eklesiis Suasaukuneebis istoria I periodi Suasaukuneebis saZirkvlebis formireba evangelizacia da pirveli saeklesio mowyoba axali xalxebisa dasavleTSi. merovingTa era § 35. momavlis ori ZiriTadi Zala: frankebi da papoba. grigol didi I. frankTa eklesia 1. im germanuli tomebidan, romlebmac daikaves romis imperiis teritoriebi, erTma imarjva da sak uTari saelm!ifos "e#mniT Tavisi gavlena gaavr cel a. ese ni i$v nen frankebi . orma garemo ebam "eu!$o amas e li: a% frankebi &fri'ebTan da bavarebTan erTad% i$vnen erTaderTi germanuli tomebi, romlebi c, i$vnen ra u"ualo me'obl ebi romis imperi is a &s va uf r o "oreul germanuli tomebisgan gansvavebiT%, gadnen misi memkvidreebi na!ilobriv m"vidobiani "e(!eviT, na!ilobriv ki brZolebiT) maT, ase vT#vaT, ar mou!iaT sakuTari sam"oblos mitoveba. b% ma"in, roca sva germanelTa umravlesoba #ri stianobas e'iara jer arianuli formiT, fra nk ebma Tavidan ve mii(es misi kaTolikuri forma. aman misca maT "esaZlebloba "er !$moda romaelebis adgilobriv mosa leob as, romlebic i$vnen kaT olikeni. am aucilebeli #ristianuli erTobis ar#ona ga da er T *erTi mi'e'i, ris gamoc arianuli #ristianuli saelm!ifoebi daecnen. +. a% frankTa samefos damaarsebeli i$o merovingi lodvigi &-1-+*511%, sal is fra nkT a erTerT i mTavari, r oml ebi c bin adr obd nen d( evande li bel gii s 1/32
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8/16/2019 La Storia Della Chiesa, Medioevo, J. Lortz §§35-39
meores mriv episkopati ar $o2la me2s monurad morili el#veiTi.sinodebi aa"karaveben mefeTa codvebs da episkoposma germane pari'elma
Tavad mefe aribertic ki gankveTa, imis gamo rom colad moe$vana(mrTiv"e!iruli mona'vnada(kvecili.
bunebrivia, rom me2s Zalau0ebisa da didebis kritikam maleve "ei'(uda
Tavi, rogorc amas gvidasturebs grigol turseli: 8Tu erTi vengani moisurvebssimarTlis g'is mitovebas, "en mas "eni"vnas miscem. magram, Tu "en"ege"ala g'a, vin gagkicavs ven "en gelaparakebiT, magram "en $ursugdeb molod imas, risi smenac gsurs... 9.
TviT papi grigol didic ki ;moergo< am garemoebas, rodesac otbiTa da#ebiT savse !erilebi mis!era ulmobelsa da sastik dedofals bruneildas, raTa igidasTanmeboda mas frankTa eklesiis reforma'e.
. lodvigis, mis "vilTa da "vili"vilTa dros frankTa erovnuli eklesiismdgomareoba ganviTarda, saerTo jam"i, dadebiTad. magram memkvidreebma,da!$ebuli dagobertidan &6 73/%, ve(ar "einarunes saTanado sima(le.
g% aali politikuri gaZliereba unda umadlodes msaurTuucesT,maordomebs, da upirveles $ovlisa ki pipin eristalels &6 @1% da mis vas karlosmartels &6 @1%. magram eklesiis mdgomareoba mcired#ristian karlos martelis#ve", "ei#na Zlier #aoturi, $ovelgvari u!esrigobebiT &saeklesio #onebis
dataceba Tavis aristokrati politikuri mokav"ireebis sasargeblod. karlos marteliserTma naTesavma mii(o ruenis saepiskoposos garda pari'isa da beiossaepiskoposoebi da !m. vandrilisa da umieis saabatoebi, rogorcepiskoposebisa da abatebis laici'aciis "edegi%. !esrigis a(dgena da eklesiis"inagani reformis elis"e!$oba dara mis "vilTa iniciativasTan erTad &jer misi(mrTismosavi vai karlomani, romelic mogvianebiT "evida monaster"i, da"emdeg pipini% mTavari davaleba anglosa#sonTa eklesiis misionerTaTvis.
