studies at Homestake. Access in Home-stake is key, he said, as there are no other contenders with asmuch depth. The Henderson Mine, he said, has offered to exca-vate through 3,000 feet of solid rock, but Pariseau said, "therecan be a lot of surprises in going through 3,000 feet of rock."

When he served as the original chairman of the site selectionpanel, Pariseau said scientists and engineers alike all unani-mously agreed that Homestake was the ideal site for such alarge-scale laboratory. Then, when the water began to fill themine Pariseau said he, as one of the biggest defenders ofHomestake, said it would still be the best location.

"We feel confident that Homestake is the place," he contin-ued. "We all have our fingers crossed and hope that it works out

well. Dewatering mines is just routine." However, Pariseau said he does understand the NSF's

approach to be cautious and be as fair as possible in their siteselection process. Though Pariseau said he had "mixed feel-ings" when the organization opted to open proposals up to uni-versities nationwide for the DUSEL a second time, he doessupport their decision.

"I think I understand the NSF view that perhaps having asecond go-around, more open and a much more detailed con-sideration of proposals was the right thing to do," he said. "Onmy part I thought logic has always pointed to Homestake. ButI can see where the NSF is bending over backwards to be fairto all interested parties."

Mining Engineer

"On my part I thought logic has always pointed toHomestake. But I can see where the NSF is bendingover backwards to be fair to all interested parties."

— William Pariseau

Continued from Page 22located at least 5,000 feet underground, and must be con-ducted with the most purified germanium crystals as pos-sible.

"You have to grow crystals to make these detectors,"he said. "That crystal growing process naturally purifiesthe detectors."

In order to further shield the experiment from outsideinterferences, Elliott said his detector would also be linedwith electroformed (highly purified) copper on theinside, and covered with lead bricks on the outside.

In order to detect double beta decay of the germanium,Elliott said energy deposits would ionize atoms of thegermanium crystals. The electrons in those ionizationswill drift, producing an electronic pulse. That pulse mightindicate double beta decay, and is exactly what Elliottwill be looking for to determine if neutrinos have mass,and are their own antiparticles.

"The decay can only occur if neutrinos are massiveMajorana particles," he said. "If neutrino is its ownantiparticle it is referred to as a Majorana particle. Thedecay rate itself, if you measure the rate at which thesethings decay, that is directly related to what the magni-tude of the neutrino mass is."

If he is right, Elliott said the discovery of massiveMajorana neutrinos could be a missing link in the stan-dard model of particle physics. "One of the key missingpieces of information is understanding the origin mass ofneutrinos," he said. "So they would play a great role intrying to understand how mass is incorporated into thestandard model of particle physics. Neutrinos also playan important role in cosmology. Whether they have masscan affect large-scale structures. They affect how super-novas explode. There are a lot of reasons why we want tounderstand all we can about neutrinos."

So what does this potential discovery mean for theaverage person?

According to Elliott, unless people are particular-ly interested in cosmology and understanding howthe universe evolves, more information about neutri-nos will not affect life for the general public. How-ever, technology that is used to gather this new infor-mation is extremely relevant.

"I know that the Pacific Northwest National Labo-ratory, which is also a collaborator in this experi-ment, does an immense amount of Homeland Securi-ty research that uses these same technologies," hesaid. "The low background sciences, the detectordevelopment, the material purification, all of thesethings have other applications (mostly in radiationdetection.) So from that standpoint they impact theworld as a whole and they're doing that now."

Since Elliott and his collaborators have beenworking for the last four or five years trying to under-stand how their detector would be built, they are anx-ious to get underground to set up their experiment.

Though they are still awaiting funding for the pro-ject that could come from the Department of Energy,Elliott said his most aggressive timeline has thedetector in the established DUSEL by 2010. Whilehe has no preferences about where that DUSELmight be, as long as it is at least 5,000-feet deep, hehas been a staunch supporter for the DUSEL as awhole.

"I think it's extremely important that this field ofscience has such a laboratory," he said. "I'm moreconcerned about that fact than where it is actuallylocated. If Homestake goes forward there is a fairamount of money (from T. Denny Sanford's $70 mil-lion pledge to the project) already in the bank tomake quick progress. That early access would be agreat thing if Homestake could be up and providingspace quickly."

Scientist: neutrinos have mass, antiparticleContinued from Page 22


What does a

1st Place2006

JordonBarthel

2nd Place2006Keeli

Telleen

So really...

As part of the Neutrino Day festivities which

started when scientists first beganto investigate Homestake as the

site for the deep underground sci-ence and engineering

laboratory in 2002, members ofthe Historic Deadwood-Lead Arts

Council challenged students todraw pictures of what a neutrinolooks like. Here are the first and

second place winners from 2006 and 2007.


1st Place2007Isaac

Corbett

2nd Place2007

SierraAustro

Neutrino look like?


