Laboratory Projects 3 - Flow in Valves

8/17/2019 Laboratory Projects 3 - Flow in Valves

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CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz – ID 9568640

Petroleum Engineering Laboratory Report

NAME: Maximiano Kanda Ferraz

GROUP NUMBER: A9

EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 4 - Flow Characteristics of Valves

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 03/03/2015

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION: 06/03/2015

MARK/10 (for demonstrator use):


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SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 3

1.1 Learning Outcome ........................................................................... 3

1.2 Theory .............................................................................................. 3

1.3 Relevance ......................................................................................... 5

2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK........................................................................... 6

2.1 System Used ..................................................................................... 6

2.2 Equipment and Procedure .............................................................. 6

2.3 Hazards ............................................................................................ 7

2.4 Results .............................................................................................. 7

3

CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................... 10

4 DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................... 11

5 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................... 11

6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 11


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1. INTRODUCTION

In this section, a brief overview of the experiment is given, such as learning outcomes,

objective, and the theory behind it.

1.1 Learning Outcome

The main learning outcomes of the Flow and valve characteristics experiment are the

application of different types of valves in a pipeline and observe how they behave in terms

of fluid flow through restrictions of area and in relation to degree of opening. Sources of

errors and pressure losses can also be identified.

1.2 Theory

The Globe valve is bigger, has a correct direction of flow due to optimal internal

passageway and can better control the flow than the Gate valve, as show in Figure 1.

Figure 1 – Comparison between Globe valve and Gate valve. Source: [2]

The flange present at the pipeline (component of jointing pipes) is of the Weld-Neck type

and can resist high pressure and temperatures. They fit the inside diameter of the pipe, so


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there isn’t any restriction of flow, preventing turbulence and erosion. Figure 2 show the

types of flanges.

Figure 3 – Venturi Effect. Source: [9]

The orifice plate is a plastic plate that restricts the cross sectional area of flow through the

pipeline abruptally, resulting in a more turbulent flow. The Venturi meter is more expensive, because the gradual reduction of area provides a less turbulent flow. The Venturi effect that

occurs in the Venturi meter is shown in Figure 2, where the fluid velocity increases, as the

area decreases and that results in a pressure drop, noted in the manometer.

Figure 3 – Venturi Effect. Source: [5]

The theory of the experiment consists basically of the application of the Bernoulli

Equation to calculate that pressure drop, as shown in the equation below:

2 +gz+

= Constant Source: [6]

Igualating the equation for the 2 points of the Venturi meter:


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2 +gz+

=

2 +gz+

− = 2 − With the units in the international system of the variables being:

Q: Flow rate (m3 . s

-1)

g: Gravity (m . s-2)

v1: Velocity before entering Venturi meter (slower) (m . s-1)

v2: Velocity after entering Venturi meter (faster) (m . s-1)

P1: Inlet Pressure (Pa) P1: Outlet Pressure (Pa)

ρ: Density of air (kg/m³)

z: Elevation (m)

The Darcy-Weisbach equation of head loss is given by:

∆ =

2

∆ = ²2 Source: [4]

∆: Head loss due to friction (m) L: Length of the pipe (m)

D: Diameter of the pipe (m)

U: Average flow velocityor volumetric flow rate per unit cross-sectional area (m/s)

: Darcy friction coefficient

1.3 Relevance

The relevance of the Flow and valve characteristics experiment is big to the

petroleum engineering field of work, as oil and gas reservoirs are elevated and produced

through a system of pipelines and valves. An example is the Christmas tree, a complex

equipment that contains Valves, connections and installed adapters above the well head in

order to control the flow of fluids to the surface, in which friction losses and Venturi effects

occurs.


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2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

This section describes the materials, apparatus and systems used, as well as the

procedures made for the successful completion of the experiment.

2.1 System Used

The experiment contains several equipments and instruments:

Air Blower

Gaskets

Pipeline

Globe Valve

Gate Valve

Manometer

Ruler

Wrench

Flanges

Protractor

2.2 Equipments and Procedures

Below, is a list of the procedures of the experiment:

I. First, the Gate Valve is put in the correct position.

II. Turn the Air blower on.III. Starting with the valve closed, measure the mark on the manometer for the inlet and

outlet pressure.

