"La burocracia del arte" Tesis Benjamin Barrera

8/16/2019 "La burocracia del arte" Tesis Benjamin Barrera

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[F@RK^Q@GMG GK M^WKQ, A@KFA@MQ P AEC[F@AMA@ÑFBmauitmg gk Mrtk, Mrqu`tkaturm y G`skýeAmrrkrm gk Mrtks R`sumiks y Betehrmbãm

IM N[ÊA^MA@M GKI M^WK: IM ^KIMA@ÑF KFW^KIM GEA[CKFWMA@ÑF P KI QK^.

\reykate gk Wãtuie pmrm eptmr mi Hrmge Mamgàcàe gk Iàkfa`mturm kf Mrtks R`sumiksy Betehrmbãm y mi Wãtuie \rebksèfmi Mrt`stm R`sumi y Betñhrmbe

\rebkser Huãm4 ^mcñf Amstìie @festrezmCktegñiehe4 Ouhe Hmraãm Hmrr`ge

Kstug`mftkNkfdmcãf Mfgràs Nmrrkrm Mr`ms

@faiuyk vkrs`ñf g`h`tmi4 AG-ÊC

Qmft`mhe gk Aoìk, Cmrze gk >


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Ki g`piecm s`rvk seimckftk pmrm aefst`tu`r ufm kspka`k gk vmier ckramft`i gki smnkr.

Kste pkrc`tk tmcn`àf quk ies fe peskkgerks gk g`piecms arkmf fe tkfkr ki

gkrkaoe gk smnkr e fe skr ampmaks gk smnkr. Wegms ims pkrsefms quk mgqu`krkf uf

g`piecm gknkf smnkr quk ài, gk fmgm iks s`rvk, fe t`kfk aeftkf`ge, ks vmaãe.

Kf aeftrmpmrt`gm, ies quk fe t`kfkf g`piecm, iks gmf uf skft`ge pikfe.

Arke quk ki g`piecm buk okaoe prka`smckftk pmrm ies quk fe ie t`kfkf.

C. Beuamuit, ^mg`esaep`m

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >


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Kf ckcer`m

Gk Huìikrc`fm, c` mcmgm cmgrk, c` kdkcpie gk bukrzm,

gk ^mcñf, c` mcmge pmgrk, c` rkbkrkfa`m gk iuaom,

gk c` qukr`ge Cmure, c` cegkie gk mikhrãm y gkNmfg`ge, c` b`hurm gk ikmitmg.

M c`s prebkserks, per su pma`kfa`m y gkgàma`ñf, m Mfgrkm Dòsao, êsm Cuýez, Dui`ktm

Dmrm y Gmf`kim ]u`rez, per su prebksèfmi`sce y senrk tege, su mc`stmg. M c`s

aecpmýkres, Cmfuki, Amrei`fm, Brmfaksam y kf kspka`mi m Desà, per su smn`gurãm y

ikmitmg, per kstmr s`kcprk g`spukste m myugmr.

M c` bmcì`m, c`s tãms y c`s pr`ces, m tãm c` Dumf` y m ûnàf, per kstmr s`kcprk m c` imge.

Cmtokus, Amrei y Gknermo, per ckzaimr pkrbkatmckftk im mc`stmg y mcer.

M Mfgrkm, per skr pmrtà`pk gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf s`kcprk mpertmfge, pkre pr`fa`pmickftk y

senrktege, per skr c` hrmf mpeye y c` pukrte skhure gurmftk tege kstk preakse.

Kspka`mickftk y senrk tege m Nrufm,

c` mcer `faefgàèfmi, c` cet`ve gk bkià`gmg y im rmzñf per skhu`r iuaomfge gãm m gãm.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1


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@fgàk

=. ^ksuckf ........................................................................................................................ ;

>. @ftreguaa`ñf .................................................................................................................... 21. Cktegeiehãm .................................................................................................................. =<

7. Amp`tuie =. Ims ksaukims gk mrtks ................................................................................. ==

=.= Ims pr`ckrms ksaukims gk mrtk kf Aoìk .................................................... =>

=.> Im ksaukim gk mrtk gk [f`maa .................................................................... =2

;. Amp`tuie >. Ims rkimaèfks kfterfe mi geauckfte ......................................................... >>

>.= Ki geauckfte aece endkte ........................................................................ >1

>.> Ki geauckfte kf su makpa`ñf hrmcmtàmi .................................................. >?

>.1 Ki geauckfte aece ’Qkr– .......................................................................... 1=

2. Amp`tuie 1. Ki ’skr– mrt`stm ............................................................................................. 11

1.= Ki mrt`stm kckrhkftk kf Aoìk .................................................................... 17

8. Amp`tuie 7. Mrt`stms rkbkrkftks ....................................................................................... 7<

7.= Demf Beftaunkrtm ...................................................................................... 7=

7.> Pmsucmsm Cer`curm ................................................................................. 7;

7.1 Wec Br`kgcmf ........................................................................................... ;<

7.7 Wok Pks Ckf ............................................................................................. ;;

?. Amp`tuie ;. \reguaa`ñf gk enrm ..................................................................................... 2<

;.= Wmxefecãm ................................................................................................. 2=

;.> Wrmguaa`ñf y rk`ftkrprktma`ñf .................................................................... 28

;.1 \ruknms, krrerks y rkpktà`ñf .................................................................... 81

0. Aefaius`ñf .................................................................................................................... 88

=


5/89

^ksuckf

Ki prkskftk preykate gk tãtuie, aerrkspefgk m ufm `fvkst`hma`ñf senrk im nurearma`m gkimrtk, kspkaãbàmckftk kf im ksaukim gk mrtks. [fm nôsqukgm kftrk geauckftes

pkrsefmiks, preteaeies y ufm skr`k gk akrt`bàmges, quk prktkfgk nusamr, rkimaèfks kftrk

ies geauckftes utì`zmges m ie imrhe gki preakse gk tks`s y im `gkm gki ’Qkr– aece tkrakrm

pkrsefm, y gk ksk cege, arkmr uf rkimte aeokrkftk senrk ies preakses nurearítàes

fkaksmrès pmrm aefst`tu`r kstk fukve ’Qkr–, mrt`stm.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;


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skft`ge mnsurge gk mqukiie quk prktkfgk vkr`bàmr, im preakgkfa`m gki skr m trmvàs gk uf

geauckfte bãsàe (mrao`ves `cprkses) rkkcpimzmge per mrao`ves g`h`tmiks.

M pmrt`r gk ksm `gkm, sk gksmrreiim ufm `fvkst`hma`ñf kf ufm skr`k gk geauckftespkrsefmiks, kfaeftrmfge rkimaèfks i`fhùãstàms, tkrr`terè quk ki mrt`stm sk mprevkaom pmrm

aukstèfmr teges ies kikckftes, sea`miks, auiturmiks, peiãtàes, rki`hèses, sus preakses

nurearítàes, sus bercms y ckgès, aumi`gmgks quk ki mrt`stm mprevkaom, pmrm aefvkrt`ries

kf p`kzms gk mrtãstàms aef ki b`f gk `ftregua`r kstms prenikcítàms mi cufge gki mrtk.

Wmcn`àf aukstèfm im nurearma`m uf`vkrs`tmr`m, im nurearma`m gki ckgè mrtãstàe y su

rkima`ñf aef ki preakse pkrsefmi, pkfsmfge kf tege ceckfte ’ie uf`vkrs`tmrè– aece im

`fst`tua`ñf quk eterhmrm uf rei prebksèfmi m su kx`stkfa`m, kxtrmým b`hurm pmrm qu`kf

prktkfgk aefvkrt`rsk kf mrt`stm v`sumi per im markg`tma`ñf gki geauckfte vkr`bàmger,

gkb`f`kfge ki geauckfte aece im akrt`bàma`ñf gk ufm kxpkr`kfa`m gk quk mihe om kx`st`ge

e aecprenma`ñf gk ufm rkmi`gmg. Aukstèfmc`kfte quk moefgm kf im aefgà`ñf gki skr

mrt`stm v`sumi.

Kf nmsk m kstes fukves aukstèfmc`kftes, ies `ftkrksk gki mrt`stm sk omf

gksmrreiimge oma`m ki ikfhumdk y m im preguaa`ñf gk àefes, tecmfge ims kxpkr`kfa`ms gk

pàrg`gms quk ki mrt`stm tuve quk v`v`r, moerm ims prenikcmt`zmrims trmfsbercífgeims kf

geauckftes aece nmsk pmrm pregua`r sus prep`ms pàrg`gms, per ckgè gk mrtkbmates

tkafeiñhàes aet`g`mfes trmtmfge gk kv`gkfa`mr im pàrg`gm gk ies geauckftes ’bãsàes–,

rkkcpimzmges per mrao`ves g`h`tmiks. Gksgk kstk pufte gk pmrt`gm, sk `fvkst`hm senrk ki

ikfhumdk gk kstes bercmtes kf aefgà`ñf gk ar`s`s, im bercm aef quk sef utì`zmges pmrm

aecufàmr y tmcn`àf senrk im nurearma`m quk refgm kf kstes c`sces.



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M pmrt`r gk im rkaepìma`ñf gk añg`hes, nusamrm arkmr ufm kstruaturm gk skýmiks

pmrm uf g`íiehe quk skm aecprkfs`nik. Im cet`vma`ñf pmrm pregua`r skýmiks quk sk

pukgmf kftkfgkr y arkmr ufm aecufàma`ñf, pmrt`rãm gksgk ufm skr`k gk tríc`tks ikhmiks,

rkaepìma`ñf gk geauckftes, y trmguaa`ñf pmrm im vkftm gk uf gkpmrtmckfte kf im aùgmggk Qáe \muie. Ksm nôsqukgm per uf ikfhumdk aecôf t`kfk rkima`ñf aef im kxpkr`kfa`m gki

amcnè, kf kstk amse, ki amcnè `cpiàmrãm, im rkmgmptma`ñf m etre s`stkcm, etrm g`miàatàm,

etres s`hfes, etrms bercms, etre ikfhumdk.

