L14

Soil Soil is the mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases,

liquids and a myriad of micro- and macro- organismsthat can support plant life. It is a natural body that existsas part of the pedosphere and it performs four importantfunctions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a meansof water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifierof the atmosphere; and it is a habitat for organisms thattake part in decomposition and creation of a habitat forother organisms.

Formation of soil from the parent material (bedrock):mechanical weathering of rocks by temperature changes,abrasion, wind, moving water, glaciers, chemicalweathering activities and lichens.

Under ideal climatic conditions, soft parent materialmay develop into 1 cm of soil within 15 years.

O-horizon: freshly-fallen & partially-decomposed leaves, twigs, animal waste,fungi & organic materials. Colour: brownor black.

A-horizon: humus/partiallydecomposed organic matter & someinorganic mineral particles. darker &looser than the deeper layers.

O & A-horizon: contain a largeamount of bacteria, fungi, earthworms,small insects, forms complex food web insoil, recycles soil nutrients, & contributeto soil fertility.

B-horizon/(subsoil): less organicmaterial & fewer organisms than A-horizon.

C-horizon: consists of broken-upbedrock, does not contain any organicmaterials. Chemical composition helpsto determine pH of soil & also influencessoil’s rate of water absorption &retention.

R-horizon: The unweathered rock(bedrock) layer that is beneath all theother layers

Soil Pollution

Soil pollution is caused by the presence of chemicals or otheralteration in the natural soil environment.

Resulting in a change of the soil quality

likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering publichealth and the living environment.

CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION

Soil erosion/degradation is the loss of top soil erodes fertility

of soil & reduces its water-holding capacity.

Excessive farming, construction, overgrazing, burning of grass

cover and deforestation

Excess salts and water (Salinization)

Excessive use of fertilizers & pesticides

Solid waste

:

First effect of pollutantsWashed away: might accumulates somewhere Evaporate: can be a source of air pollution Infiltrate through the unsaturated soil to the

groundwater DDT: fat soluble, stored in fatty tissues Interferes with calcium metabolism Results in thin egg shells in birds

Agent orange: code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants (results in leaf fall) used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, During the Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed 20,000,000 US gallons (80,000,000 L) of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam

anti fertility, skin problems, cancer

Control of soil pollution

Use of pesticides and fertilizers should be minimized.

Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent growth of weeds.

Special pits should be selected for dumping wastes.

Controlled grazing and forest management.

Wind breaks and wind shield in areas exposed to wind erosion

Afforestation and reforestation.

3 Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle

6

Kind of material-organic or inorganic- is the materialbiodegradable/ dangerous to animals & humans

How much material was added to the soil, will it overload theorganisms in the soil

C:N ratio of the pollutant material

Nature of soil: will the soil be able to handle the material beforegroundwater is contaminated

Growing conditions for the soil organisms: - is it too cold, too wetetc.

How long the material has been on site: is there evidence ofenvironmental problems, is it undergoing decomposition.

Immediate danger to people & environment: Urgency of thesituation.

What is soil pollution?

Lecture 14Soil Pollution:

Soil Pollution: The introduction of

substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil,

resulting in a change of the soil quality,

which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment.

Ill. EPA employees wearing level "C" protective gear take soil sample in south Chicago's "cluster sites" area.

Source: Ill. EPA.

Soil contaminants are spilled onto the surface through many different activities.

Most of these are the result of accidents involving the vehicles that are transporting waste material from site of origin to a disposal site.

Drilling to determine pollution extent

wearing level “A" protective gear

wearing level “B" protective gear

wearing level “D" protective gear

Much good agricultural land is threatened by chemical

pollution, particularly - as here in China - by waste

products from urban centres. Chemical degradation is

responsible for 12 per cent of global soil degradationSource: UNEP, Zehng Zhong Su, China, Still Pictures

Others involve accidents involving vehicles (automobiles, trucks and airplanes) not transporting wastes, but carrying materials, including fuel, that when spilled contaminate the soil.

Other spills are the direct action of humans pouring potentially toxic materials (solvents, paints, household cleaning agents, oil, etc.) onto the soil surface rather than disposing these materials by more appropriate means.

Illegal dumping is the disposal of waste in unauthorized areas.