IV. Rotate the valve 90º with the help of the protractor and get the data from the manometer.

V. Repeat Step IV until the valve is completely open.

VI. Repeat steps III to V (Trial 2).

VII. Turn the air blower off.

VIII. Replace the Gate valve for the globe valve (using the wrench, and positioning the

gasket to prevent leakage).


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IX. Repeat steps II to VI for the Globe valve.

X. Turn the Air blower off.

2.2 Hazards

The hazards of the experiment are not really hazards, but precautions to be taken, such as:

Correct handling of the materials (valves, screws)

2.3 Results

The results obtained are displayed on the tables 1 to 4 and Figure 4. The first two

columns of each table shown the opening of the valve in degrees and %. The third andfourth are the heights measured in the manometer, in centimeters. For Tables 1 and 2, there

was a trial 2. The subsequent columns are respectively, the mean ΔH (subtraction of the

outlet height from the inlet), the differential pressure and the calculated flowrates, with the

last column being the relation of Q/Qmax in percentage. The calculations of the pressure

obtained by the manometer is present in the next section (3. CALCULATIONS).

Table 1 - Measured Differential Pressure with Gate Valve through Venturi Meter

Trial 2 Trial 3

Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height Inlet Height Outlet Height

Mean

ΔH ΔP Q Q/Qmax

[Degrees] % [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [mm] [Pa]

~root

ΔH %

0 0,0 37,8 37,8 37,8 37,8 0,0 0,000 0,0000 0,0000

90 4,8 37,8 37,8 37,8 38,0 0,1 0,012 0,3162 7,6472

180 9,7 37,6 38,0 37,5 38,2 0,6 0,065 0,7416 17,9343

270 14,5 37,1 38,6 36,8 38,9 1,8 0,213 1,3416 32,4444

360 19,4 35,8 39,9 35,5 40,3 4,5 0,526 2,1095 51,0133

450 24,2 34,3 41,5 34,4 41,8 7,3 0,862 2,7019 65,3379

540 29,0 33,2 42,6 33,5 42,5 9,2 1,087 3,0332 73,3495

630 33,9 32,4 43,5 32,5 43,4 11,0 1,299 3,3166 80,2047

720 38,7 31,7 44,3 31,8 44,2 12,5 1,476 3,5355 85,4985

810 43,5 31,3 44,6 31,4 44,5 13,2 1,559 3,6332 87,8598

900 48,4 31,0 44,9 31,0 44,9 13,9 1,642 3,7283 90,1594

990 53,2 30,7 45,3 30,6 45,2 14,6 1,724 3,8210 92,4017

1080 58,1 30,4 45,5 30,4 45,5 15,1 1,783 3,8859 93,9706

1170 62,9 30,1 45,8 30,1 45,8 15,7 1,854 3,9623 95,8194

1260 67,7 29,9 46,0 29,9 46,0 16,1 1,902 4,0125 97,0323

1350 72,6 29,8 46,1 29,8 46,1 16,3 1,925 4,0373 97,63311440 77,4 29,6 46,3 29,8 46,2 16,6 1,955 4,0682 98,3790


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1530 82,3 29,5 46,4 29,6 46,4 16,9 1,990 4,1049 99,2667

1620 87,1 29,5 46,4 29,5 46,4 16,9 1,996 4,1110 99,4138

1710 91,9 29,4 46,5 29,5 46,5 17,1 2,014 4,1292 100,0000

1800 96,8 29,4 46,5 29,4 46,5 17,1 2,020 4,1352 100,0000

1860 100,0 29,4 46,5 29,4 46,5 17,1 2,020 4,1352 100,0000

Table 2 - Measured Differential Pressure with Globe Valve through Venturi Meter

Trial 2 Trial 3

Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height Inlet Height Outlet Height

Mean

ΔH ΔP Q Q/Qmax

[Degrees] % [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [mm] [Pa]