Maecpmýmfge su preguaa`ñf, su trmnmde àefeaimstm sk preguak kf nmsk m im

rki`h`ñf amtñiàm, nusamfge etrms epaèfks m pmrtk gk im rki`h`ñf, ym quk trmnmdmr aef im

`gkm gk trmnmdmr aef ies àefes amtñiàes, ki mrt`stm sk i`c`tmnm m uf gktkrc`fmge kspmaè

gk trmnmde, msã, kxpmfgk ies aukstèfmc`kftes senrk im preguaa`ñf gk àefes m uf kspmaè

cís mcpiè, `faerpermfge ims cmrams y punià`gmgks quk fes regkmf y mamnmf

trmfsbercífgesk kf àefes aeftkcperífkes. M pmrt`r gk kse, sk bufgmckftm ki trmnmde kf

ufm preguaa`ñf betehríbàm y endktumi, oma`kfge msã, ufm mprex`cma`ñf m im punià`gmg,

aukstèfmfge su preguaa`ñf cms`vm k `fvms`vm.

Im fea`ñf gki vkrne prepukste per im N`ni`m, im `gkm gki skr, sk rkimaèfm

g`rkatmckftk aef kstk trmnmde y aef uf tkcm `gkft`tírè, preguate gki v`mdk y gki amcnè gk

pmãs, ym quk m pmrt`r gk kstk trmsimge gk Nrmsì m Aoìk, ki mrt`stm amcn`mge gk g`rkaa`ñf, gk

mc`hes, gk bmcì`m, gk aet`g`mfe, `gècm y `faiuse su fecnrk, ym quk kf Qáe \muie,

gurmftk =; mýes, buk aefea`ge aece ’Nkfdmcãf Mr`ms–, usmfge ki fecnrk cmtkrfe per im

prex`c`gmg gk im bmcì`m, y iikhmfge mquã, sôn`tmckftk tuve quk mgeptmr ki fecnrk pmtkrfe

aece b`rcm.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?


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M pmrt`r gk tmi nôsqukgm sk prepefk ki aukstèfmc`kfte senrk im rkmi`gmg `fstmimgm

kf ies c`sces geauckftes y su rkima`ñf aef ki aeftkxte seaè auiturmi aoìkfe.



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Cktegeiehãm

Ki càtege pmrm im preguaa`ñf gk fukvms rkmi`gmgks

Kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, aefs`gkrmrí ufm cktegeiehãm nmsmgm kf im pksqu`sm kf terfe m ufm

skr`k gk geauckftes, i`nres, mrao`ves, tkxtes bìesñbàes y mftrepeiñhàes, pmrm m pmrt`r gk

kse, cmgurmr ufm o`pñtks`s, tkf`kfge kf aukftm kikckftes gk kstms g`bkrkftks írkms, pmrm

hkfkrmr aruaks aef g`fícàms gk preguaa`ñf mrtãstàm, auic`fmfge aef bufgmckftma`ñf y

prkskftma`ñf gk ufm enrm `fàg`tm, preguate gk kstes rkimtes.

Im tks`s, t`kfk uf amríatkr gksar`pt`ve kf im aumi sk `fgmhmrí senrk im vmi`gkz gki

akrt`bàmge gk tãtuie, aece cktíberm gk im nurearma`m gki mrtk, gksgk su aefst`tua`ñf,

aecprenma`ñf gk vkrma`gmg y aece im c`scm sk rkimaèfm kf ki mrtk tkf`kfge kf aukftm im

preguaa`ñf gk fukvms rkmi`gmgks.

Gk kstm bercm, kstm tks`s, `faerpermrí kf su preakse, okrrmc`kftms y cktegeiehãms

quk nusamf kfr`qukakr im preguaa`ñf mrtãstàm, trmfsbercmfge rkimtes o`stñràes, utì`zmfge

geauckftes y mprep`ífgesk gk sãcneies pmrm hkfkrmr msã, ufm p`kzm gk mrtk, cmgurm y

aeokrkftk aef ki preakse quk kstm kxpkr`ckftmrí.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =


11/89

Ims ksaukims gk mrtks

Kf kstk ampãtuie sk omak uf nrkvk rkaerr`ge o`stñràe makram ims ksaukims gk mrtks kfAoìk, m b`f gk aeftkxtumi`zmr ki preakse gk kfskýmfzm y mprkfg`zmdk gki mrtk y gk ksm

cmfkrm s`tumr im aefstruaa`ñf gki ’mrt`stm– g`piecmge, o`stñràmckftk aefgàèfmge,

mfmi`zmfge su kfterfe auiturmi y sus cktegeiehãms. \mrm kse, sk rkv`sm ki `fàè gk im

kfskýmfzm mrtãstàm kf Aoìk, y sk omak uf mfíi`s`s gk im ksaukim gk mrtks gk [F@MAA.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ==


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Amp`tuie =.=

Ims pr`ckrms ksaukims gk mrtks

Kf Aoìk, ies erãhkfks gk im kguama`ñf mrtãstàm ksaeimr, t`kfkf bkaom m ies b`fmiks gki s`hie

_R@@@, aumfge, kf ki rka`àf bufgmge, @fst`tute Qmf Iu`s, sk kfskýmrm g`nude, beckftmfge im

arkma`ñf gk mrtksmfes. Gurmftk ki s`hie s`hu`kftk, sk bercñ im Ksaukim gk Mrtks y Ebàès

(quk pestkrèrckftk pmsmrãm m skr im [f`vkrs̀ gmg gk Qmft`mhe gk Aoìk, [QMAO), ki gãm 2

gk duiè gki mýe =?70 y tmcn`àf ims Ksaukims Fercmiks gk Aoìk, kf ki mýe 7>, ksaukims

quk kf ksk kftefaks, tkfãmf aece pr`fa`pmi kfbequk, im kfskýmfzm y ampma`tma`ñf gk

cmfumi`gmgks, prmatàms quk, sk aefs`gkrmnmf kskfa`miks pmrm ki gksmrreiie kaefñcàe

gki pmãs, msã skýmim Duiè Dmr`kz, pr`ckr g`rkater gk im Ksaukim gk Mrtks y Ebàès, kf su

g`saurse prehrks`stm kf ki mýe =?;>4

D. Dmr`kz, Ksaukim gk Mrtks y Ebàès, =?;>.

Kf uf pmãs gefgk tecmf tmfte `farkckfte ims `gkms gk prehrkse, ` quk

aumfge kstms sk aefv`krtkf kf ufm fkaks`gmg pmrm sus omn`tmftks, im

`fstruaa`ñf, ki aefea`c`kfte gk ims mrtks ` ims a`kfa`ms, sef ies ôfàeskikckftes quk gknkf aefgua`r mi b`f.

Kf ki c`sce mýe gk =?70, tmcn`àf sk `fmuhurñ kf Qmft`mhe, im Mamgkc`m gk

\`fturm, ksaukim quk skr`m im pr`ckrm m prkskftmr uf prehrmcm gk bercma`ñf prebksèfmi

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =>


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tkf`kfge ims mrtks aece kfbequk pr`fa`pmi, msã, gk bercm `fàg`tm, sk kftrkhmnm im

bercma`ñf gk dñvkfks p`fterks, m uf hrupe gk prebkserks kspka`mi`zmges, aef ufm cmiim

aurràuimr y prehrmcms pkfsmges pmrm ept`c`zmr ksk preakse. G`kz mýes cís tmrgk, im

Mamgkc`m, pmsmrãm m bercmr pmrtk gk im iimcmgm ’Qkaa`ñf [f`vkrs`tmr`m gk Nkiims Mrtksgefgk im kfskýmfzm gk im p`fturm, g`v`gãm kspmaè, aef imkfskýmfzm gk etrms g`sa`pi`fms,

aece im ksauiturm y im mrqu`tkaturm.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =1

@cmhkf =. ^kh`stre betehrí ae gk aimsk gk ksauiturm kf im Qkaa`ñf [f`vkrs`tmr`m gk NkiimsMrtks, Mýe =?70

Bukftk4 www.mrtks.uaoìk.ai

http://www.artes.uchile.cl/http://www.artes.uchile.cl/http://www.artes.uchile.cl/


14/89

Kf ksk ceckfte, ims bercms y ies g`saurses, c`rmnmf oma`m tkcms rki`hèses,

`c`tmfge ims kstàtàms brmfaksms, ie quk sk vk rkbikdmge kf im mrqu`tkaturm gk iuhmrks aece

ki Cuske Fmaèfmi gk Nkiims Mrtks, ki \mrquk Berkstmi, im Kstma`ñf Cmpeaoe y tmcn`àf kf

ki s`hu`kftk kxtrmate gki fuckre >=, gk im ^kv`stm Qmft`mhe, gk =?70, quk sk rkb`krk

dustmckftk m im `fmuhurma`ñf gk im Mamgkc`m gk \`fturm4

B. Bkrfmfgkz êgkiim, ^kv`stm Qmft`mhe, =?70

Kf kstk s`hie `fg`bkrkftk, m qu`kf im bk pmrkak mnmfgefmr, µfe sef tegmvãm

ies msuftes rki`hèses ies quk cís fes cukvkf5 Omak mpkfms uf mýe quk

im cuaokgucnrk ív`gm sk mheipmnm kf ims hmikrãms gkiIeuvrk pmrm mgc`rmr

ufm enrm cegkrfm ` gki tege ar`st`mfm. \mràakck tegmvãm vkr ksk

cmrmvìiese aumgre gk Mry Qaokbbkr, quk fe ck amfsmnm gk aeftkcpimr...

(p.182)

Gurmftk ki mýe gk =0


15/89

`ftregua`gm per ies g`rkaterks kurepkes, aeftrmtmges per ki hen`krfe aoìkfe kf ies

pr`fa`pès gk Mamgkc`m gk \`fturm, muf sk vkf cmramges kf im cmyerãm gk ims ksaukims gk

mrtk, quk kfbeamf im bercma`ñf gki mrt`stm, nmde cmiims aurràuimrks quk v`smf ufm

kspka`mi`gmg, gk a`krtm bercm, rktecmfge im `gkm gki mrtk aece ebàè.