II. papoba
1. ?I da ?II ss*is areulobiTa da omebiT savse m!uare ami, rodesacsa'(vrebi ganu!$vetliv adgils icvlida da karsmomdgar germanelTa 'e!ola daiara(is ma sul ufro Zlierad ismoda italia"i, romisaTvis Zal'e Zneli i$ordiloeT"i mcovreb kaTolikeebTan konta#ti. amitom urTierToba i"viaTi i$o.eklesiis uZlevi Zalis efe#turi ni"ania is fa#ti, rom igi barbarosobis am amsac ki,rodesac sa4esTan $avda $ovlad umni"vnelo pirovnebani, ar daklebia arcgambedaoba da arc unari gaegrZelebina, garkveul!ilad mainc, evangeli'aciis
Tavisi misia $vela'e mni"vnelovan da perspe#tiul !ertileb"i, da am sa#me"imia(!ia (irs"esani"nav "edegebs.
+. adamiani, romelic Tavisi istoriuli damsaurebebisaTvis $vela'eu!inares imsaurebs senebas, aris papi grigol didi &5/A*7A%. es 2gura,romelic "eedreba antikuri anis mi!urulis ukanasknel did paps, leon dids, arispirveli didi papi aali droebis ganTiad'e. misi na(va!i saZirkvlad daedo mTel"ua saukuneebs. fundamentaluri fa#tobrivi sinamdvile dasavleT"i eklesiiskomple#suri ganviTarebisaTvis i$o germanuli teritoriuli eklesiebis arseboba.romaelma grigolma amoicno is u'arma'ari sa"i"roeba, rasac isini #mnidnen da
Tu ra "eiZleboda mo$oloda mas "edegad: sa$ovelTao eklesias emu#rebodadangreva. miT umetes, rom teritoriuli eklesiebis formas Tavs verc aaridebda daverc uars it$oda, s!oredac rom #ristiani'aciis gulisaTvis. papma grigolma Tavisi
mo(va!eobiT efe#turi ge'i ai(o gadarenisaTvis: sa4iro i$o ganeorcielebinais idea, romelmac ukve iina Tavi #ristianobis antikur ana"i, da romlis gare"ecver i#neboda "uasaukuneebi da sa$ovelTao eklesia, im saiT rogoriTacaa igid(es: mTeli ierar#iis mtkice eliT marTva petres memkvidres mridan. da Tukiu"ualo mka ver i$o am didi pirovnebis Tesvis proporciuli, srulebiTac araagada4arbebuli T#ma imisa, rom am pirvel grigol"i gamos4vivis didi ideadasavleTis #ristianuli samefosi, gacilebiT adre vidre karlos didi Tu grigol ?IIdagegmavdnen Tavis programas. da gansakuTrebuli religiuri mni"vnelobisaaeklesiis istoriisaTvis is fa#ti, rom uimedo politikur ususuroba"i, Tumc kisrulebiTac ar i$o moklebuli politikursa Tu ekonomikur*administraciul sibrZnes,aali spirituali'ebuli idea romisa aisaa da arsebiTad ganorcielda
sar!munoebis Zalebis mier.
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wesebs, romlebSic aRizarde da romlebic, dae, mudam giyvardes. magram,Cemi wadilia, rom Tuki Sen 'poveb raimes romis an galiis, an sxva romelimeeklesiaSi iseTs, rac ufro metad eameba yovlismpyrobel RmerTs, mzrunvelobiT airCio da danergo is anglTa eklesiaSi, romelic %erac norCia rwmenaSi !...".rameTu ara adaT&wesebi arian saTnoni maTi warmoSobis adgilis gamo, aramed
adgilebi & adaT&wesebis gamo.
b% grigoli i$o didi sulTa m!$emsi. amas adasturebs is rac es*esaa iT#vaeklesiis gare agebulobisa da misi covrebis ZiriTadi formebis "esaeb &romlebisukanac, ra T#ma unda, dgas garkveuli sulieri koncepciebi%. magram mas"iupirveles $ovlisa a'gasasmelia * rogorc mokled a(vni"neT * "inagani religiuricovrebis m#one adamiani. misi Zalis $vela'e (rma fesvebi unda veZioT mis(mrTismosaoba"i, anu, mis r!mena"i.