~root

ΔH %

0 0,0 37,8 37,8 37,8 37,8 0,00 0,000 0,0000 0,0000

90 4,8 37,5 38,3 37,5 38,3 0,80 0,094 0,8944 27,2168

180 9,7 36,0 39,7 35,9 39,8 3,80 0,449 1,9494 59,3177

270 14,5 34,6 41,2 34,5 41,2 6,65 0,785 2,5788 78,4700

360 19,4 34,3 41,5 34,3 41,5 7,20 0,850 2,6833 81,6505

450 24,2 33,9 41,9 33,7 42,0 8,15 0,963 2,8548 86,8704

540 29,0 33,4 42,4 33,4 42,4 9,00 1,063 3,0000 91,2881

630 33,9 33,2 42,7 33,2 42,6 9,45 1,116 3,0741 93,5424

720 38,7 33,1 42,8 33,0 42,8 9,75 1,152 3,1225 95,0156

810 43,5 33,0 42,9 32,9 42,9 9,95 1,175 3,1544 95,9852

900 48,4 32,9 43,0 32,9 43,0 10,10 1,193 3,1780 96,7060

990 53,2 32,8 43,0 32,8 43,0 10,20 1,205 3,1937 97,1836

1080 58,1 32,8 43,0 32,8 43,0 10,20 1,205 3,1937 97,18361170 62,9 32,8 43,0 32,7 43,1 10,30 1,217 3,2094 97,6588

1260 67,7 32,8 43,0 32,7 43,1 10,30 1,217 3,2094 97,6588

1350 72,6 32,7 43,1 32,7 43,1 10,40 1,228 3,2249 98,1317

1440 77,4 32,7 43,1 32,7 43,1 10,40 1,228 3,2249 98,1317

1530 82,3 32,6 43,2 32,6 43,2 10,60 1,252 3,2558 99,0708

1620 87,1 32,6 43,2 32,6 43,2 10,60 1,252 3,2558 99,0708

1710 91,9 32,6 43,2 32,6 43,2 10,60 1,252 3,2558 99,0708

1800 96,8 32,6 43,3 32,6 43,3 10,70 1,264 3,2711 99,5370

1860 100,0 32,5 43,3 32,6 43,3 10,75 1,270 3,2787 100,0000

Table 3 - Measured Differential Pressure with Gate Valve through Orifice Plate

Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height Mean ΔH ΔP Q Q/Qmax

[Degrees] % [cm] [cm] [mm] [Pa] ~root ΔH %

0 0,0 34,1 34,1 0,0 0,000 0,0000 0,0000

90 6,3 34,1 34,2 0,2 0,018 0,3873 10,3882

180 12,5 33,9 34,5 0,6 0,071 0,7746 20,7763

270 18,8 33,1 35,2 2,1 0,248 1,4491 38,8689360 25,0 32,1 36,3 4,2 0,496 2,0494 54,9689


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450 31,3 31,1 37,4 6,3 0,744 2,5100 67,3229

540 37,5 30,3 38,3 8,0 0,945 2,8284 75,8643

630 43,8 29,5 39,1 9,6 1,134 3,0984 83,1052

720 50,0 29,0 39,7 10,7 1,264 3,2711 87,7374

810 56,3 28,6 40,1 11,5 1,358 3,3912 90,9581900 62,5 28,2 40,5 12,3 1,453 3,5071 94,0687