Ksms prmat̀ ams sef bíaìckftk rkaefea`gms kf uf nrkvk rkaerr`ge per ims s`tè wkn

gk ims ksaukims gk mrtks, aece ks ki amse gk im [f`vkrs`gmg gk Aoìk, gefgk skhôf su

s`tè (ottp4//www.uaoìk.ai/amrrkrms/7018/mrtks-pimstàms), hrmge mamgàcàe eterhmge, ks gk

Iàkfa`mge kf Mrtks, aef ckfa`ñf kf Mrtks \iístàms, ym im [f`vkrs`gmg B`f`s Wkrrmk,

prkskftm 2 Iãfkms gk bercma`ñf gk im kspka`mi`gmg gk Mrtks R`sumiks y 1 Iãfkms gk

bercma`ñf trmfsvkrsmi kf su pmh`fm wkn (ottp4//www.b`f`stkrrmk.ai/amrrkrmUmrtks/cmiim.pop),

gefgk, ksms 2 iãfkms, prkskftmf cmyerckftk kspka`mi`gmgks prevkf`kftks gk ims ’nkiims

mrtks– aece, g`nude, ksauiturm, hrmnmge y p`fturm ksk bkfñckfe tmcn`àf sk enskrvm kf im

[f`vkrs`gmg Amtñiàm gk Aoìk (gsrg.ua.ai/gmrm/amrrkrm/CMIIMQ/mrtkUasea/cUmrtkF.otci),

y ks s`cìmr kf ims etrms ksaukims gk mrtks.

Im [f`vkrs`gmg [f`maa, im amsm gk kstugè gefgk sk iikvm m amne kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf,

ouyk gk ksk bercmte, tkf`kfge ufm g`fícàm cís akramfm mi cegkie fertkmckràmfe gk

kguama`ñf, gefgk ki mprkfg`zmdk sk beckftm per im kxpkr`ckftma`ñf kf vmr`ms g`sa`pi`fms,

bercmfge uf mrt`stm ampmz gk trmnmdmr kf g`bkrkftks írkms, s`f prebufg`zmrsk kf im

kfskýmfzm gk gktkrc`fmgms tàafàms.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =;


16/89

Amp`tuie =.>

Im ksaukim gk mrtks gk im [f`vkrs`gmg [F@MAA

Gksar`n`r ki ckgè gefgk sk rkmi`zm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, myugm m kftkfgkr kf quk aeftkxte

sk prkskftmf ies aukstèfmc`kftes pimftkmges. Im [f`maa, [f`vkrs`gmg gk Mrtks, A`kfa`ms

y Aecufàmaèfks, bufgmgm kf ki mýe gk =0?=, t`kfk aece pr`fa`pmi kfbequk im

preguaa`ñf v`sumi gk sus butures mrt`stms, s`kcprk c`rmfge oma`m im utì`zma`ñf gk im

tkafeiehãm y ies ckgès aeftkcperífkes. Ks aefvkf`kftk pmrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf,

gksar`n`r im Ksaukim gk Mrtks gk im [f`maa, ym quk, per tkfkr im cmiim aurràuimr ckfes

aefvkfaèfmi, skhôf ie a`tmge kf ki amp`tuie mftkrèr, rkbikdmfge etre pufte gk v`stm senrk

im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks.

Im kfskýmfzm kf ies ceigks fertkmckràmfes, hmfm bukrzm, kf ki mýe >


17/89

Dòsao, M. Kf www.uf`maa.ai/prkhrmge/mrtks-v`sumiks, >


18/89

Im preguaa`ñf gk ’mrt`stms kspka`mi`stms–, ks okrkfa`m gk ims mamgkc`ms kurepkms,

y gk ims ksaukims gk mrtks y ebàès gk c`tmg gki s`hie _@_, quk, aece mftkrèrckftk

a`tmge, mpuftmnm m im preguaa`ñf gk mrtksmfãms quk, kf ksk ceckfte, krmf gk sucm

`cpertmfa`m pmrm ki arka`c`kfte kaefñcàe gki pmãs. Ksm fea`ñf, sk om pkrg`ge dufte migksmrreiie gk ims mrtks, quk m ie imrhe gk im o`ster`m, gkdm im preguaa`ñf ckrmckftk v`sumi

omstm iikhmr m uf kstmge, cev`ge per ki gksmrreiie gki pkfsmc`kfte arãtàe y im hkfkrma`ñf

gk g`saurses peiãtàes y sea`miks. Im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks, maecpmým kstk preakse y

gkdm gk iimcmrsk ’Mrtks \iístàms– y rka`kftkckftk sk trmfsbercm kf ’Mrtks R`sumiks–,

`faerpermfge fukvms g`sa`pi`fms, aece im betehrmbãm y ims mrtks ckg`miks.

Kf kstm ksaukim, fe ks g`bkrkftk, im kfskýmfzm sk gkstmam dustmckftk, per ki

gksprkfg`c`kfte gk ims gàoms ’nkiims mrtks–, aef ufm prepukstm quk nusam hkfkrmr

fukves g`saurses aeftkcperífkes, mprevkaomfgesk gki sepertk tàafàe aef ki aumi

aukftm im `fst`tua`ñf. Duste \mster Ckiimge, kf su tkxte ’\krspkat`vms gk im Kfskýmfzm gk

Mrtk.– gki mýe >


19/89


20/89

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ><

@cmhkf >. Cmiim aurr`auimr gk Mrtks R`sumiks, [F@MAA (>


21/89

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >=

@cmhkf 1. Cmiim aurr`auimr gk Mrtks R`sumiks, [F@MAA (>


22/89

Ims rkimaèfks kf terfe mi geauckfte

Kf kstk skhufge ampãtuie, sk mfmi`zm ki geauckfte gksgk ges puftes rkikvmftks pmrmkstm `fvkst`hma`ñf y kf skhu`gm, sk prkskftm uf aruak kftrk mcnes puftes, aef ki b`f gk

kv`gkfa`mr prenikcítàms rkaurrkftks kf trmnmdes mftkrèrks gki muter, quk s`rvkf aece

pufte gk pmrt`gm pmrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf.

Ki geauckfte, aece kikckfte v`sumi, y ki geauckfte, aece kikckfte iàxàe, sef

mfmi`zmges y utì`zmges pmrm bufgmckftmr im enrm quk maecpmým kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >>


23/89


24/89

Gurmftk im `fvkst`hma`ñf im rkima`ñf kftrk im geauckftma`ñf y im betehrmbãm, hmfñ

rkikvmfa`m aumfge gè kspmaè, m ufm `ftkrprktma`ñf cís miií gk ie kstàtàe, y s`, arkmfge

pmrmikies kftrk ies geauckftes y im betehrmbãm, y kfbeamfge im c`rmgm kf im betehrmbãm

aece uf geauckfte sea`mi. Msã aece im `cmhkf betehríbàm, kf kstk trmnmde, imgeauckftma`ñf mgqu`krk uf amríatkr pàtñràe, mprep`mfgesk gk s`hfes y bercms.

Gksgk ims p`fturms rupkstrks cís mft`hums, ki oecnrk s`kcprk utì`ze im `cmhkf y

su rkprkskftmt`v`gmg aece ufm bercm gk geauckftmr ie quk pmsmnm kf su mirkgkger, ksm

príatàm buk rkaurrkftk kf im p`fturm y pestkrèrckftk kf im betehrmbãm, quk gkr`vmrm gk im

c`scm. Ki surh`c`kfte gk im betehrmbãm pkrègãstàm, kftrk ki mýe =??< y =?0=, gkn`ge mi

gksmrreiie gk im `cprkftm y gk im tàafàm betehríbàm, aumfge buk puniàmgm im pr`ckrm bete

kf uf pkr`ñgàe, ki Gmìy Hrmpoà gk Fukvm Perj kf ki mýe gk =??7


25/89


26/89

H. Brkufg, Im betehrmbãm aece geauckfte sea`mi, >


27/89

Kf kstk preakse, sk pmrtk per ki skft`ge `fvkrse, fe utì`zmfge im betehrmbãm aece

akrt`bàmge gk ie rkmi, y sã, trmsimgmfge ki geauckfte, m uf amríatkr pàtñràe, betehríbàe, y

m pmrt`r gk ufm skr`k gk geauckftes arkmr ufm kspka`k gk íinuc bmcì`mr trmnmdmge kf

kstk preakg`c`kfte, quk sk prebufg`zmrí kf ki amp`tuie ;.=.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >8


28/89

Amp`tuie >.>

Ki geauckfte kf su makpa`ñf hrmcmtàmi

Aece mftkrèrckftk rkv`smces ki geauckfte gk su pufte gk v`stm pàtñràe y aefakptumi,

kf kstk amp`tuie, sk pimftkmrí ufm rkv`s`ñf gksgk ki pufte gk v`stm hrmcmtàmi, ks gka`r, sk

prepefk ufm rkv`s`ñf gk aeftkf`ge, gksgk su s`hf`bàmge prkskftk kf ki gàaèfmrè,

mftkrèrckftk a`tmge, omstm ims b`hurms gk ikfhumdk quk aecpefkf ki aeftkf`ge gk amgm

geauckfte.

[fm gk ims gkb`fàèfks prkskftks kf ki gàaèfmrè pmrm im pmimnrm ’geauckfte– ks4

’G`piecm, amrtm, rkima`ñf u etre ksar`te quk ìustrm makram gk mihôf okaoe, pr`fa`pmickftk

gk ies o`stñràes–. Gkb`fà`ñf quk `fstmimnm im gugm senrk ki kstmge gki mrt`stm kf rkima`ñf m

im kftrkhm gki g`piecm, ym quk, skhôf ki c`sce gàaèfmrè, ’mrt`stm ks mquki quk kdkautm

mihufm mrtk nkiim, pkrsefm quk preguak mrtk–. Wkf`kfge kf aukftm ie c`sce, sk `fà`m uf

mfíi`s`s senrk ims b`hurms gk ikfhumdk kfaeftrmgms kf ies geauckftes quk aecpefkf ki

mrao`ve bmcì`mr, a`tmge kf ki amp`tuie mftkrèr.