g% asketur sul'e mo!moben agreTve misi na!erebi, romelTa erTmana!ilma "uasaukuneeb"i ufarToesi gavrceleba pova da mravalgvari saiTgamoi(o na$o2 &magaliTad misi sam!$so !esi sam(vdeloebisaTvis, misiomiliebi, -AA*'e meti !erili%. ra T#ma unda, ver vvdebiT antikuri aniseklesiis ma(alsa da (rma (mrTismet$velebis sulierebas. grigolis na"romebi,gind "inaarsiT, gind formiT, sakmaod sa"ualo dones ganekuTvneba &Tumca ki,Zvel berebs, TavianTi autaneli alegoriebiT "eeZloT, ven'e gacilebiT ukeT,
moepovebinaT am na!erebidan Zlieri da sa(i sa'rdo%. religiuri Zala udaoddidia, da gamoiateba im formebiT romlebic s!oredac rom "eesat$viseboda imdrois alebs &da maT "oris berebsac%.
@. a% grigolis Taviseburebas "eesat$visa papobis miseuli mo!$oba,romlis idealur !armomadgenladac "evida igi istoria"i. misi ponti2katisdamaasiaTebeli Tavisebureba mdgomareobs im fa#t"i, rom igi erTi mrivsrulebiT mi$veba leon didisa da grigol ?II*is damakav"irebel a's, meoremriv ki, arsebiT pun#teb"i TiT#os a"karad e!inaa(mdegeba istoria"igamarjvebul am mimarTulebas. sainteresoa, amis Taoba'e, grigolisa da ioanememarules &5/5% "oris kamaTi, romelmac, rogorc konstantinepolisepiskoposma, sakuTar titulebs miamata (mso)io patriarqis* tituli. es tituli Tavis
Tavad ar $o2la aali. imperiis deda#ala#is patriar#is (irsebis amgamoatulebas, patriar#isa, romelic i$o rangiT ma(la ale#sandriasa da
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megobaric i$o da romelsac didad afasebda misi (mrTismosaobisTvis. am!eril"i igi icavs petres msaurebis primats, magram amave dros ukuagdebssa$ovelTao episkoposis tituls, rogorc arasamarTliani TviTa('evebisa dasi$varuldaclil termins. bi'antiuri veulebis sa!inaa(mdegod da !m. petrespirveli !erilis &5, 1*3% namdvili mni"vnelobiT da sakuTari sam(vdelo dasisadmi
Tavisive moTovnis erTguli &msaxureba da ara batonoba% grigoli TavisTvisirevs titulad «Servus servorum Dei+. es tituli, romelic im droidan i#ceva romisepiskoposTa kuTvnil titulad, ar $o2la arc aali da arc 'usti mni"vnelobismatarebeli. jer kidev leon didi aasiaTebda Tavis msaurebas rogorc servitus da
Tavad eklesiis iseTi Zlieri mbrZanebeli, rogoric i$o imperatori iustiniane,miinevda rom Tavi unda aeTvala rogorc ultimus servus minimus. magramgrigolisaTvis es saeli mets ni"navs vidre devocionaluri formula an sakuTarimsaurebis gandidebisaTvis cru Tavmdabloba. mis mni"vnelobas gvisnisale#sandriis patriar# evlogisadmi 5/- !els mis mier mi!erili erTi !erili. am!elil"i ukuagdebs aramolod TavisTvis universalis papa*s !odebas, aramedmTeli sicadiT mosmenac ki ar surs fra'isa (rogorc Tqven br#aneT* , romliTacevlogi mimarTavs grigols erT*erT !eril"i. rameTu * ase a'ustebs grigoli * mas ar (ubr#anebia*, aramed mxolod izruna mieTiTebina patriarqisaTvis is, racsasargeblod miaCnda. "esabamisad, primati * romelsac Tavad grigolic, rogorcmisi !inamorbedni, mtkiced icavda * grigolis miedviT, unda gamoiatebodesmsaureba"i da ara batonoba"i. grigoli mefobs eklesia'e, imdenad,
ramdenadac emsaureba Zmebs &"dr. luk. ++, +7 da "md.%.
