Labor and Unions During Industrialization. Activity: Observe the following photographs and identify the different impacts industrialization on labor.

Labor and UnionsDuring Industrialization

ActivityActivity: Observe the following photographs : Observe the following photographs and identify the different impacts industrialization and identify the different impacts industrialization on labor. While viewing each photograph think on labor. While viewing each photograph think about the following:about the following:

Who is doing the work?Who is doing the work? What are the hazards?What are the hazards? What type of work are they doing? Would they What type of work are they doing? Would they

need training? (skilled vs. unskilled)need training? (skilled vs. unskilled) Think about these questions when you are Think about these questions when you are

looking at the pictures!looking at the pictures! What was it like to live during this time period?What was it like to live during this time period?

Working Conditions- What do Working Conditions- What do you see?you see?

Every year approximately 200 miners per mine died. Here is an Every year approximately 200 miners per mine died. Here is an example of a cemetery where the industry that may have put them example of a cemetery where the industry that may have put them

there in the background. there in the background.

A group of miners pose for a picture……. 2000 feet underground!!!!! That is A group of miners pose for a picture……. 2000 feet underground!!!!! That is almost ½ of a mile!almost ½ of a mile!

3 miners waiting to use the primitive elevator to 3 miners waiting to use the primitive elevator to lower them into the mining shaft for a days work!lower them into the mining shaft for a days work!

Working Conditions- What did you see?Working Conditions- What did you see?

Record your findings on your worksheet!Record your findings on your worksheet!

Women and Children in the Workplace – What do you see?

How is Big Business treating its workers according to the picture?How is Big Business treating its workers according to the picture?

Children stand on the machine while it is Children stand on the machine while it is in motion!!!!in motion!!!!

Here is a Here is a SIX SIX year old girl working in a cotton millyear old girl working in a cotton mill

Look Look carefully, what is missing?carefully, what is missing?

Daydreaming……. What is she thinking about?Daydreaming……. What is she thinking about?

What occupational (job) hazards can you find in this picture?What occupational (job) hazards can you find in this picture?

A candle would be placed into his hat to provide light while working in the mines!

The taller boy standing to the right oversees the breaker boys The taller boy standing to the right oversees the breaker boys who separate the coal from the stones during mining. The who separate the coal from the stones during mining. The

machine used is moving quickly and they are not allowed to machine used is moving quickly and they are not allowed to wear gloves! Why might this be dangerous?wear gloves! Why might this be dangerous?

Women in the WorkplaceWomen in the Workplace

Mom and children working Mom and children working together in the seafood together in the seafood

industry!industry!

Women sewing in a garment Women sewing in a garment factory.factory.

Women canning fruits in order to Women canning fruits in order to preserve them!preserve them!

Women in a garment factoryWomen in a garment factory

Women and Children in the Women and Children in the Workplace – What did you Workplace – What did you

see?see?

Record your findings on your worksheetRecord your findings on your worksheet

Assembly Line- What do you Assembly Line- What do you see? see?

A computer generated model of the conveyor line used to move A computer generated model of the conveyor line used to move products past workers so that they could do the same job over and over products past workers so that they could do the same job over and over

again.again.

Workers put spokes on the Workers put spokes on the wheels of a future car.wheels of a future car.

Finished Product!- A car roles Finished Product!- A car roles off of the end of an assembly off of the end of an assembly

line!line!

Assembly Line- What did you Assembly Line- What did you see?see?

Record your findings on your worksheetRecord your findings on your worksheet

Urbanization, Growth of Urbanization, Growth of Cities and Living Conditions- Cities and Living Conditions-

What do you see?What do you see?

Tenement- House Slums- very crowded housing for workers and families Tenement- House Slums- very crowded housing for workers and families during industrialization. Cities were covered with this kind of housing! during industrialization. Cities were covered with this kind of housing!

Inside a tenement house!Inside a tenement house!

Another view of a tenement Another view of a tenement housing complex!housing complex!

Inside a tenement homeInside a tenement home

Testimonies of Living Testimonies of Living and Working and Working ConditionsConditions

Read the quotes about living and Read the quotes about living and working conditions during the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution and fill in Industrial Revolution and fill in

the worksheet the worksheet

Quote to support child labor taken from a book written by Ralph Mather in 1780 on Richard Arkwright:

► "Arkwright's machines require so few hands, and those only children, with the assistance of an overlooker. A child can produce as much as would, and did upon an average, employ ten grown up persons. Jennies for spinning with one hundred or two hundred spindles, or more, going all at once, and requiring but one person to manage them. Within the space of ten years, from being a poor man worth £5, Richard Arkwright has purchased an estate of £20,000; while thousands of women, when they can get work, must make a long day to card, spin, and reel 5040 yards of cotton, and for this they have four-pence or five-pence and no more."