Kstk mrao`ve bmcì`mr, sk bercm kf su cmyer pmrtk per geauckftes rkbkrkftks m uf

trmsimge gk pmãs, kf kstk amse, gksgk Nrmsì oma`m Aoìk, per geauckftes gk amcnè gk

pegkr y tmcn`àf per akrt`bàmges gk gkbufa`ñf gk ies pmgrks gki mrt`stm, arkmfge uf aukrpe

bmcì`mr ym muskftk, per ksk cet`ve, ki preakse gk mfíi`s`s hrmcmtàmi gk ies geauckftes,

krm maecpmýmge per uf preakg`c`kfte gk trmguaa`ñf y mgmptma`ñf, quk m ksk ceckfte,

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >?


29/89


30/89

Wegmvãm `fvkst`hmfge senrk ki vkrne, kstm fukvm bercm gk vkrie, aece endkte

gktkrc`fmftk pmrm im kx`stkfa`m gk mihe, fukvmckftk kf uf dukhe gk pmimnrms, sk

rkimaèfñ ki vkrne, aef im b`hurm rki`hèsm, quk kstuv`krm prkskftk kf ki gksmrreiie gk hrmf

pmrtk gk ims enrms gki mrt`stm. Moã, gk fukve, ki vkrne sk rkimaèfm aef im `gkm gkkx`stkfa`m, kf kstk amse, aef ki hàfks`s, pmimnrm quk kf hr`khe, s`hf`bàm er`hkf.

Dumf =4=-;, N`ni`m gk Kstugè gk im R`gm \ikfm, =001

Ki mpñstei Dumf aeftkcpiñ im arkma`ñf y ksar`n`ñ nmde im `fsp`rma`ñf gki

Kspãr`tu Qmfte, "Kf ki pr`fa`pè ym kx`stãm ki Rkrne, y ki Rkrne kstmnm aef

Gès, y ki Rkrne krm Gès. Ài kstmnm aef Gès kf ki pr`fa`pè. \er ckgè gk

ài tegms ims aesms bukref arkmgms: s`f ài, fmgm gk ie arkmge iikhñ m kx`st`r.

Kf ài kstmnm im v`gm, y im v`gm krm im iuz gk im oucmf`gmg. Kstm iuz

rkspimfgkak kf ims t`f`knims, y ims t`f`knims fe omf peg`ge kxt`fhu`rim"

(p.=77?)

Kf ksk pufte, iikhmces mi kstmge quk sk rkb`krk mi akrt`bàmge aece vkrne, y m pmrt`r

gk kse, sk rkterfm mi aukstèfmc`kfte nmsk gk kstm tks`s, im aeftrmgàa`ñf kftrk ki mrt`stm

quk preguak mrtk s`f akrt`bàmge y ki akrt`bàmge s`f mrt`stm.



31/89

Amp`tuie >.1

Ki geauckfte aece ’Qkr–

Wmfte ki gksmrreiie iàxàe, aumfte ki gksmrreiie kstàtàe y aefakptumi, mpuftmnmf oma`m ki

c`sce imge, im gugm kf terfe mi endkte ’akrt`bàmge–.

Im sea`kgmg t`kfk `farustmgm kf s` im fkaks`gmg gk aims`bàma`ñf, dust`bàma`ñf y

aecprenma`ñf gk im rkmi`gmg, kf kses tàrc`fes, ki akrt`bàmge gk tãtuie, s`rvk pmrm

aecprenmr ki tàrc`fe gk uf preakse, pkre, mi aeftrmrè quk kf etrms amrrkrms, kstk, fe

fkaksmr`mckftk, akrt`bàm ami`gmg, ym quk, im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks, ks mihe cuaoe cís

sundkt`ve quk, g`bkrkftks amrrkrms, aece per kdkcpie, `fhkf`krãm y ckgà`fm, gefgk ims

cmiims aurràuimrks cmft`kfkf im c`scm nmsk, gefgk im ami`gmg, ks vmr`mnik gk maukrge m

im `fst`tua`ñf.

Msã, ki akrt`bàmge gk tãtuie, `fgkpkfg`kftk gk im amrrkrm, bufaèfm pmrm hkfkrmr

aims`bàmaèfks, g`bkrkftks rmfhes kf ki ckramge imnermi, ie quk ks aukstèfmnik, kf kstk

amse, aef ims mrtks v`sumiks, gefgk, im ami`gmg, hkfkrmickftk, sk aecpruknm per ckgè gk

im preguaa`ñf mrtãstàm gk amgm mrt`stm.

Kstm aims`bàma`ñf, rkbukrzm im `gkm prkskftmgm kf ki pr`ckr ampãtuie gk kstm

`fvkst`hma`ñf, gefgk, sk prepefk ufm g`bkrkfa`ma`ñf kftrk ksaukims, per im bercm aef quk

sk mnergm im kguama`ñf mrtãstàm. Kf nmsk m kse, pegkces mb`rcmr, quk oey, ki mrtk

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1=


32/89

aeftkcperífke, kxpkr`ckftm uf gksmrreiie gk g`sa`pi`fms, quk omak aef quk ki ksm

aims`bàma`ñf skm mpkfms ufm c`rmgm supkrbà`mi senrk brkftks mrtãstàms, kstìes y bercms

gk preguaa`ñf.

Ki akrt`bàmge gk tãtuie, rkbikdm kf ki g`piecm, im `gkm gk uf endkte, ufm b`hurm ams`

bktào`stm quk rkspefgk m kxpkatmt`vms er`h`fmges per im sea`kgmg y per okrkfa`ms

o`stñràms.

M pmrt`r gk kstk endkte bktào`stm, sk pukgk enskrvmr im b`hurm gki akrt`bàmge aece

ufm kspka`k gk ’`gkft`gmg rkimt`vm–, aefakpte usmge gk bercm cktmbñràm, kf mius`ñf m ie

a`tmge per ki mftrepñiehe brmfaàs, Cmra Muhà.

C. Muhà, Gès aece endkte, >


33/89

Ki ’skr– mrt`stm

Kf ki prkskftk ampãtuie, sk rkbikxèfm kfterfe m im aefgà`ñf gki mrt`stm kckrhkftk kf kickramge aoìkfe y aece ki c`sce, sk kfbrkftm m uf ’cufge gk mrtk– nmstmftk akrrmge.

Wmcn`àf sk gksar`nk y sk mfmi`zmf ges `fstmfa`ms `cpertmftks kf im amrrkrm gk uf

devkf mrt`stm kf Aoìk. Ks ki amse gk ges aefaurses gk mrtk, ki aefaurse ’Amnkzm gk rmtñf–

quk sk iikvm m amne kf ki Cuske gk Mrtks R`sumiks (CMR@) y tmcn`àf ki ’Mrtk kf v`ve– quk

trmgàèfmickftk sk gksmrreiim kf ki Cuske Fmaèfmi gk Nkiims Mrtks.

Kstk mnergmdk, t`kfk aece endkt`ve, rkberzmr aefakptes prepukstes kf ampãtuies

mftkrèrks y gkcmramr ki aeftkxte gefgk sk preguakf ies aukstèfmc`kftes prkskftks kf

kstm tks`s.



34/89

Amp`tuie 1

Ki mrt`stm kckrhkftk kf Aoìk

Ki mrt`stm kf Aoìk, ks uf pkrsefmdk quk, mi tkrc`fmr su pkrège uf`vkrs`tmrè, sk kfaukftrm

aef uf ckramge gki mrtk, peae gksmrreiimge y m im vkz, smturmge, gkn`ge m im hrmf amft`gmg

gk mrt`stms, quk gkmcnuimf per uf ’cufge gki mrtk– s`f kfaeftrmr kspmaè gefgk

kfamdmrsk.

Ki ckramge gki mrtk kf Aoìk, ks uf rkbikde gk im sea`kgmg aoìkfm, ufm sea`kgmg

quk, kf ki s`hie __@, preykatm uf arka`c`kfte kaefñcàe mýe trms mýe, pkre mi c`sce

t`kcpe, t`kfk `cprkhfmge, vmierks aefskrvmgerks, trmspmsmges per hkfkrmaèfks.

Msã `fgàm Mrture Beftm`fk Wmimvkrm, kfsmy`stm aoìkfe, kf kftrkv`stm m Qìv`m

Oepkfomyf, puniàmge per ki g`mrè ’Im Fma`ñf–, ki gãm >; gk kfkre gk >


35/89

Aece bercm gk hkfkrmr `fstmfa`ms kf ims aumiks, ies mrt`stms kckrhkftks tkfhmf im

epertuf`gmg gk prkskftmr sus enrms k `fskrtmrsk kf uf a`rau`te gk kxo`nà`ñf, kx`stkf

mihufes aefaurses gk mrtk aeftkcperífke, gefgk, sk gkstmamf ki aefaurse ’Mrtk kf v`ve–

per im g`fícàm quk prepefk, y ki aefaurse ’Amnkzm gk ^mtñf–, per im `cpertmfa`m gkikspmaè, gefgk kstk sk iikvm m amne, ki CMR@.

Ki pr`ckre, sk rkmi`zm gksgk ki mýe gk =0?0, y sk amrmatkr`zm per skr uf aefaurse-

tmiikr pmrm miucfes gk aumrte mýe gk ims amrrkrms uf`vkrs`tmr`ms gk mrtks v`sumiks. Gurmftk

ufm skcmfm, rkprkskftmftks gk ims ksaukims gk mrtks gk tege ki pmãs, sk rkôfkf kf ki omii

pr`fa`pmi gki Cuske Fmaèfmi gk Nkiims Mrtks, kf ki aumi, trmnmdmf s`f cures, aef ki

endkt`ve gk prkskftmr ufm enrm mi b`fmi gk ksm skcmfm.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1;

@cmhkf 2. Aefaurse-Wmiikr Mrtk kf R`ve (>


36/89

Mi mfmi`zmr kstk aefaurse y sus hmfmgerks kf kgàèfks mftkrèrks, pegkces

gktkatmr amrmatkrãstàms quk mýmgkf mftkakgkftks pmrm kstk gksmrreiie. Im g`v`s`ñf gk

amtkherãms gk ies aefaursmftks, ks ufm gk ksms amrmatkrãstàms, ym quk, msã, sk rk`tkrm im

pkrakpa`ñf gki mrt`stm kspka`mi`stm kf uf ebàè. Mi g`v`g`r ies mrt`stms kftrk p`fterks k`fstmimgerks, kf sus kspmaès prkgktkrc`fmges, sk i`c`tm im preguaa`ñf gk ies mrt`stms.