b% Servus servorum Dei*s am grigoliseuli gagebisgan unda ganvasvavoTmeore, romlis miedviTac papi emsaureba eklesias Tavisi &e.i. papis% mefobiT.aucilebelia am mni"vnelovani gansvavebis medveloba"i #ona, Tuki gvsursgavigoT is "inagani daZabuloba, rac arsebobs gamocadebasa da istorias"oris, papis pirvelobis &primatis% ideis ganviTareba"i grigol I*dan grigol ?II*mde,pirvel beri*papidan, romelic petres memkvidreTaTvisac ki uar$ofda titulsuniversalis papa, rogorc ampartavnulsa da TanamoZmeTa damamcirebels, meoreberamde moci#ulTa Tavadis sa$dar'e, romelic, miuedavad misi
Tavmdablobisa, ra"ic aravis "eparvia e4vi, da m'runvelobisa, romel"ic cotani
Tu "eejibrebian mas, cnobil Dictatus Papae*"i &§ -, a%, amave tituls acadebsromis papTa e#sklu'iur u0ebad. gardamavali epo#is am didi papisdamsaurebaa is fa#ti, rom man, romaelma, "eZlo gaTavisu0ebuli$o sulieri principatus*is romauli garsisagan, da ganaorciela petres pirvelobissaarebiseuli sisadave da avTentikuroba.
!inaa(mdegi. magram am pirdapiri protestiT, mas miania rom "easrula Tavisivali da emorileba da a#ve$nebs imperatoris kanons. imperatori, gind rogorc#ristiani, gind rogorc eklesiis damcveli, Tavadaa pasuismgebeli (mrTis !ina"e
i#na gul!rfelad, mtkiced gam$arda da sul ufro (rmad gaidga fesvebi. sa4iroamolod Tavi avaridoT Sinagani moqcevis cnebis 'edmetad abstra#tulada(#mas, da ar unda dagvavi!$des, rom sa#me gva#vs utilitaristuli a'rovnebis,bunebasTan Zal'e alos m$of da sulierad jer Zal'e aalga'rda alebTan.
b% kidev ufro naklebadaa damo!mebuli Zaladoba !amebulTa sisliT,romelic, TiT#osda, maT da(vares germanul*!armarTuli r!menisaTvis.magaliTad ocva*letasa da sislis mdinareebs kan"tat"i, alemanebisevangeli'aciisas, saerTod arasodes #onia adgili. germanelebSimisionerobis istoria icnobs qristian da ara warmarT wamebulebs.misionerul iara(ad martooden politikur 'e!olas angrZlivi gamocdisaTvisverasodes gauZlia. merovingTa me2s dagobert I*is mcdelobam, fri'ebigae#ristianebina ubralod maTi monaTvlis brZanebiT &am brZanebis istoriulobaZlieri e4vis #ve"aa%, 2asko ganicada. im mcirericovan "emTveveb"i ki,rodesac molod saso!arkveTilma sagareo politikurma mdgomareobam aiZulaesa Tu is tomi #edi moeara gamarjvebulTa religiisaTvis, rogorc ki icvlebodapolitikuri mdgomareoba, ma"inve Tavs ienda rea#cia) ase moda fri'ebis"emTveva"i radbodis dros, pipinis sikvdilis "emdeg. saboloo angari"iT, aalireligiis molod da molod Tavisufali mi(eba dagvirgvinda !armatebiT. es argamoricavs, rom Zal'e Zlieri da sakmarisad angrZlivi politikuri 'egavleniT,
g% a# anali'"i "emodis erTi Zal'e mni"vnelovani 'ogadi "eni"vna. frank*merovingTa mefeebs ar miu(iaT romis epo#is mkacri da isti kanonebieretikosTa !inaa(mdeg) anu, maT ar icodnen, principiT, araviTari religiuriiZuleba. maTi kanonebi ukrZalaven #ristianebs !armarToba'e dabrunebas da
mis propagandas. ario'eli vestgoTebi, galiis im mi!eb'e, romlebic frankebmadaip$res, ar i$vnen valdebulni kaTolike r!mena'e gadasuli$vnen) amoerTvaT,marTalia, kultis Tavisu0eba, eklesiebi da saeklesio nivTebi &ris !inaa(mdegac,bunebrivia, venis ar#iepiskoposma avitus venelma, 6 daa.5+@, protestigamoT#va%. arc iudevelebs ganucdiaT am dros devna &vestgoTebissamefosagan gansvavebiT%.
