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Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling & Analysis System Grease Thief Die Extrusion Analex fdM+ Metal Spectroscopy RULER FTIR Analytical Ferrography Rheology Offsite Grease Tests Ferrous Debris Anti-oxidants Analytical Ferrography Patch Microscopy Grease Rheology Metals Spectroscopy Comparative FTIR Grease Consistency
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Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Jul 06, 2018

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Page 1: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling & Analysis System

• Grease Thief Die Extrusion• Analex fdM+• Metal Spectroscopy• RULER• FT‐IR• Analytical Ferrography• Rheology

Offsite Grease Tests

Ferrous Debris

Anti-oxidants

AnalyticalFerrography

Patch Microscopy

Grease Rheology

Metals Spectroscopy

Comparative FTIR

Grease Consistency

Page 2: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Prep for Analysis

• When grease is tested for consistency, it can be extruded onto sample substrates:– IR Card for FTIR– Substrate for weighing and dissolution in RULER vial

– Substrate for weighing and dissolution for spectroscopy; same dissolved grease can be used for Ferrography/MicroPatch

Page 3: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Sample Handling and Preservation

• Sampling Procedures: ASTM Standard Practice D7718

• Use proper PPE • Instrumentation

– Wipe down between runs– Do not reuse Extrusion Dies or Grease Thieves (GT)

Page 4: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Analysis Techniques

Sample is received. fdM+ is run Grease Thief Analyzer is performed and substrate is made

Two strips are used to make a dilution to run RDE/ICP.

One Strip is used for FT-IR.

One Strip is Dissolved in Green RULER solution to run RULER.

Page 5: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Wear Monitoring with the ANALEX fdM+

• Hall effect type sensor to determine the amount of ferrous debris present in the sample. 

• Instrument has calibration standards for Grease Thief.

• The instrument measures the entire sample which is important due to the non‐homogenous nature of grease.

Page 6: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Wear Monitoring Method Comparison• Sample was taken in grease sampler• Extruded sample was weighed and dissolved for direct reading ferrography

• Results were normalized to 0.1 gram grease• Full sampler analyzed by ferrous density instrument (Hall effect sensor) for ppm Fe result

• Quantity of grease in sampler weighed and tared, and result in ppm normalized to 1.0 gram grease

Method Average Standard Deviation

Relative Standard Deviation

fdM+ 277 ppm 7 2.53DR- 205 46 22.44RDE 57 ppm 16 28.07

Method Average Standard Deviation

Relative Standard Deviation

fdM+ 277 ppm 7 2.53DR- 205 46 22.44RDE 57 ppm 16 28.07

Page 7: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Grease Thief Die Extrusion Test

• This instrument detects changes in the consistency of a grease.

• It is sensitive to the presence of hard particles, seen as spikes in the data, and hardened chunks of grease, seen as broad peaks in the graph.

• This test only requires one gram of grease. • Grease Thief Index (GTI) calculates the deviation in 

percent of the force of the sample compared to that of the baseline. A GTI of 100 shows a perfect match to the baseline.

Page 8: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Die extrusion and sample preparation

• Grease extruded through die to create ribbon on substrate• Load profile at varying speeds developed for consistency evaluation• Sample prepared for subsequent analyses

Page 9: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Predicted Response Graph• Average stable load value 

after speed change related to NLGI grade, or penetration values

• Rapid speed changes used to leverage non‐Newtonian response

• Critical areas expected immediately after speed change; possible data rich regions to characterize rheology, oil shear, “dryness”, etc.

Page 10: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Grease Thief Analysis ProfilesNormal Profile

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

272 372 472 572 672 772 872

Forc

e (g

ram

s)

Sample Baseline

GTI = 89

Hardened Sample

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

320 420 520 620 720 820

Forc

e (g

ram

s)

sample baseline

GTI = 183

Sample with Hard Particles

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

300 400 500 600 700 800

Forc

e (g

ram

s)

Sample Baseline

GTI = 76

Softened Grease

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

272 372 472 572 672 772

Forc

e (g

ram

s)

Sample Baseline

GTI = 31

Page 11: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Actual Load Response Graphs

Page 12: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Consistency Testing

Page 13: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Standard Laboratory Tests• FT‐IR – Takes a fingerprint of the grease. Helps determine if mixing is present. It is also used to determine the presence and origin of unknown contaminants and oxidation.

• RULER – Measures the amount of anti‐oxidant remaining in the grease.

• Metal Spectroscopy – RDE/ICP/XRF determines the wear metals, additive metals and thickener metals used in the grease formulation. This test also aids in the detecting mixing of greases.

• Optical Spectroscopy – Uses visual color absorbance to evaluate degradation and potential mixing.