Kamyshkov also said there is striking evi-dence that in the universe every atom ofmatter had approximately two billion pho-tons left in the form of microwave back-ground radiation.

"This microwave radiation is a witnessof the annihilation which happenedbetween matter and anti-matter," he said."As a result of this annihilation we are leftonly with matter and we need to under-stand how it happened at that time."

In order to discover how this happened,Kamyshkov plans to study neutrons,which on their own do not possess an elec-tric charge and can be easily detected ifthey convert to an anti-particle.

In order to do this, Kamyshkov said heplans to drop neutrons down one ofHomestake's vertical shafts. The neutrons,he said will be allowed to fall down to atleast 1 kilometer (3,000 feet). On this longway that will take neutrons only about onesecond, neutrons will move in a vacuumand have to be shielded against the Earth'smagnetic field. Under these conditionswith vast number's of neutrons there willbe a chance that one neutron will be con-verted to anti-neutron. This will be imme-diately detected.

"In the early universe there was a veryhigh temperature," he said. "At this hightemperature matter to anti-matter and anti-matter to matter conversion processes couldbe accelerated and at present low tempera-

tures in the universe they are very rare andneed special conditions for observation."

Unlike most experiments, which willbe conducted on a horizontal workingsurface at a specific level of the mine,Kamyshkov said his experiment isunique because he needs a straight verti-cal shaft that leads down 3,000 feet.That's why Homestake is ideal becauseits depth and its shafts are readily avail-able for dropping particles into the mine.

While his research will not have anyimmediate effects beyond satisfying sci-entific minds and the general public'scuriosity about the early workings of theuniverse, just having that understandingalone could yield some significanteffects in the future, Kamyshkov said."As you know scientific experiments inphysics are always very much promotingtechnology and development of newthings," he said. "Let's take one example,X-rays at some point about 100 yearsago were the frontier of high-energyphysics. Now it is in every clinic, even inunderdeveloped countries and we do notthink to ask where it came from. There isa very important aspect that the connec-tion between the present-day frontiertechnology and future benefits to thesociety is not immediate. You put moneyinto the research and it will not returntomorrow. This situation is like the situ-ation between parents and children.When you pay for your children, yousend them to school; you pay a lot ofmoney for them. You never expect thattomorrow they will pay you back and youwill get some return. You like to do that.

I think the attitude of the general publicto physics should be like the attitude ofparents to children. We do it for thefuture."

But before Kamyshkov starts planninghis research for the DUSEL he said he mustfirst conduct a feasibility study to determinethe best, most cost-effective ways to get itdone. Proposed to be done in cooperationwith Dongming Mei from the University ofSouth Dakota and other collaborators,Kamyshkov said he is still waiting for theNational Science Foundation to approve thenearly $800,000 feasibility study. Duringthe study, Kamyshkov said he will examinesuch things as whether the Homestakeshafts are completely straight and solid, andwhether they move when they are jarred. Hewill also examine the magnetic field that liesunderground along the shaft.

"If there is a little bit of iron somewherein the ground in the shaft area or any othermagnetic material that might create a localincrease of the earth's magnetic field weneed to understand that," he said. "In thisexperiment we will need to shield thatmagnetic field of the earth and any mag-netic anomaly which might potentially bepresent."

While Kamyshkov said his experimentcan ultimately be conducted anywhere thatcontains a vertical shaft leading 3,000 feetunderground, Homestake is ideal becausethe infrastructure is already in place. But,like scientists all over the country, he isanxiously awaiting the NSF's decisionabout the DUSEL site. "If we know forsure that it is Homestake it will help usfocus our efforts considerably," he said.

NeutrinosContinued from Page 22

keep these background events to an absolute mini-mum."

In addition to shielding the detector from the natur-al radioactivity of the earth, Gaitskell said the detec-tor needs to be as far under rock, and as far away fromthe sun as possible to shield the experiment from cos-mic rays. "If you hold your hand out on the surface (ofearth) then about three or four cosmic rays are goingthrough your hand every second," he said. "Theamount of energy that they would deposit would com-pletely mask any chance of us being able to see theenergy deposit by a dark matter particle. If you go tothe 4,850 foot level of Homestake, which is where weare proposing to do the experiments, then if you holdyour hand out there it will take one month for a cos-mic ray to hit your hand."

While Gaitskell said he already has a similar darkmatter particle detector deep beneath a mountain inItaly, he is very anxious to build a larger one closerto home in Lead, where he knows he and his collab-oration will be welcomed with open arms. "Obvi-ously we're extremely excited at the prospect ofbeing able to do science in Homestake," he said."The enthusiasm that we have received from every-body in not only the astrophysics but in the manyareas of science that will benefit from the (deepunderground science and engineering laboratory)DUSEL site is extremely pleasing. It's a tremendousopportunity. It's a big decision for the National Sci-ence Foundation but we hope that there will be apositive outcome. We're very ready to come do anexperiment."

Continued from Page 21More than one way


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