Quote from John Fielden, a textile owner who opposed child labor:

"At a meeting in Manchester a man claimed that a child in one mill walked twenty-four miles a day. I was surprised by this statement, therefore, when I went home, I went into my own factory, and with a clock beside me, I watched a child at her work, and having watched her for some time, I then calculated the distance she had to go in a day, and to my surprise, I found it to be nothing short of twenty miles."

7 year old boy, coal 7 year old boy, coal minerminer

►"I sit in the dark down in the pit for 12 hours a day. I only see daylight on Sundays when I don't work down the pit. Once I fell asleep and a wagon ran over my leg."

Quote from crippled worker whose livelihood is factory work

►"My joints were like so many rusty hinges, that had laid for years. I had to get up an hour earlier, and, with the broom under one arm as a crutch, and a stick on my hand, walk over the house till I had got my joints in working order."

Quote from Sarah Carpenter who was forced to work when her parents died at

age 8:► "My brother was sent from Bristol workhouse in the

same way as many other children were - cart-loads at a time. My mother did not know where he was for two years. He was taken off in the dead of night without her knowledge, and the parish officers would never tell her where he was."

Quote from crippled worker whose livelihood is factory work

►"My joints were like so many rusty hinges, that had laid for years. I had to get up an hour earlier, and, with the broom under one arm as a crutch, and a stick on my hand, walk over the house till I had got my joints in working order."

Quote from Chimney Sweep Master:

"I have two boys working for me. After work their arms and legs are bleeding so I rub them with salt-water before sending them up another chimney."

Man interviewed in 1849 who had worked in a mill as a child.

"We went to the mill at five in the morning. We worked until dinner time and then to nine or ten at night; on Saturday it could be till eleven and often till twelve at night. We were sent to clean the machinery on the Sunday."

Charles Aberdeen worked in a Manchester cotton factory, written in 1832.

► "The smallest child in the factories were scavengers…they go under the machine, while it is going…it is very dangerous when they first come, but they become used to it."

A quote from a A quote from a doctor about the doctor about the living conditions in living conditions in the slumsthe slums

““Whole streets, Whole streets, unpaved and without unpaved and without drains or main drains or main sewers, are worn into sewers, are worn into deep ruts and holes deep ruts and holes in which water in which water constantly stagnates, constantly stagnates, and are so covered and are so covered with refuse and with refuse and excrement as to be excrement as to be impassable from impassable from depth of mud and depth of mud and intolerable stench.”intolerable stench.”

STOP!!!STOP!!!

►DirectionsDirections: Now look at your : Now look at your observations about how observations about how industrialization impacted labor and industrialization impacted labor and using an example (evidence) from using an example (evidence) from each category answer the question each category answer the question below on your worksheet:below on your worksheet:

►EQ: How did Industrialization EQ: How did Industrialization impact labor in the United States?impact labor in the United States?

NEXT STEPS!NEXT STEPS!

►ON YOUR WORKSHEET PLEASE DO ON YOUR WORKSHEET PLEASE DO THE FOLLOWING:THE FOLLOWING:

►Prediction: Prediction: Now predict what needs Now predict what needs to be done to solve the problems to be done to solve the problems created by industrialization.created by industrialization.

What actually happens?What actually happens?

LABOR MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED LABOR MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES TAKES PLACE!!!STATES TAKES PLACE!!!

Haymarket Square Chicago 1886Haymarket Square Chicago 1886= workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine

Company struck for an 8 hour day (They wanted a Company struck for an 8 hour day (They wanted a reduction in the amount of hours they worked in a reduction in the amount of hours they worked in a given day). However, the Knights of Labor (union) given day). However, the Knights of Labor (union) did not support their actions.did not support their actions.

= police came - four strikers killed and several police came - four strikers killed and several wounded.wounded.

= next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists spoke up against police & treatment of workers.spoke up against police & treatment of workers.

= Thousands protest the killings and during the rally Thousands protest the killings and during the rally the police break up the meeting - someone threw a the police break up the meeting - someone threw a bomb at police - 7 police die. In response the police bomb at police - 7 police die. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured.die with another 50 injured.

Result: Anti-Labor feelings sweep the nation and membership in the Knights of Labor Union fell drastically!

Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot

Haymarket Square prior to the demonstration as protestors being to rally.

Police respond to the protestors and a bomb goes off… The result-. In . In response the police spray response the police spray the crowd with bullets and the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with 10 more workers die with another 50 injured.another 50 injured.

The American Federation of Labor The American Federation of Labor (AFL)(AFL)

= founded by Samuel Gompersfounded by Samuel Gompers= made up of skilled workers who had made up of skilled workers who had

belonged to national trade unionsbelonged to national trade unions- gain better working conditions gain better working conditions - higher pay & shorter hourshigher pay & shorter hours- favored the use of strikesfavored the use of strikes- 1900 AFL = leading union in the US1900 AFL = leading union in the US

THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 OF 1877

The great Railroad The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when on July 16, when railroad workers for railroad workers for the Baltimore and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike a spontaneous strike after yet another after yet another wage cut. After wage cut. After President Rutherford President Rutherford Hayes sent federal Hayes sent federal troops to West troops to West Virginia to save the Virginia to save the nation from nation from “insurrection,” the “insurrection,” the strike spread across strike spread across the nation. the nation.

A picture of burned A picture of burned railroad cars during railroad cars during the mass strikethe mass strike

Pullman Strike: Pullman Strike:

►National Guard National Guard fires on Pullman fires on Pullman strikers, from strikers, from Harper's WeeklyHarper's Weekly (1894) (1894)

Owner George Pullman, who hoped to prevent labor discontent, but he was not willing to grant high wages. Pullman housed his workers in a company town. Instead of living in tenements like other industrial workers of the day, Pullman workers lived in attractive company-owned houses, with indoor plumbing, gas, and sewers.However, workers for Pullman lived in a "company town" where everything was owned by the corporation, including their housing and local store. The Pullman Company controlled every aspect of their lives, and practiced "debt slavery" Money owed was automatically deducted from workers' paychecks and frequently workers would never see their earnings at all. The workers children were responsible for the debt if the parents didn’t pay it off.

Pullman Strike continued:Pullman Strike continued:

► During the major economic downturn of the early 1890s, George During the major economic downturn of the early 1890s, George Pullman cut wages without reducing the workers’ rent and other Pullman cut wages without reducing the workers’ rent and other expenses. Discontented workers decided to stage a strike.expenses. Discontented workers decided to stage a strike.

► The strike effectively shut down production in the Pullman factories The strike effectively shut down production in the Pullman factories and led to a lockout.and led to a lockout.

► The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops ► President Grover Cleveland ordered the troops be sent in on the President Grover Cleveland ordered the troops be sent in on the

basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail. basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail. ► Federal Judge in Chicago issued an injunction against the strikers Federal Judge in Chicago issued an injunction against the strikers

ordering them to stop striking.ordering them to stop striking.► By the end of the strike 13 strikers were killed and 57 were By the end of the strike 13 strikers were killed and 57 were

wounded. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged wounded. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged

Homestead Steel Strike: Workers went on strike for higher Homestead Steel Strike: Workers went on strike for higher wages. Management refused to negotiate and locked out the wages. Management refused to negotiate and locked out the workers, however the workers broke in and took control of the workers, however the workers broke in and took control of the mill. Management hired the Pinkerton Police, which is a private mill. Management hired the Pinkerton Police, which is a private security force, to take control back. 300 Pinkertons arrived by security force, to take control back. 300 Pinkertons arrived by barge and were greeted by the workers. For 12 hours a battle barge and were greeted by the workers. For 12 hours a battle

ensued. The end result was the Pinkertons surrendered. ensued. The end result was the Pinkertons surrendered.

Carnegie then requested help from the Pennsylvania Carnegie then requested help from the Pennsylvania National Guard to restore control over the strikers National Guard to restore control over the strikers after the Pinkertons had failed. Carnegie replaced after the Pinkertons had failed. Carnegie replaced

1700 strikers with new workers called strike breakers 1700 strikers with new workers called strike breakers (scabs). (scabs).

EvaluationEvaluation: (Giving your point of view on : (Giving your point of view on something and providing reasons why you something and providing reasons why you

think that way!)think that way!)

EQ: What was the role of labor unions in EQ: What was the role of labor unions in trying to solve the problems of workers trying to solve the problems of workers during industrialization and give your during industrialization and give your

point of view of the helpfulness of unions point of view of the helpfulness of unions during industrialization in making during industrialization in making

changes for workers?changes for workers?