Page 14: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

FTIR Analysis

Page 15: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Prep for Analysis

Page 16: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Linear Sweep Voltammetry (RULER) analysis for grease

• Preparation of thin‐film substrate streamlines and standardizes analysis

• Additive levels normalized to mass of grease

Page 17: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Linear Sweep Voltammetry• Samples from similar coal 

crushers, same time in service• Both have an adequate 

remaining anti‐oxidant level to protect grease from oxidation

• Lower sample shows more rapid degradation of anti‐oxidants, due to higher temperatures, contaminants, or other oxidation stressors.

• Differences in time of service or relubrication quantities or effectiveness could also affect anti‐oxidant amount

Page 18: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Optical Spectroscopy Cell

Page 19: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

In‐Service Spectrum 

0.0000

0.1000

0.2000

0.3000

0.4000

0.5000

0.6000

400

413

426

439

452

465

478

491

504

517

530

543

556

569

582

595

608

621

634

647

660

673

686

699

New Fluid in‐service Fluid

Mobilith SHC 220

Page 20: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

50:50 Mixture

Page 21: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

New Lubricant to End of Life

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.50

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Wavelength (nm)

Transm

ission

New Fluid

In-Service Fluid

End of Life Fluid

New: Mobil XHP 222 S, In-service: Used Mobil XHP 222, EOT: Used Unirex N2 (both were the same at end of life).

Page 22: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Chemometric Techniques

• Evaluate particulate contamination of new and in‐service greases

• Coal dust, other known and common contaminants• Establishing contaminant level targets

Page 23: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Carbon Residue Experiment• Carbon residue used to make a 1% by mass mixture.

• Dilutions made to prepare 9 additional samples.

• Extruded samples onto substrates.

• Analyzed samples with the i‐Lab using the optical spectroscopy box.

y = 564.03x + 56.949R² = 0.969

y = -640.87x + 58.179R² = 0.9534

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0.00% 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00%

Carbon Residue (percent mass)

CIE and L* Vs. % Carbon Residue

CIE ∆E L*

Page 24: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Carbon Residue ExperimentCarbon Residue Experiment 2 Visual Spectra Comparison

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

wavelength (nm)

Tran

smitt

ance

1.00% 0.90% 0.80% 0.70% 0.60% 0.50% 0.40%0.30% 0.20% 0.10% 0.00%

Page 25: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Advanced Laboratory Testing

• Rheometric Analysis is a newer technique that utilizes a rheometer to analyze the physical properties of a grease.  These properties are –– Resistance to flow (pumpability)

– Consistency– Recoverable Compliance (tunneling)

• Analytical Ferrographymicroscopic technique used in oil and grease analysis. It is used to –– Discover the origins of the wear.

– The size of the particles.– Detect signs of acid corrosion. 

Page 26: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Rheometer testing

• Work by Nolan and Sivik to evaluate grease properties with rheometer

• Bryan Johnson published method for correlating penetration to rheometer

• German DIN draft method• Yield stress point and equilibrium recoverable compliance 

• Measuring flow point and elastic recoil

Page 27: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Rheometer Consistency Testing

Page 28: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Elasticity or Recoverable Compliance

Page 29: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Consistency Testing

Page 30: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

New fresh grease   G’= 18,260Pa

Page 31: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Suspected Mixture   G’=10,510Pa

G’ is 57% of new

Page 32: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Ferrographic and Micro‐Patch inspections

Page 33: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Ferrographic and Micro‐Patch inspections

• Analytical ferrography more difficult than oil; may require special “fixer” mixtures

• Patch can be clouded by residual grease particles, but can be more effective at finding non‐ferrous 

Page 34: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Wind Turbine grease sampling and analysis

• 2‐year project conducted with DONG Energy and Vattenfall, two largest offshore wind operators in the world

• Dr. Kim Esbensen, internationally recognized expert in Theory of Sampling (TOS), Denmark

• Rich Wurzbach, MRG Labs, inventor of Grease Thief• Systematic evaluation of grease heterogeneity, sampling methodology, and analysis validity and repeatability for wind turbine main bearings in on‐shore and off‐shore applications

• Results published at OilDoc, LUBMAT, and AWEA

Page 35: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

•Fundamental Sampling Principle–Using the Grease Thief

•Representative sampling–Thorough characterization of the heterogeneity of grease in main bearings

Page 36: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Test parameters of Grease

•For the heterogeneity characterization of grease in main bearings of wind turbines the following parameters were used:

–Consistency and flow characteristics–Ferromagnetic iron (Hall‐effect sensor)–Wear metals–Particle characterization (size & distribution)–Residual oil in grease–Antioxidants

Page 37: Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling ...greasethief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Grease-Analysis-Slides.pdf · Laboratory Grease Analysis with Grease Thief Sampling

Heterogeneity characterization –Ferromagnetic iron

• Sampling of grease while draining the main bearing through the drain plug

• 27 increments collected (each sample approximately 20 grams)

On site sampling

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Sample no

Iron

(FdM

Plu

s)