Ies aefaursmftks, trmnmdmfge kf ki omii gki cuske, trmfsc`tk ufm skfsma`ñf

uitrmpmsmgm gki mrt`stm aece uf `fg`v`gue getmge gk ufm ami`gmg kspka`mi. Mi rkv`smr ims

enrms hmfmgerks gk ies ôit`ces mýes, sk pukgk aefstmtmr quk im amtkherãm ’`fstmima`ñf–,

sk gkstmamf enrms gk amríatkr ksauitñràe, ie quk fukvmckftk rkc`tk, mi aefskrvmger`sce

a`tmge mi pr`fa`pè gki ampãtuie.

Ie c`sce suakgk kf ki aefaurse ’Amnkzm gk ^mtñf–, gefgk kf ki mýe gk >


37/89


38/89

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1?

@cmhkf 0. Wkrakr iuhmrFkhma`ñf gk im cukrtk, gk Bkrfmfge Hñckz (>


39/89

Im mb`rcma`ñf gk Hkrmrge Cesqukrm, kf ki i`nre ’Aep`mfge ki Kgàf4 Mrtk rka`kftk

kf Aoìk–, `fgàm quk aece im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks, kdkrak `fbiukfa`m kf kstm ksakfm,

trmgàèfmi`stm.

H. Cesqukrm, Aep`mfge ki Kgàf4 Mrtk rka`kftk kf Aoìk, >


40/89

Mrt`stms rkbkrkftks

Kstk ampãtuie, mfmi`zm g`bkrkftks enrms gk g`st`ftes mrt`stms, t`kfk ki prepñs`te arkmr ufcmpm aefakptumi, gefgk ks pes`nik `gkft`bàmr a`krtms prenikcítàms quk sk omf iikvmge m

amne kf kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf. Mi c`sce t`kcpe, sk prktkfgkf skýmimr g`bkrkftks preakses gk

preguaa`ñf quk s`rvkf aece rkbkrkfa`m mi gksmrreiie gk kstk preakse. P b`fmickftk,

kxpefkr i`fkms aefakptumiks, s`cì`tugks y g`bkrkfa`ms kftrk ies trmnmdes prkskftks kf kstk

ampãtuie y ki aukrpe gk enrm prkskftmge.



41/89

7.= Demf Beftaunkrtm

Mrt`stm/betñhrmbe kspmýei, Demf Beftaunkrtm, fma`ñ kf =0;; y oey, g`v`gk su t`kcpe kftrk

sus trmnmdes aece geakftk, kfsmy`stm y arãt`ae gk mrtk kspka`mi`zmge kf betehrmbãm. Kf ki

pkrãege kftrk ies mýes gk =0?; y >


42/89

gugms, quk sef arua`miks kf ki gksmrreiie gki trmnmde gki mrt`stm, µqu`kf ks ksk pkrsefmdk5:

µquà betehrmbãm ks rkmi5, µperquà eauitmr uf pkrsefmdk5 Ki pkrsefmdk kf aukst`ñf, sk trmtm

gki prep`e Demf Beftaunkrtm, ki aumi, mpmrkak trmvkst`ge aece uf aescefmutm.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 7>

@cmhkf =


43/89

M pmrt`r gk ksk kxtrmýe pretmhef`stm, Beftaunkrtm gksmrreiim ufm `fvkst`hma`ñf/

kfsmye senrk ki pkrsefmdk, prkskftmfge ufm skr`k gk betehrmbãms aef amrmatkrãstàms

nmstmftk aet`g`mfms, rkimaèfmfgesk aef etrms pkrsefms, kf iuhmrks pôniàes, pmrm gkb`f`r

n`kf, im rkima`ñf gki c`sce aef ki ckgè gefgk sk s`tôm (@cmhkf =>).

Kf Bmufm (rkmi`zmge kf ki mýe =0?8), Beftaunkrtm fes prkskftm ufm skr`k gk

omiimzhes kxtrmýes, ufm bmufm gksaefea`gm, `cprksèfmfge per im amft`gmg gk gktmiiks

quk kftrkhm kf tmi puniàma`ñf. Kf im s`hu`kftk `cmhkf, pegkces enskrvmr ufm pkrsefm,

tecmfge gk ims cmfes uf skr, c`tmg kqu`fe, c`tmg cefe, aef pesturm oucmfm y im p`ki


@cmhkf =>. Demf Beftaunkrtm, Kis fkfs maimckf mi aescefmutm mi'ksaeim =??, m Ikf`fhrmg.

Qputf`j (=008)


44/89

aun`krtm gk pkies, quk rkaukrgmf m skrks c`teiñhàes (@cmhkf =1). Amriks Hukrrm mb`rcm

kf su tkxte ’µ]uà ks cís rkmi, im `cmhkf e im cmf`puima`ñf gk im `cmhkf5–, ’Qkr`k trms

skr`k, Beftaunkrtm om kresèfmge im arkg`nì`gmg gk im betehrmbãm–.

Im gugm kf su trmnmde, dukhm aef ki amríatkr tkeiñhàe quk im betehrmbãm om

mgqu`r`ge, ks gka`r, mufquk teges smnkces quk im `cmhkf ks kg`tmnik y matumickftk kiim

FE akrt`bàm quk ie rkprkskftmge skm rkmi, kiim tegmvãm hkfkrm ufm kspka`k gk aefb`mfzm

senrk im c`scm, aece skýmim Hukrrm kf im s`hu`kftk mb`rcma`ñf, ’M pksmr gk kiie, s`kcprk

omnrí uf ceckfte kf quk gkskmrkces arkkrfes sus o`ster`ms–, fukvmckftk kf su tkxte

’µ]uà ks cís rkmi, im `cmhkf e im cmf`puima`ñf gk im `cmhkf5– .


@cmhkf =1. Demf Beftaunkrtm, Akftmurus Fkmfgkrtmikfs`sBmufm (=008)


45/89

7.>. Pmsucmsm Cer`curm

Kstk mrt`stm dmpefàs, fmak kf Esmjm kf ki mýe gk =0;=, peaes mýes gkspuàs gki b`f gk imskhufgm hukrrm cufg`mi (kf ki mýe gk =07;), ie quk pregude amcnès rkikvmftks kf ims

rkimaèfks kftrk ies pmãsks er`kftmiks (cís kspkaãbàmckftk Dmpñf) y ies pmãsks

eaa`gkftmiks, ie quk tkrc`fmrãm `fbiukfa`mfge gk bercm `ftkfsm, im kguama`ñf gk Cer`curm,

y mýes gkspuàs su enrm. Gurmftk ies mýes ?


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@cmhkf =7. Pmsucmsm Cer`curm, Rmf Heho (=0?;)@cmhkf =;. Rmf Heho, X`to \`pk (=??0)

@cmhkf =2. Pmsucmsm Cer`curm, Br`gm kf c` (>


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Kf ims `cíhkfks, enskrvmces ims kxprksèfks cuy pmrka`gms, mufquk ies edes

rmshmges prkskftks kf ims enrms gki mrt`stm, amcn`mf ki tefe gk im `cmhkf, im muskfa`m gk

nmrnm gki fukve Rmf Heho, y ki aomi Ieu`s R`ttef (cmram brmfaksm) gk im fukvm Br`gm

Jmoie, amusmf kxtrmýkzm y tmcn`àf, ufm quk etrm r`sm.

Qus `ftkrprktmaèfks `rrkvkrkftks, vmf cís miií gki ao`stk, im Br`gm trmvkst`gm gk

hk`som `fgàm aece kstm ’trmguaa`ñf v`sumi– quk kdkautm ki mrt`stm, gkdm su oukiim auiturmi,

ks gka`r, ims okrkfa`ms gk aumiqu`kr auiturm, kstmrãmf `cprksms kf ufm maa`ñf aece im gk

Cer`curm.

’Ki `ftkràs sk akftrm kf im prkskfa`m aefstmftk gk su restre aece kstmfgmrtk gk su

auiturm– aece skýmim \ìmr Hefzmie kf ki i`nre O`ster`m gki Mrtk, puniàmge per im bufgma`ñf

Wkikbñfàm, amtíiehe gk im kxpesà`ñf gki betñhrmbe dmpefàs kf ki c`sce kspmaè.

Ims enrms utì`zmgms, t`kfkf uf bukrtk s`hf`bàmge, ym quk sk trmtmf gk àefes gk im

auiturm eaa`gkftmi, gk ksm bercm, im mprep`ma`ñf gk ies c`sces, hkfkrm fukvms

`ftkrprktmaèfks, quk sk petkfa`mf m ckg`gm quk ki muter preguak skr`ks aef tmiks àefes.

Ies restres quk pkrtkfkakf mi `faefsa`kftk aeikat`ve (kf ki eaa`gkftk), mgqu`krkf uf

s`hf`bàmge geauckftmi, sef okrkfa`ms gk ie quk pmsmrm kf etrms hkfkrmaèfks y per ie

tmfte, fes trmsc`tk ufm skr`k gk sãcneies y añg`hes quk iukhe skríf rk`ftkrprktmges aef

ksms pkqukýms g`bkrkfa`ms, preveamf `fqu`ktugks, `faeceges, quk bufaèfmf aece ki

pufte gk pmrt`gm kf im enrm gk Cer`curm.

\mrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, ks `cpertmftk gkstmamr ksk trmspmse, quk kdkautm ki mrt`stm,

gki eaa`gkftk mi er`kftk, quk bufaèfm aece ufm a`krtm ’trmguaa`ñf v`sumi–, ksk fukve



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aefakpte, sk rkimaèfm aef ki gksmrreiie gk kstk preakse, aece cktíberm gk ies amcnès

auiturmiks `cpukstes per ies trmsimges y trmspmses.Aece kf uf geauckfte ksar`te, ims

`cíhkfks, tmcn`àf subrkf ’pàrg`gms– gk a`krtes gktmiiks, s`hf`bàmges, aece pegkces

enskrvmr kf im s`hu`kftks betes. Im aiísàm bete gk Aok Hukvmrm ks uf hrmf kdkcpie gkkse.