d% am eklesias, romis jarebis ga$vanisa da im i'olaciis gamo, racgamoi!via !armarTi sa#sebis, anglebisa da iutebis "emo4ram 5A !lismidamoeb"i, cota sa"ualeba dara romTan konta#tis "esanaruneblad.magram mis !armomadgenlebs sva ara surdaT ra, Tu ara moci#ulTa mTavarTamier gadmocemuli r!menis "enaruneba da romelTa mimarTac #ondaTu(rmesi mo!i!eba da romelTa sa0avebic i#ca molocvis umni"vnelovanesmi'nad. pap bonifacius I?*is dros &7A-*715% Tavad kolumban umcrosi,kontinent'e misionerad mo(va!e, adasturebs keltTa eklesiis m4idro kav"irsromis sa$darTan. Tumca es els ar u"lis mas, pirdapir uTras paps misi!inamorbedis, virgiliusis "ecdoma: ;samoci#ulo sa$dris mni"vnelobaavaldebulebs mas srul si!mide"i "einaos r!mena, svagvarad Tavi kudad
T'ulebani da reuli “questiones”, romelic ukve "eicavs Teologiuraddamoukidebel Tavebs Tavisufal neba'e, rac sa"ualebas iZleva mas s#olastikis!inamorbedi e!odos &beda eklesiis mas!avleblad * Doctor ecclesiae *gamoacada papma leon EIII*m%. am na$o2erebiT, upirveles $ovlisa ki Tavisi,4e"maritad sa$ovelTao*istoriuli mni"vnelobis, grandio'uli misionerulimo(va!eobiT kontinent'e, am eklesiam avena Tu raoden s!rafad daip$ro
#ristianobam si(rme"i da "emo#medebiTad na$o2eri gaada am germanTasulebi. &1! anglosaqsonTa misioneruli impulsi kidev erTxel gamovlinda, didi xnis Semdeg,CrdiloeTis sxva germanebTan2 SvedebTan da norvegielebTan !aq, inglisSi qristianulad aRzrdili
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b% usindisoba da sisastike) Tav"esafris u0ebis "elava an gverdis avla.loToba a(visasniloba da u'neobani. mo$vasis sicocles fasi ar edo, 2ci "iradavi!$debodaT an aras!orad interpretacia eZleoda.
g% gar$vnilebsa da mkvlelebs "oris vvdebiT m(vdlebsac da
g% araTavisufalTa sam(vdlo arisebipapebma leon I*ma da gela'im sam(vdlo arisis mi(ebisaTvis kondiciad
dades maTi gaTavisu0eba.....#alebis dacva, gansakuTrebiT #vrivebisa. makonis #alTmoZule krebis
'(apari &frankebis sa'ogado kreba, 5-5 !els mefe guntranis mier mo!veuli%,romelmac TiT#os ara scno, rom #alebs suli gaaniaT, efuZneba mcdarinterpretacias, erT*erTi mamis arguentebisa, romlis miedviTac ar "eiZleba #alsu!odo hominem) magram is gulismobda homo * mamakacs da ara adamians.
1A. am epo#as ar mo$olia m$ari a(mavloba.bonifaciusis miedviT amis mTavari mi'e'i frankTa episkopatis
!arumateblobaa, da gansakuTrebiT ki misi ZiriTadi mimarTebis obie#tur nakl"iunda veZioT. igi ar $o2la universalur*eklesiuri da kanonikuri, aramed gajerebulii$o egoisturi Zalau0ebisken s!rafviT. ar arsebobda kav"iri romelsac bonifaciusisasicoclo mni"vnelobisad eklesiebisaTvis, Tanm"romloba samoci#ulo TavTan,eklesiis centrTan, papTan. bonifaciusic, rogorc im droindeli papebi, miinevdaeklesiuri organi'ebas calkeul #ve$neb"i, aucilebel !inapirobad eklesiis!armo#nmnisaTvis. magram romisagan i'olacias mo#onda svadasvagvaripartikulari'mis sa"i"roeba.
vilibrordis mo!afesa da Tanamo(va!es e!era daerdila Tavisimas!avlebeli. bonifaciusia is, romelmac ganavrco, gan!mida da moa!$oeklesia germaniasa da frankTa dasavleT samefo"i.