990 68,8 28,0 40,7 12,7 1,500 3,5637 95,5860

1080 75,0 27,8 40,9 13,1 1,547 3,6194 97,0797

1170 81,3 27,7 41,1 13,4 1,583 3,6606 98,1850

1260 87,5 27,5 41,2 13,7 1,618 3,7014 99,2780

1350 93,8 27,4 41,3 13,9 1,642 3,7283 100,0000

1440 100,0 27,4 41,3 13,9 1,642 3,7283 100,0000

Table 4 - Measured Differential Pressure with Globe Valve through Orifice Plate

Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height Mean ΔH ΔP Q Q/Qmax

[Degrees] % [cm] [cm] [mm] [Pa] ~root ΔH %

0 0,0 34,2 34,2 0,0 0,000 0,0000 0,0000

90 9,1 33,4 35,0 1,6 0,189 1,2649 42,6401

180 18,2 32,1 36,1 4,0 0,472 2,0000 67,4200

270 27,3 31,8 36,7 4,9 0,579 2,2136 74,6203

360 36,4 31,1 37,4 6,3 0,744 2,5100 84,6114

450 45,5 30,6 37,9 7,3 0,862 2,7019 91,0794

540 54,5 30,3 38,2 7,9 0,933 2,8107 94,7485

630 63,6 30,2 38,4 8,2 0,969 2,8636 96,5307

720 72,7 30,0 38,6 8,6 1,016 2,9326 98,8571

810 81,8 29,9 38,7 8,8 1,039 2,9665 100,0000

900 90,9 29,9 38,7 8,8 1,039 2,9665 100,0000

990 100,0 29,9 38,7 8,8 1,039 2,9665 100,0000

Figure 4 is the graph of the Percentage of maximum flow rate Vs. Percentage of opening

the valve, for each arrangement (gate valve with venturi meter, globe valve with Venturi

meter, Gate valve with Orifice Plate, Globe Valve with Orifice plate). The arrangements

with orifice plate were made by the other team.

Figure 5 is the graph of behavior of ideal valves. It is possible to observe that the valves

behave like the “Square Root” type valve. With maybe the globe valve with Venturi meter

behaving like a Quick opening valve.


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Figure 4 – Graph of Percentage of Maximum Flow Rate Vs. Percentage of Valve opening

Figure 5 – Ideal Graph of Percentage of Maximum Flow Rate Vs. Percentage of Valve opening

3. CALCULATIONS

The conversion of height to pressure:

= ℎ, = 9.81 , = 20º = 1204 /³

0,0000

10,0000

20,0000

30,0000

40,0000

50,0000

60,0000

70,0000

80,0000

90,0000

100,0000

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0

P e r c e n t a g e o f M a x i m u m F

l o w r a t e

Percentage of Opening of the Valve

Gate Valve-Venturi Meter

Globe Valve-Venturi Meter

Gate Valve-Orifice Plate

Globe Valve-Orifice Plate


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Accumulated error: Considering the error of the manometer being ± 0,0005 m and the error

of the Compass = ± 0,5º

2222

2

c

c

b

b

a

a

Q

Q

²=4² =0.001

( )

= ( )

=0.0001181 4. DISCUSSIONS

The reported petrophysical experiment aimed to determine the behavior of the valves

described. Like any experiment, is subject to measurement errors, errors inherent in

equipments and even human error. However, it was obtained satisfactory and consistent

results with the literature and presented theory.

It is important to note that the Bernoulli’s equation was established under the following

conditions: Incompressible fluid, homogeneous. A way to improve would be to add more

valve types and redo the experiment. Also, redo the experiment, but this time, begin with the

valve open, instead of closed, to confirm the results.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The Venturi effect and the Bernoulli equation are of vital importance to fluid flow. The

different types of valves and its characteristics have to be known to avoid any errors or

hazards when doing an experiment.

6. REFERENCES

[1] Aleem, Hosam, 2015. ‘Class Notes’.

[2] Anish. ‘Globe Valve Used in Ships’. Available at

http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/marine-news/headline/globe-valve-used-on-ships-

design-and-maintenance/ (Accessed: 04/03/2015).

[3] Engineering Toolbox. ‘Density of Air’. Available at: www.engineeringtoolbox.com/


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air-density-specific-weight-d_600.html (Accessed: 04/03/2015).

[4] Engineering Toolbox. ‘Darcy-Weisbach Equation for Pressure and Head Loss’.

Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/darcy-weisbach-equation-d_646.html

(Accessed: 04/03/2015).

[5] Chegg. ‘Venturi Effect’. Available at: http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-

and-answers/venturi-meter-used-measure-flow-speed-fluid-pipe-meter-connected-two-

sections-pipe-fig-14--q1236560(Acessed 05/03/2015)

[6] Nina Shokri. ‘Solid Fluid Systems’, 2014. Handbook.

[7] The University of Manchester, 2015. ‘Petroleum Engineering Laboratory’.

[8] Thomas, J. E. ‘Fundamentos de Engenharia do Petróleo’. Rio de Janeiro, Interciência.

[9] Wermac. ‘Definition and Details of Flanges’. Available at:http://www.wermac.org/flanges/flanges_welding-neck_socket-weld_lap-

joint_screwed_blind.html (Acessed 05/03/2015)

Laboratory Projects 3 - Flow in Valves

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