Im betehrmbãm mftkrèr, buk tecmgm kf ki mýe gk =022 gk cmye gk >


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Mi skr pestkr`zmgm per H`mfh`maece Bkitr`fkii` (@cmhkf >


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7.1. Wec Br`kgcmf

Fmak kf Qt. Ieu`s, Kstmges [f`ges, kf ki mýe =02; y gksmrreiim su trmnmde kf ki amcpe gkim ksauiturm, utì`zmfge cmtkr`miks gk use aet`g`mfe, aece aunes gk mzôamr,

ksamrnmg`kftks y amdms gk akrkmiks. \mrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf ks pkrt`fkftk kfbeamrfes kf 1

enrms gk Br`kgcmf kf ims aumiks pkra`n`ces im bercm aefakptumi aef im aumi gksmrreiim

sus enrms gk mrtk.Kf ims s`hu`kftks enrms, pegkces enskrvmr aece ki mrt`stm, utì`zm im

`cmhkf, cís n`kf, im muskfa`m gk im `cmhkf, aece mrt`bàè pmrm arkmr ufm `faeceg`gmg,

ufm `fakrt`gucnrk, quk nmtmiim aef ies tãtuies gk ims enrms, pef`kfge kf gugm su trmnmde y

msã, g`saut`kfge im arkg`nì`gmg gki mrt`stm v`sumi.

Kf ki mýe =00>, rkmi`zm ufe gk sus trmnmdes cís aefea`ges, ’Krmskg ’\imyney"

akftkrbeig –, trmnmde kf ki aumi, prkskftmnm im píh`fm akftrmi gk im rkv`stm pimyney

aecpiktmckftk nerrmgm. [fm oedm nimfam, aef mihufms cmfaoms gk aeier, `cpes`niks gk

gksa`brmr ie quk aeftkfãmf mftks gk im maa`ñf gki mrt`stm s` fe bukrm per ki tãtuie gksar`pt`ve

quk `ft`tuim im enrm (@cmhkf >=).

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;


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Mi Nerrmr im píh`fm akftrmi gk im rkv`stm ’\imyney –, Br`kgcmf gksmpmrkak aef

aumiqu`kr vkst`hè gk im `cmhkf y gksmarkg`tm im cãstàm gk im pr`fa`pmi píh`fm gk ufm gk

ims rkv`stms cís `cpertmftks kf im o`ster`m fertk-mckràmfm.

Mi c`sce t`kcpe, ki mrt`stm `fstmurm ufm `cpertmftk `ftkrrehmt`vm pmrm ki gksmrreiie

gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, kf ie quk gàk rkspkate m im arkg`nì`gmg gki mrt`stm. µ^kmickftk

Wec Br`kgcmf nerre cmfumickftk im pertmgm5

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;=

@cmhkf >=. Wec Br`kgcmf, Krmskg "\imyney" Akftkrbeig. (=00>)


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Ksk aukst`efmc`kfte senrk im arkg`n`i`gmg gki mrt`stm sk rkp`tk kf im enrm ’=


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Im oedm nimfam gki mrt`stm, rkcktk m im `gkm gk hmikrãm, tkf`kfge im oedm gk pmpki kf

nimfae, aece ki pr`ckr f`vki gk uf preakse gk arkma`ñf, ksk nimfae `fcmauimge quk

trmfsa`kfgk ki mrt`stm m etre f`vki kf rkima`ñf mi kspkatmger, msã, ki mrt`stm ep`fm senrk im

enrm, mb`rcmfge, ’Pe arke quk kx`de bk kf c` arkg`nì`gmg. – kf aefvkrsma`ñf aef DeofXmtkrs pmrm im rkv`stm \mrjktt Mrt kf ki mýe gk >, gefgk Wec Br`kgcmf prkskftm

uf pkgkstmi nimfae, aef ufm pkqukým pkietm fkhrm gk 1).

Ki mrt`stm, mi ’skr– mrt`stm, mgqu`krk etrm aeffetma`ñf msã aece tege ie quk ki omak,

aece `fgàm Br`kgcmf mi aims`bàmr ki pkgmze gk sus kxarkckftes aece ufm p`kzm ôfàm.

Ck pmrkak rkikvmftk im enrm gk Wec Br`kgcmf mi prenikcmt`zmr im arkg`nì`gmg gki mrt`stm y

im `refãm kf gkb`f`r ki mrt`stm aece uf preguater gk enrms, gk bercm fmturmi. M pmrt`r gk ksm

gkb`fà`ñf sk preguakf aruaks kftrk im prepukstm gki mrt`stm aef im `gkm mnergmgm kf kstm

`fvkst`hma`ñf, rkterfmfge mi aukstèfmc`kfte ’µMquã omy mrtk5– gksmrreiimge kf ies

akrt`bàmges y geauckftes utì`zmges kf kstk preakse.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;1


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@cmhkf >1. Wec Br`kgcmf, [ft`tikg (Bkaks ef m \kgkstmi). (=00>)


55/89

7.7 Wok Pks Ckf

Ies ’Pks Ckf– sef uf gupim gk mat`v`stms, bercmge per Mfgy Nàoinmuc y C`jk Neffmfe, ymute `ft`tuimf su trmnmde aece ufm ’aerrkaa`ñf gk `gkft`gmg–, gefgk im gupim preguak

aep`ms gk s`tès wkn aece ckgè gk `fskrtmrsk kf uf ckgè, pmsmfgesk per

rkprkskftmftks gk hrmfgks aerpermaèfks e kcprksms cuit`fmaèfmiks, m qu`kfks

’mpuftmf sus mtmquks –, aef ki b`f gk rkvkimr tege ki kftrmcmge gk `ftkrksks peiãtàes y

kaefñcàes. \mrm ki gksmrreiie gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, ks rkikvmftk kfbeamr geauckftmi

’Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok werig – aece rkbkrkfa`m kf aumfte m ies preakg`c`kftes mgeptmges

pmrm hkfkrmr sus maaèfks.

Mfgy Nàoinmuc y C`jk Neffmfe sef pmrtk gk ies bufgmgerks gk uf aeikat`ve

mrtãstàe y mat`v`stm iimcmge ^WCmrj, ki aumi t`kfk aece trmnmde cís aefea`ge ki

`ftkramcnè gk ims amdms gk vez gk 1


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Mi omakr aep`ms gk ims pmh`fms wkn, ki aeikat`ve aenrm ufm rkmi`gmg per im

skckdmfzm kftrk ies s`tès. Q`f omajkmr e aumiqu`kr t`pe gk mat`v`gmg ìkhmi, usmf ki ckgè

v`rtumi pmrm c`ckt`zmrsk, kxpiermfge im `cmhkf y im arkg`nì`gmg gk etres. Gurmftk im

pkiãauim, enskrvmces aece bufaèfm ksk ’cegus epkrmft` –, gefgk im mprep`ma`ñf gk imamrm v`s`nik gk ims kcprksms, ies akrt`bàm aece rkmi`gmg. Im pr`ckrm maa`ñf rkh`strmgm kf

’Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig – cukstrm aece Mfgy Nàoinmuc, `fvkftm uf pkrsefmdk, y omak

uf g`saurse senrk im fukvm pesà`ñf gk im aícmrm gk aeckraè fertk-mckràmfm senrk ki

mpeye mi preteaeie gk Jyete, pkrbercmfak quk r`fgk ufm kv`gkfa`m (y ufm aefbus`ñf) kf

ies ckgès gk aecufàma`ñf kstmgeuf`gkfsks.


@cmhkf >7. Wok Pks Ckf, Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig (ampturm gk pmftmiim gk impkiãauim). (>


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im aùgmg gk Noepmi, kf @fg`m. Moerm, ki aeikat`ve rkspefgk uf iimcmge gk im amgkfm gk

fetà`msNNA pmrm mfufa`mr ki fukve pesàèfmc`kfte gk im kcprksm kf aumfte msuc`r imrkspefsmnì`gmg gk im trmhkg`m y senrk ki rksmra`c`kfte m ies bmcì`mrks gk ims vãat`cms.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;?

@cmhkf >2. Wok Pks Ckf, Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig (ampturm gk pmftmiim gk impkiãauim). (>


59/89

Ki aefakpte gk ’aerrkaa`ñf gk `gkft`gmg –, usmge per ies c`sces mat`v`stms pmrm

gkb`f`r su trmnmde, sk petkfa`m per im pmrmgedm quk t`kfk kf terfe, ym quk, tmi aerrkaa`ñf,

pmsm per im mprep`ma`ñf gk im `gkft`gmg gk ims c`scmsvãat`cms .

@fskrtmrsk kf uf ckgè, usmfge ki c`sce pmrm kse, ks ufm `gkm sucmckftk `cpertmftk

pmrm ki gksmrreiie gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, im aep`m aece okrrmc`kftm gk `ftkhrma`ñf mi

c`sce t`kcpe, bufaèfm pmrm ’ pefkr kf dkquk – im arkg`nì`gmg, kf kstk amse, im arkg`nì`gmg

gki c`sce ckgè, mihe quk sk kv`gkfa`m aef im uit`cm `ftkrvkfa`ñf gki aeikat`ve, kf ki

aumi, preguakf aep`ms gki `cpertmftk g`mrèWok Fkw Perj W`cks . Kf kstm `ftkrvkfa`ñf, ki

gôe, preguak ufm skr`k gk g`mrès, aef im bkaom gk 2 cksks m buture, gefgk tegms ims

fetà`ms `cprksms, krmf fetà`ms utñpàms gk im hrmf cmyerãm gk ies aùgmgmfes fertk

mckràmfes.

\reguaa`ñf gk enrm


@cmhkf >?. Wok Pks Ckf, Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig (ampturm gk pmftmiim gkim pkiãauim). (>


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Kf ki prkskftk amp`tuie, sk omak uf rkimte senrk ki gksmrreiie gk im enrm gki mrt`stm,

tkf`kfge kf aukftm kv`gkfa`mr a`krtms `fqu`ktugks pkrsefmiks y kstrmtkh`ms v`sumiksrkikvmftks quk auic`fmf kf im rkmi`zma`ñf gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf. M aeft`fuma`ñf, sk

gksar`nk ufm skr`k gk enrms rkmi`zmgms m ie imrhe gk ies ôit`ces ; mýes, pmrm b`fmickftk

s`tumr im prkskftk `fvkst`hma`ñf y enrm kf uf t`kcpe y kspma`e, gkb`f`kfge ims ktmpms gk

kstk preakse.