Tavisi naTesavebisken kontinent'e, sa#sonebisken. da miuedavad imisa, romman ver "eZlo am tomis ga#ristianeba &vinaidan papi grigol III @3@*3- !!.*"isifrTilis gamo ar dasTanmda mas mis gegma'e%, sa#sonebis misioni misTvisdara did ocnebad mTeli covrebis manZil'e, risTvisac daucromlad loculobdaigi da misi Tana"em!eni. misi mravalricovani misioneruli sa#mianoba sa4iroaganviiloT, rogorc sa#soniisTvis mosam'adebeli etapebi.
verclis, siameTa da Zalau0ebis mo$vareni, i$vnen mo!inaa(mdegenimisionerisa misi mo(va!eobis pirvelive !lebidan mis sikvdilamde. man ver"eZlo !inaa(mdegobis bolomde daZleva, magram ise "orsm4vreteluraddai!$o reforma da kanonikuri organi'eba, rom misi sa#me organulad
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ganviTarda "emdegac. misi mi'nebi, ganealebina germaniisa da galiiseklesiebi da, romis mier dafuZnebuli misi sam"oblos eklesiis tradiciis miedviT,daekav"irebina isini (vTis nebiT dadgenil centrTan, mi(!eul i#na. @@ !lis erTsinod'e man "eZlo eT#mevinebina frnak episkoposebisaTvis, rom maT gadawyvites mtkiced SeinarCunon erToba romis eklesiasTan da misdami
@. Tu gadavedavT frankTa samefo"i 'neobriv*religiur mdgomareobasbonifaciusamde, "egviZlia "esaferisad davafasoT misi (va!li dasavleTissamefosTvisac: sinodebis elaali gamococleba, 'omebi !armarTuli adaT*!esebis !inaa(mdeg, reformist episkoposTa dani"vna da ar#iepiskoposTadani"vnis mcdeloba. es ukanasknelni (ebulobdnen TavianT Zalau0ebas pirdapir
papisagan paliumis mi(ebiT. aman saTave daudo mudmiv da "ir kav"irebsZveli eklesiis ideebis $vela'e mni"vnelovan da u0ebamosil damcvelTan dasa$ovelTao eklesiis a'risa da #medebis centrTan, imisaTvis rom mie(!iaTdasavleTis esoden nanatr da aucilebel erTobamde #ristianobis jansa(iganviTarebisaTvis.
$ovelive es ar ni"navs imas rom bonifaciusis mier evangeli'ebuli tomebi,umetes!ilad moe#cnen srul #ristianoba'e saarebiseuli gamocadebisamebr.!mida misioneris gviani gamonaT#vamebis miedviTac ki misi sam!$sos'neobriv*religiuri mdgomareoba met*naklebad @+ !lis "efasebasimsaurebda: germaniis xalxebma garkveulwilad gamoiRvi#es da daiwyesmo#raobao.
frankTa dasaul mi'nebsa da maT ideebs "oris. papebma frankTa maordomi jermefeebad, olo "emdeg imperatorebad aama(les raTa mas, rogorc romaelpatriciuss, daecva !mida petres eklesia. frankTa me2s TiT#mis absoluturavtoritets Tavis eklesia'e, romelic sul male i#ceva imperiis eklesiad, sursgacilebiT meti. es ki, Tavis mriv, srulebiT ar eTanmeba sa$ovelTao eklesiis
papebiseul ideals.konkretuli politikuri situaciis miedviT erTisa Tu meore maris preten'iebi
an ufro Zlier !amoi!even !in, an sulac ukana plan'e gadadian: daZabuloba dadapirispireba reba da amoZravebs im evolucias, romlis mo!menic vdebiT"uasaukuneTa istoria"i. papebsa da frankebs, mogvianebiT ki papebsa daimperias "oris aliansis !$alobiT "uasaukuneebi mia(!evs Tavis m!vervals.magram im problemebs, romlebsac atarebs, ver gada!$vetvs bolomde daamitom "uasaukuneebi, ase vT#vaT, reba ga$o2li Tavis Tav"i.
g% es anali'i da msjeloba, ar unda i#nas gagebuli 'edmetad realisturipolitikis sibrt$e"i. frankebma daikaves <berZnebis<, anu a(mosavleTisromaelTa adgili) o(ond isini arsebiTad gansvavdebodnen maTgan, ukvenasenebi si$varuliT savse da "vilobrivi mo!i!ebiT petres, 'ecis darajismimarT, da a#edan gamomdinare realuri &ara Zal'e vi!ro gagebiT% a(iarebiTda cnobiT misi memkvidreebisa da !armomadgenlebisa, romis papebisa.
