Labour market: EU versus Japan Bebjaková Silvia Guttmannová Lívia Chupáčová Veronika Szabóová Silvia Valdner Martin.

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Bebjaková SilviaGuttmannová LíviaChupáčová VeronikaSzabóová SilviaValdner Martin

Labour market: EU versus Japan

EU & Japan

Population of 500 million less than 10%

of the world's population

BUT

EU and Japan comprise, over 40% of its GDP.

Labour market: EU versus Japan

GDP per capita

GDP per capita

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004  

Japan 26027 26632 27196 280162966

4 

EU15 24885 25939 26995 276702874

1 

Labour market: EU versus Japan

What are the starting points?

• Labour force• Educational attainment• Gender gap• Job tenure

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Gender gap

• No equality• Gender gap index(115 countries):

– Nordic countries: BENCHMARK-rank 1

– Japan: rank 79

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Job tenure

The frequency of changing jobs:

• Europe is around 10.6 years

• 10.9 years in Japan

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Mobility

•Job-to-job mobility•Geographical mobility•Cross-border workers•Foreign language learning•Public attitudes to mobility

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Unemployment definition

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Unemployment comparison

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Unemployment in numbers

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Part-time workers

• For both: number of part-time workers is increasing, majority create women

• Nowadays: EU - 18% of workers, Japan – 24% 35% of employed women in EU, 40% in Japan

• EU-big differences-Greece 4%, Netherlands 56%

• Discussed in EU: labour market flexibility

Conclusion for both countries: employers have the same reasons, non-regular staff will continue to increase in the future

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Part-time workers

Changes in the number and percentage of part-time workers in Japan

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Working hours

• Japan 1947-1988: 48hours/week, 1988-now: 40 hours annualy1954 hours + 171 hours overtime• EU average 38,6 hours, varies from 35 to 40 hours

annually average 1740 hours + overtime info N/A

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Holidays

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Holidays

• Japan 20 days annual paid leave• EU average 26 days

CONSUMED:Japan 8,5 days

EU nearly 26 days

Overtime + 8 days of holidays yearly leads to

K A R O S H I

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Inflow of foreign workers

Categories that gained the work permission in Japan in the year 2005

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Gross statutory minimum wages

($ per hour)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12 2000

2005

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Average tax rates for full-time workers at different wage

levels (2005)

minimum

wage

average

wage  

minimum

wage

average

wage

Austria   32.7% Italy   27.3%

Belgium 18.8% 41.9% Japan 14.0% 18.5%

Czech Republic 19.3% 24.1% Luxembourg 15.7% 27.3%

Denmark   40.8% Netherlands 23.8% 32.5%

Finland   31.3% Poland 26.7% 31.9%

France 17.6% 29.0% Portugal 11.0% 21.2%

Germany   42.5% Slovak Republic 13.4% 22.1%

Greece 16.0% 23.7% Spain 6.4% 20.2%

Hungary 13.5% 33.7% Sweden   31.3%

Ireland 3.8% 15.3% United Kingdom 11.0% 26.6%

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Relations

• Japan– Labour unions– Consultation systems– Shunto– Individual labour disputes

• Slovakia– Confederation of Trade Unions

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Employment Measures for Older People

JAPAN• Securing Employment for Persons Up

to Age 65 • Assisting and Promoting the

Reemployment of Middle-Aged and Older Workers

• Promoting Diverse Work and Social Participation for the Elderly

Labour market: EU versus Japan

Employment Measures for Persons with Disabilities

• Japan– Legally mandated quota:– Private corporations: 1.8%– Special government corporations: 2.1%– National and local public corporations: 2.1%– Designated school boards: 2.0% – Levies and grants

• Slovakia– 3.2% for those with 20 or more employees– 3 possibilities

Thank you for attention!

Labour market:

vs.