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;.=. Wmxefecãm

Kf kstk preakse, sk gkstmam im tmxefecãm kdkautmgm aef a`krtes geauckftes ies aumiksper b`f, vkfgrãmf m aefst`tu`r uf aukrpe y ufm iãfkm gk trmnmde rkikvmftk, gkcmramfge

bmsks mrtãst`ams y pkrsefmiks. Kf kstk aeftkxte, sk usm ki tàrc`fe ’tmxefecãm– pmrm

gkfec`fmr im erhmf`zma`ñf y aims`b`ama`ñf gk geauckftes, mrcmfge ufm kspka`k gk

mrao`ve, aef ki b`f gk micmakfmr y kstug`mr geauckftes gk okaoes y preakses eaurr`ges

kf uf ícn`te pkrsefmi gki mrt`stm.

’Gkbufa`ñf–, gksmrreiimge kf ki mýe gk >


62/89

Ki gkshmstk gk ies akrt`bàmges gk gkbufa`ñf, kv`gkfa`mf ufm pàrg`gm fe seimckftkbmcì`mr, pkre tmcn`àf ufm pàrg`gm gki geauckfte bãsàe, ks gka`r, ki tkxte `cprkse kf

pmpki, s`kfge rkkcpimzmge per ies mrao`ves g`h`tmiks. Im pàrg`gm gkftre gki fôaike

bmcì`mr, qukgm kf skhufge pimfe, eaupmfge uf kspmaè sìkfaèse, gec`fmge per ies

vmaães hkfkrmges, kst`cuimfge ki kspkatmger m nusamr im `fbercma`ñf akrt`bàmgm kf

rks`gues ams` `cpkrakpt`niks. Ki gktkrère, ies sìkfaès y ki hrmf bercmte, hkfkrmf ufm

b`hurm mtrmat`vm, quk dukhm aef im aurès`gmg gki kspkatmger, quk mftk ufm enrm aef peam

`fbercma`ñf v`sumi, nusam kf ims cmfaoms rkstmftks kf ki geauckfte, amc`fes pmrm iikhmr

m im vkrma`gmg, quk ksaefgk ki geauckfte.


@cíhkfks >0, 1< y 1=. ’Gkbufa`ñf– (preakse gk gkshmstk). (>


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@cmhkf 1>. ’Gkbufa`ñf– (Akrt`b`amge Cmgrk). (>


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Kf ki mýe >


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gk a`krtm bercm, trmfsbercmf m uf tkrakr `fg`v`gue, kf etrm pkrsefm, ym quk, mi aefakgkrik

maaèfks quk mftkrèrckftk fe mckr`tmnm, ki c`sce, mgqu`krk uf fukve rei, `faerpermfge

pegkrks pkrtkfka`kftks m etrm pkrsefm. Ki mfíi`s`s hrmcmtàmi gk kstes pegkrks, hkfkrñ

uf aukstèfmc`kfte kf terfe m im rkima`ñf kftrk ki ikfhumdk prkskftk kf ies geauckftes yki geauckfte aece endkte.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 2;

@cmhkf 1;. Kxtrmate gk geauckfte (@cmhkf gk preakse). (>


66/89

M pmrt`r gk kstk fukve pimftkmc`kfte, sk gkb`fk ki geauckfte aece endkte quk gm

bk y aecpruknm im vkrma`gmg gk uf okaoe, gkb`fà`ñf nmsk gki akrt`bàmge, pkre quk muf fe

oun`krm s`ge pimftkmgm gksgk ksk pufte gk v`stm. Kf ksk kftefaks, ki akrt`bàmge sk

trmfsbercmrm kf ufm maa`ñf, y im rkpreguaa`ñf gk kstms, moerm maaèfks, trmfspertmnm imenrm m etre ícn`te, hkfkrmfge aukstèfmc`kftes quk s`rvkf aece nmsk pmrm kstm

`fvkst`hma`ñf. \kfsmfge ki geauckfte, aece ufm cktíberm gki ’skr–, surhk ufm fukvm

amtkherãm kf ki preakse tmxefece, quk skrãm aecpukstm per tegm im nurearma`m rkqukr`gm

kf ki preakse gk khrkse y t`tuima`ñf kf im uf`vkrs`gmg [F@MAA.



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;.>.Wrmguaa`ñf y rk`ftkrprktma`ñf

Aece sk pukgk enskrvmr tmfte kf ki amp`tuie mftkrèr, aece kf ies rkbkrkftksprkskftmges, im `cmhkf y su bercm gk rkprkskftmr im vkrgmg, s`kcprk surhkf aece ufm

`fqu`ktug. Kf kstk pufte gk im `fvkst`hma`ñf, sk aruzmf ges iãfkms gk trmnmde quk omstm

kftefaks pmrka`krmf fe tkfkr cuaom rkima`ñf. [fm skr`k gk trmnmdes àefeaimstms, hmfmf

skft`ge mi omakr ufm rkikaturm gk ies c`sces, moerm enskrvmges aef edes cís cmgures

quk etrerm. Q` kf uf aec`kfze, im utì`zma`ñf gk `cíhkfks rki`hèsms, gkskftefmnm gk im

kstàtàm v`sumi v`stm kf trmnmdes cís skrkfes aece ks im enrm ’Gkbufa`ñf –, gki pufte gk

v`stm aefakptumi, sk pukgkf trmzmr `ftkrksmftks puftes kf aecôf.

Im enrm ’\utrkbmaa`ñf – gki skhufge skckstrk gki mýe >


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69/89

Mi mprep`mrsk gk `cíhkfks k àefes rkaefea`ges y amcn`mries gk su aeftkxte

aecôf, sk preguakf fukvms ikaturms senrk im `cmhkf, kf kstk amse, ies arua`b`des gkdmf gk

skr endktes rki`hèse, y rkc`tkf m ufm skr`k gk etres s`hfes. Ksm c`scm maa`ñf sk pukgk

enskrvmr kf enrms mftkrèrks. Kf ki mýe gk >


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\reakse s`cìmr, pegkces enskrvmr kf im enrm ’êsmrè/Mugãbefes–, quk aece gàk

su fecnrk, sk trmtm gk uf endkte, ufm p`kzm ksauitñràm quk fmak gk im ckzaim gk ges

mrtãauies gk aãrauies nmstmftk g`bkrkftks. Ki pr`ckr endkte, v`kfk gk im ksbkrm rki`hèsm, uf

resmrè, quk sk c`ckt`zm aef uf endkte tkafeiñhàe aecôf y aerr`kftk aece uf pmr gk

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 8<

@cmhkf 7=. ’Q`f W`tuie– (^kh`stre). (>


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mugãbefes. Ki aruak kftrk kses ges endktes, prepefk ufm rkikaturm gk ies c`sces,

utì`zmfge ki s`cnei`sce ym kx`stkftk kf kiies, pmrm kv`gkfa`mr fukvms prenikcítàms. Mquã,

ki endkte prepefk ufm c`rmgm cís aeckra`mi senrk im rki`h`ñf, y sus b`hurms, m pmrt`r

gk im rk`fvkfa`ñf gk sus mrtãauies usmfge im tkafeiehãm pmrm arkmr uf kfbequk císaeckra`mi mi endkte.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 8=

@cmhkf 7>. ’êsmrè/Mugãbefes– (^kh`stre). (>


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Kstm enrm bufaèfm aece uf hrmf kdkcpie senrk ie quk sk pimftkm kf kstk amp`tuie,

ym quk im enrm sk rk`fvkftm hrma`ms m im amrhm auiturmi quk kx`st`krm mftkrèrckftk.

Enskrvmces aece im `cmhkf pukgk skr trmnmdmgm pmrm arkmr y cmf`puimr fukvms

rkmi`gmgks, aece kf ki trmnmde gk Beftaunkrtm y Cer`curm, kstm ks pmrtk v`tmi gk kstm`fvkst`hma`ñf, ym quk fes myugm m kdkautmr a`krtes kdkraàès preaksumiks y m kftkfgkr

a`krtms kstrmtkh`ms v`sumiks `cpertmftks kf ki gksmrreiie gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf y im enrm

quk im maecpmým.



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;.1. \ruknms, krrerks y rkpktà`ñf .

Gkspuàs gk rkv`smr ies ampãtuies mftkrèrks, tkf`kfge aimres ies preakses gk tmxefecãm,n`kf gkb`f`ges ies aefakptes y kstrmtkh`ms v`sumiks aef quk sk kfbeamrãm im `fvkst`hma`ñf,

iikhmces mi pufte kf quk im uit`cm amtkherãm arkmgm kf ki preakse tmxefece gk im enrm,

kcpkzmrãm m tecmr bercm. [f preakse imrhe k `ftkfse, gefgk ki krrer ks pmrtãa`pk

aeimnermfge pmrm im kveiua`ñf kstàtàm gk im enrm. Kf skhu`gm m im rkaeikaa`ñf gk

geauckftes, krm oerm gk gkb`f`r oma`m quk nimfae mpuftmrãm im preguaa`ñf mrtãstàm,

hkfkrmr ies ckgès k `gkmi`zmr ki b`f.

Ki nimfae kikh`ge buk im nurearma`m prkskftk kf ki kfterfe uf`vkrs`tmrè, cís

kspkaãbàmckftk, ki preakse gk khrkse y t`tuima`ñf, pkfsmfge kf quk kstk, skr`m ki ôit`ce

y gka`ger preakse, akrrmfge uf aàie y eterhmfge mi kstug`mftk, ki fma`c`kfte y

arka`c`kfte gk uf fukve ’skr–, tkf`kfge kf aukftm, kf quk sk ik mgdugàm im prebks`ñf quk

ie maecpmýmrm per ki rkste gk su v`gm.

