Labor Productivity in Thailand Rice Farming: A Typical Farm Approach Somporn Isvilanonda and Piyatat Pananurak Knowledge Network Institute of Thailand South East Asian agri benchmark Rice Network Workshop at the Liberty Central Hotel - Hồ Chí Minh/Vietnam December 9-12, 2013
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Labor Productivity in Thailand Rice Farming: A Typical Farm Approach
Somporn Isvilanonda and Piyatat Pananurak
Knowledge Network Institute of Thailand
South East Asian agri benchmark Rice Network Workshop at the Liberty Central Hotel - Hồ Chí Minh/Vietnam
December 9-12, 2013
OUTLINE
2. Trends in Rice Labor Force and Aging Farmers
1. Development in Rice Cropping Intensity and Productivity Improvement
4. Concepts in Measuring Rice Labor Productivity
5. Conclusion and Suggestions
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3. Driving Force Toward Farm Mechanization Adoption and Progress in Machinery Using
From 1967 to 2012, rice production increased nearly 4 times. The contribution to this improvement was a result of a widen MVs adoption and rice cropping intensification, mostly in irrigated areas.
Planted area(million ha) Production(million ton) Ave.Yield Year wet
Source: Calculated from OAE (Office of Agricultural Economics) data
An essential driving force was from an increasing importance of industrial and service sectors. A continuous high growth rate in non-farm sector for more than the past few decades has essentially created farm labor out-migration to cities and urban areas.
2.1 Declining Trend in Rice Labor Force
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Year Country Central region Northeast region Age of Household Head (years)
1988 49.7 55.3 44.2 2009 62.5 62.2 62.8
Size of HH 1988 5.0 4.9 5.1
2009 4.3 3.8 4.8
Source: Ananchanok S. (2012)
2.2 Aging Farmers and Shrinking Farm HH Size
In the past two decades, farm household has the age of HH head increasing significantly from 50 to 63 years.
But, the HH size significantly declined from 5.0 to 4.3 person.
Nearly 71% of the HH owned power tiller since the price is not expensive . A price of 8-10 HW of power tiller is around 2,000 US$.
Year Power tiller 4-whele tractor Water pump with engine
Combined harvester
1,000 machine
1991 1/ 854.28 65.01 na na
1995 1/ 1,515.69 148.84 na 2.50
1998 2/ 1,967.08 142.84 1,267.67 6.08
2003 2/ 2,091.45 204.54 1,008.12 24.85
2008 2/ 2,644.98 287.23 1,430.98 41.14
Note: 1/ TRF (1998) “Opportunity and Option of Machinery Industry Under Free Trade Policy” 2/Office of Industrial Economic (2011) “Agricultural Machinery, inistry of Industry
For combined harvester and tractor, contractors provided services for plowing and harvesting at a relatively cheaper cost than using the labor. A harvesting service cost is about 111 US$ per ha.
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3. Driving Force Toward Farm Mechanization Adoption and Progress in Machinery Using(2)
Source: TDRI (2013)
4. Concepts in Measuring Rice Labor Productivity(1)
4.1 A General Approach
Labor productivity is measured by using production divided by rice labor force.
It is found a disparity between using a broader concept and a farm record concept to measuring labor productivity in rice farming. A development of measuring technique for measuring labor productivity is necessary.
Labor productivity in rice farming seemed to improve due to a substitution of machinery to labor in farming activities.
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Small farm holds could access to relatively high cost of machinery use through contractor services at a reasonable rate.
It is indicated that ,by using a typical farm approach, a labor day in rice farming could produce 0.78 ton of rice.
For using combined harvester, its machine hour could produce 2.5 ton of rice.
A large disparity was also found between using a general concept and a typical farm concept in measuring labor productivity.
5. Conclusion and Suggestions (2)
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For improving labor productivity, it is suggested that:
3. Land consolidation might be considered as an another option for providing advantage of mechanization using.
1. Enhancing farm management skill for farmers, particularly younger family members, are necessary.
2. Labor saving technology investment and development as well as yield improvement technology are important, particularly for seedling, weeding and harvesting activities.