+. bonifaciusma frankTa eklesia m4idrod daukav"ira roms. romisepiskoposs, pap 'a#arias mimarTa pipinma @51 !els. mas "emdeg rackarlomanma uari T#va mmarTveloba'e, pipini i#ca politikuri Zalau0ebiserTaderT m0obelad, magram sruliad ar $o2la daculi karlomanis !amo'rdili"vilebis konkurenciisgan. molod me2s (irseba daicavda realurad da
angrZlivad mis elisu0ebas. man, frankTa erovnuli eklesiis batonma, kiTapaps: (gana is, vinc )obs me$s #alau)ebas ar unda iyos kidec mefe* *o. pasui"eicavs, papis avtoritetiT, manamde arsmenil, politikur*saelm!ifoebriv done'esavaldebulo arapirdapir a(iarebas. 'a#aria dasTanmda franki maordomismefed ama(lebas. pipini airies mefed. episkoposebma sces mas 'eTi, racaZlevda frankTa samefos eklesiur*#ristianul kurTevas da amasTan erTad aalavtoritets. imdroindeli garemoebebis "esabamisad, es ni"navda erTdroulad,frankTa me2s romTan "ekvras.
ara a#vs mni"vneloba im fa#ts, pipini akurTa bonifaciusma Tu svaepiskoposma) nebismier "emTveva"i es movlena i$o bonifaciusis $vela'epersonaluri sa#mis gagrZeleba da "em'adda is grandio'uli aliansi karlos didisa
daa$ena romi &mefe aistulfma daip$ro ravenas eg'ar#ati da pentapoli @/*@57!!*"i% da imperators araviTari damareba ar a(mouenia, stefan II*m mimarTaim elm!ifes, romelic Tavis gvirgvins, met!ilad, papebs umadloda. frankilegatebis TanlebiTa da mfarvelobiT pavia"i igi amo"ordeba, rogorclangobardebis mefes &miuedavad am ukanasknelis protestebisa%, ise
a(mosavleTis imperatoris legatebs, da frankTa samefo"i, ponTionsa da "emdegkier'i"i "evdeba pipins mso0io istoriis mni"vnelobis "evedreb'e.molaparakebebi dasrulda @5 !lis a(dgoma d(es !m. diogenes &sen deni%samefo saabato"i, sadac papma elala sco 'eTi pipins &masTan erTad miscolsa da or vas, e.i. momaval karlos dids%.
. is fa#ti rom amiT ar a(mofvrila mTlianad sakmaod (rma!inaa(mdegobebi, gasakviri sulac araa da gasagebia mocemul istoriulgaremo"i. ganviiloT es sakiTi ufro da!vrilebiT.
a% Tavad aliansic &da masTan erTad dasavleTis momavali erToba% ar i$oerTel da samudamod garantirebuli. papebis da#vemdebareba a(mosavleTisromis u'enaes politikur meTaurTan ar $o2la sabolood ga!$vetili. papebi kidevdidi nis manZil'e TavianT dokumentebs basilevsis &Cveni u)is% mefobis !lebismiedviT aTari(ebdnen) konstantinepol"i a("foTdnen romis episkoposis#medeba'e, magram mis aleanss frankebTan, upirveles $ovlisa, saerTo mtris,langobardebis !inaa(mdeg Tavdacvis mcdelobis asna mouZebnes. realuradsa"i"roeba am mriv serio'uli i$o: (mrTismosavi karlomani moulodneladtovebs monasters, raTa, aistulfos !a#e'ebiT, !in a(udges papisa da pipiniskav"irs) !armateba !aadgeboda mis a! ukve srul!lovan vaebs. pipinTan"eTanmebiT, papi erT frankul monaster"i daat$vevebs ltolvil bersa da mis or
vas. arc frankebi miinevdnen am kav"irs, rogorc ur(vevsa da upirobos)magaliTad, patriciusis mni"vnelovani tituliT molod ma"in dai!$es sargebloba,rodesac, langobardebis samefos dap$robis "emdeg, es tituli a(ar ni"navdamolod valdebulebebs, aramed u0ebebsac. "inagani kontrasti Sacerdotium*sa da
Imperium*s "oris a"karad ans aliansis dasa!$is"ive: romauli a(!era ponTion*kier'is movlenebisa arsebiTad gansvavdeba, gind toniTa da gind "inaarsiT,frankulisagan.