Iukhe, krm fkaksmrè arkmr, uf biude gk trmnmde quk pug`krm cmftkfkr im preguaa`ñf

gki mrt`stm, ks msã quk, im tmxefecãm quk omnãm s`ge arkmgm, hmfm sunamtkherãms,

g`v`g`kfge ies geauckftes kf kxtrmates v`sumiks, tmiks aece b`rcms, t`cnrks, t`pehrmbãms,

pmrm rkh`strmr, kstug`mr y rkpregua`r, gk bercm aeftãfum, aef ki b`f gk prmatàmr pmrm

hkfkrmr aep`ms cuy s`cìmrks m ies kxtrmates er`h`fmiks. Msã, m ie imrhe gki mýe gk >


74/89


@cmhkf 71. ’Q`f W`tuie– (ampturm gk pmftmiim). (>


75/89


76/89


77/89

Aefaius`ñf

Wkf`kfge kf aukftm ies mftkakgkftks prkskftmges kf kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, ki mrt`stm a`krrmkstm bmsk, prkskftmfge ki gksmrreiie aefakptumi gk im enrm aef im aumi auic`fm kstk

preakse, v`fauimfge ims enrms rkmi`zmgms mftkrèrckftk aef ies aefakptes y

preakg`c`kftes m ie imrhe gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, y gk c`scm cmfkrm, `faerpermfge bercms

y okrrmc`kftms gksaun`krtms y pkrbkaaèfmges gurmftk kstes ges mýes gk preguaa`ñf.

Kf ki pr`ckr amp`tuie, sk prkskftm uf nrkvk rkaerr`ge o`stñràe gksgk ki er`hkf gk

ims ksaukims gk mrtks kf Aoìk omstm ies gãms gk oey, y per b`f, sk kstmnikakf, m trmvàs gki

mfíi`s`s gk o`tes enskrvmges kf ki pkrège o`stñràe kstug`mge, aefakptes quk aeftr`nuykf

pmrm `gkft`bàmr y pimftkmr, kdkraàès pmrm ki gksmrreiie gk kstm enrm.

Kf ki amp`tuie s`hu`kftk, sk preguak ki c`sce preakse mfmiãtàe, kstm vkz

kfr`quka`ge aef kikckftes kftrkhmges kf ki amp`tuie quk ie mftkakg`krm, rkv`smfge tkxtes

y feaèfks kf terfe mi endkte nmsk gk kstm preguaa`ñf, ki geauckfte, ki akrt`bàmge gk

tãtuie.

Kf skhu`gm, sk prkskftm uf nrkvk mfíi`s`s gki ckgè gki mrtk, gefgk, kfbeamfge tmi

kstugè kf ges aefaurses gk mrtks v`sumiks, quk s`rvkf aece ufm pukrtm gk kftrmgm gki

mrt`stm v`sumi mi ckgè mrtãstàe aoìkfe.



78/89

Aef kses prkakgkftks, ies ampãtuies s`hu`kftks, mfmi`zmf enrms rkmi`zmgms per ki

mrt`stm y rkbkrkftks quk mhrkhmf y rkbukrzmf ims `gkms, bercmfge uf fukve aukrpe gk

enrm, nusamfge aeokrkfa`m kf ies kdkraàès, cmgurmfge ki preakse.

Gk ksm bercm, ki mrt`stm pimftkm, ufm c`rmgm aefakptumi oma`m ies preakses per ki

v`v`ges, gefgk su kfskýmfzm uf`vkrs`tmr`m, sk p`kfsm y rkp`kfsm, s`kfge aecpmrmgm aef

rkbkrkfa`ms o`stñràms y mprka`maèfks senrk preakses skckdmftks.

Kf nmsk m kstm cktegeiehãm gk `fvkst`hma`ñf, sk pukgk aefstmtmr, quk m ie imrhe

gki t`kcpe, im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks kf Aoìk, gk cmfkrm hkfkrmi, fe om maecpmýmge ki

gksmrreiie gk ims mrtks v`sumiks, msã, ki ckramge gk ims mrtks, sk cmft`kfk kstmfamge,

s`kfge gec`fmge, per mrt`stms quk ym aukftmf aef uf rkaerr`ge kf su bmver, g`bàuitmfge im

`fskra`ñf gk ies mrt`stms kckrhkftks.

Kf ki mýe gk >


79/89

Kstm fe eni`hmter`kgmg, mpeym im aefaius`ñf gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, gkdmfge aimrm im

gksvmier`zma`ñf gk im kfskýmfzm mrtãstàm, ym kf sus `fàès, tkf`kfge kf aukftm im

`cpertmfa`m gki aeikhè kf im bercma`ñf gk uf kstug`mftk, ym quk ksk kspmaè aefst`tuyk

ufm `fstmfa`m gk sea`mi`zma`ñf aef ki aefea`c`kfte y im bercma`ñf gk vmierks gk uf`fg`v`gôe, kse mb`rcm Amries \eniktk Imhes, aeerg`fmger mamgàcàe gk im Ksaukim gk

\esthrmge Bmauitmg Mrtks [f`vkrs`gmg gk Aoìk kf tkxte puniàmge kf im píh`fm wkn ’Ki

]u`fte \egkr–(kiqu`ftepegkr.ai).

Gk c`scm bercm, im kfskýmfzm uf`vkrs`tmr`m gk ims mrtks, sk om cmftkf`ge mtrís gk

im kveiua`ñf gk ims mrtks, ym quk ki ckramge gki mrtk, ki a`rau`te gki mrtk aoìkfe, sk

sustkftm kf nmsk m ims iimcmgms ’nkiims mrtks–, gkn`ge mi bufaèfmc`kfte gk sus hmikrãms y

gk sus cuskes.

Kstm aefaius`ñf, ks aeokrkftk aef ies tkcms trmtmges kf terfe mi akrt`bàmge gk

tãtuie, ym quk, kf kstk ckgè, mi aeftrmrè gk ie quk suakgk aef su kfskýmfzm, ki

akrt`bàmge gk tãtuie gki mrt`stm v`sumi, ks uf kikckfte senrkvmiermge per ki c`sce càre

s`stkcm gki mrtk, quk mi b`f gk aukftms, rkspefgk mi trmgàèfmi`sce gk ufm sea`kgmg.

Kf nmsk m ims feaèfks gk aims`bàma`ñf kfaeftrmgms kf ies akrt`bàmges gk t`tuie, ki

mrt`stm prepefk aece kdkraàè b`fmi gk kstm preguaa`ñf mrtãstàm, im `fvkfa`ñf gk ufm

fukvm rkmi`gmg, utì`zmfge kikckftes ym kx`stkftks, ks gka`r, utì`zmfge im `gkm gk quk ki

geauckfte gm bk gk ufm rkmi`gmg, ki mrt`stm kimnerm su prepè akrt`bàmge gk t`tuie, mftks

gki kxmckf gk hrmge, msuc`kfge su amríatkr gk ’mrt`stm v`sumi– per ki s`cpiks okaoe gk

pregua`r mrtk.



80/89

Kf kstm preguaa`ñf, ki mrt`stm prepefk ki amc`fe `fvkrse m im aims`bàma`ñf gki

geauckfte, ks gka`r, kf kstm uit`cm `fstmfa`m gk preguaa`ñf gk enrm kf im [f`vkrs`gmg

[F@MAA, ki mrt`stm sk ksampm gk ies bercmtes kspkrmges, ies bercmtes quk amrmatkr`zmf im

kfskýmfzm gk kstm `fst`tua`ñf, msã, gkdmfge gk imge, kikckftes aece im betehrmbãm y imutì`zma`ñf gk fukves ckgès, pmrm prkskftmr ufm p`kzm quk sk kfamdm kf ies bercmtes gk

im mamgkc`m aiísàm, ufm p`fturm, aef tàafàms prevkf`kftks gk im xìehrmbãm.

Mi utì`zmr kstes kikckftes pmrm im preguaa`ñf gk im enrm, ki mrt`stm, hkfkrm ufm

a`krtm `refãm, quk ks maergk m im rkbikx`ñf senrk ki vmier gki akrt`bàmge, ki kstmge gki mrtk,

aefaiuykfge msã, quk kf im bercma`ñf, gk kstk fukve `fg`v`gue, im preguaa`ñf mrtãstàm ks

ki kikckfte kskfa`mi pmrm im aefst`tua`ñf gk ki ’skr– mrt`stm v`sumi.

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?


81/89

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?=

@cmhkf 72. ’Q`f W`tuie– (`cmhkf gk preakse). (>)

@cmhkf 78. ’Q`f W`tuie– (`cmhkf gk preakse). (>)


82/89

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?>

Hmikrãm gk MrtkKsaukim gk Mrtks R`sumiks & Betehrmbãm[F@MAA

@cmhkf 7?. \imfes kspma`e gk ceftmdk (Hmikrãm gk Mrtk [F@MAA). (>)


83/89

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?1

@cmhkf 70. \imfes kspma`e gk ceftmdk 1G (Hmikrãm gk Mrtk [F@MAA). (>)

@cmhkf ;)


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N`ni`ehrmbãm

Mrtmug, M. (>


85/89

Brkufg, H. (>


86/89

^kbkrkfa`ms wkn

Mrtki.ai (>


87/89

Kf ottp4//www.`mgk.erh.mr/ceguiks/fetà`ms/mrtàik.pop5stery`g3;00 Entkf`ge ki =?

gk gà`kcnrk gk >=?18>/per-uf-cmf`b`kste-pesbetehrmbàe

.otc i Entkf`ge kf >< gk mheste gk >1&@tkc`g3>?

Entkf`ge ki =? gk gà`kcnrk gk >


88/89

[f`vkrs`gmg gk Aoìk (>= gk gà`kcnrk gk >= gk gà`kcnrk gk >> gk gà`kcnrk gk >/bUbmmgUugpU>.pgb Entkf`ge kf >> gk

gà`kcnrk gk >

[f`vkrs`gmg B`f`s Wkrrmk (>= gk gà`kcnrk gk >


89/89

\reteaeie gk Muter`zma`ñf

Ki e ies miucfes mnmde b`rcmftks, bmauitmf m [f`vkrs`gmg [F@MAA,pmrm ut`i`zmr \reykate gk tãtuie, aef b`fks gk g`bus`ñf y/e

mprkfg`zmdk.

Fecnrks gk ies @ftkhrmftks B`rcms

=.- Nkfdmcãf Mfgràs Nmrrkrm Mr`ms

>.-

1.-

7.-

;.-

2.-

Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?0

"La burocracia del arte" Tesis Benjamin Barrera

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