gaum$arebeli sinamdvile. 'ogjer TiT#osda ans, Tundac mkrTalad, "inagani!inaa(mdegoba Tu uTanmoeba, 'ogjer ki gaugebroba da areuloba, TiT#osdasruliad "egnebul arevanad gveveneba.
magram, rogoric ar unda $o2li$o mTavari gan'ravani, romlebic ido ama#tis safuZvel"i, cadia, rom m(vdelmTavris !inas!armet$velur*m(vdlurma
Zalau0ebam !armo"va politikuri legitimacia: eklesiur*papuri elementi"ea(!evs u"ualod da farTed saero*politikur sfero"i. araTu erToba, aramed ufrometic, ori sferos a(reva, !iTel a'ad rom ga$veba "uasaukuneebs, gvevlinebafa#tad, orive maris nebis gamoatulebad, miuedavad imisa, rom, rogorcvnaeT, mravali gaurkvevloba alavs mas Tan da upirveles $ovlisa(rmadgamjdari !inaa(mdegobebi da kon0i#tebi ar gada!$vetilan.
g% pap stefanes mo#medeba formalurad Tu ara, fa#tiurad a(ni"navdabi'antiasTan, anu Zveli romis imperiasTan kav"irebis ga!$vetas: ammomentidan papoba politikur sfero"i mi$veba, sul ufro da ufro metad, sakuTarg'as. papma ganacada Tavisi u0eba imperiis teritoriis erT na!il'e, rogorc Taviskanonier sakuTreba'e, pipins miani4a patriciusis tituli, rasac manamde molodimperatorebi atarebdnen, da amiT frankTa mefesa da mis ojas miani4amfarvelis fun#cia, romelsac 0obda imperatoris eg'ar#osi ravena"i. marTlacpipinma orjer gadalaa alpebi &@5*57% papis dasacavad. teritoriebi, romlebicman !aarTva langobardebs gadaeca romis tats &pipinma dap$robili #ala#ebisgasa(ebebi petres sa0av'e daadebina%. papi gada saero elm!ife) pipinis #Rvenis &@57% safuZvel'e "ei#mna eklesiis saxelmwifo, romelic moicavdaromsac. politikurad papi im$ofeboda frankTa mefeTa mfarveloba"i. magram"ors ar i$o ami, rodesac mfarveloba politikur batonobad gadai#ceoda. &ruka1@%.
5. mravali Tvalsa'risiT gansvavebulma, magram Tavidan arc Tu bolomdegarkveulma "eedulebebma ori uzenaesi Zalau0ebis bunebasa da davalebeb'eda maT urTierT mimarTeba'e, poves saukuneTa ganmavloba"i sul ufro mdidariliteraturuli gamoatuleba, Tavidan &namdvili Tu $albi% dokumentebis saiT,"emdeg ki Teoriul tra#tateb"i, dabolos bro"urebsa da polemikur na!ereb"i.
a% is rac $vela'e metad adardebda romis eklesias, i$o saelm!ifosu(lisagan, anu romis &a(mosavleTis romis% imperatorisagan, gaTavisu0eba,
damoukidebloba. es motivi aisaa wmida silibistros legendaSi, anu mogonilmoTroba"i, romlis miedviTac pap silibistro I*s mounaTlavs konstantine didida ganukurnavs igi keTrisagan) madlierebisaTvis imperators Turmedausau#rebia papi Zvirfasi Z(venebiT &magaliTad, lateranis sasaliT%.
b% es legenda, kidev ufro gadamu"avebuli da gafarToebuli, literaturuladda2#sirda erT $alb dokument"i, romelsac e!era gamdari$o fatalurimni"vnelobisa dasavleTis ganviTareba"i da kerZod ki Sacerdotium*isa da Imperium-
is urTierToba"i. laparakia e.!. konstantines sabo#varze. sam!uarod, amdokumentis "e#mnis arc dro da arc adgili ver dgindeba mTeli si'ustiT. papis
tendenciebis gverdiT "eini"neba mas"i frankTa gavlenac. es falsi2kaciagamo$enebul i#na politikur da politikur*eklesiur sferoeb"i molod papebis mier,sporadulad E s*"i, ufro "irad EI*"i, da TandaTan sa$ovelTaod EII*danmo$olebuli. jer kidev oto I da "emdeg oto III &1AA1 !lis erT*erT dokument"i%
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8/16/2019 La Storia Della Chiesa, Medioevo, J. Lortz §§35-39