It is also known as “open dumping”, “fly dumping”, and “mid-night dumping”.

Illegal dumps occur most often along isolated roadsides in remote areas of the country.

Materials often found in illegal dumps include large household appliances, tires, excess building materials, old furniture, oil, household chemicals, and common household refuse.

Video clip of dumping -http://www.dnr.mo.gov/videos.htm

Washington state

Missouri

Virginia

New York

Iowa

Pollutant on soil surface

When any liquid pollutant is on or just below the ground surface for any period of time, one of three things could happen to it, if it is not cleaned up first.

1- pollutant might be washed away by precipitation, causing little or no harm to the ground on which it was found.

pollutants will simply accumulate somewhere else)

Seattle, WA

Waco, Tx

2- the pollutant, if volatile, could evaporate, again causing little harm to the soil (however, not a solution to the bigger pollution problem, as it might become a source of air pollution).

3- pollutant could infiltrate through the unsaturated soil, in much the same way as ground water.

Agricultural practices, including the use of agricultural chemicals, are another primary source of pollution on or near the ground surface.

Most agricultural chemicals are water-soluble nitrates and phosphates that are applied to fields, lawns and gardens to stimulate the growth of crops, grass and flowers.

Ag Chemicals When not used by the plants

the nutrients can enter streams and lakes during the run-off or leaching events.

Once in a body of water, these nutrients continue to promote the growth of plants, the resulting plant detritus is food for micro-organisms, and as the population of such organisms grows, the supply of oxygen in the water is depleted.

"Biochemical Oxygen Demand", or "BOD".

Water is capable of supporting a large population of bacteria and the bacteria will have a high demand for oxygen.

Soon the oxygen supply is depleted by the bacteria and other organisms in the water now lack oxygen (fish kills)

Algae in streams

Soil PollutionInformation needed to clean up materials added to soil include:

1) Kind of material - organic or inorganic - is the material biodegradable, is the material dangerous to animals and humans,

2) how much material was added to the soil, will it overload the organisms in the soil;

3) C:N ratio of the material, are additional nutrients needed ( N & P)

Soil Pollution4) Kind of Soil - will the soil be able to handle the material before groundwater is contaminated,

5) Growing conditions for the soil organisms - is it too cold, too wet etc.

6) How long has the material been on the site - is there evidence of environmental problems, is it undergoing decomposition.

7) Immediate danger to people and the environment - Urgency of the situation.

BioremediationA treatment process that uses microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or bacteria) to break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances (carbon dioxide and water)

Conditions that favor Bioremediation

Temperature favorable for organisms

Water available (near field capacity)

Nutrients (N, P, K) in adequate supply

C:N ratio of material < 30:1

Material added is similar to naturally occurring organic material

Oxygen in sufficient quantity

In-situ-Bioremediation Biostimulation

(stimulates biological activity)

Bioventing (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated zone –good for midweight petroleum, jet fuel)

Biosparging (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated andsaturated zones)

Bioaugmentation(inoculates soil with microbes)

Less expensive• Creates less dust• Less possibility of contaminant

release into environment• Good for large volumes• Slower• Doesn’t work well in clays or highly

layered subsurfaces

Biostimulation cont.

Biosparging

Ex-situ -Bioremediation Slurry-phase

Soil combined with water/additives in tank, microorganisms, nutrients, oxygen added

Solid-phase Land-farming: soil put on pad,

leachate collected

Soil biopiles: soil heaped, air added

Composting: biodegradable waste mixed with bulking agent

Land Applied – waste added directly to soil which is later planted to a crop.

•Easier to control

•Used to treat wider range of contaminants and soil types

•Costly•Faster

Advantages of Using Bioremediation Processes Compared With Other Remediation Technologies

(1) biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substances instead of merely transferring contaminants from on environmental medium to another;

(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than excavation-based processes; and

(3) The cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediation technologies can be considerably lower than that for conventional treatment methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or moving the material .

Slurry, Solid Phase, & Land Applied

Using Plants for pollution cleanup

Scientists are studying how plants can be used to bind up soil pollution found at national nuclear laboratories and nuclear power plants, where radioactive and other toxic wastes may reach groundwater.

Plants, soil, and microbes in the soil work together to determine which metals and nutrients plants take up from the soil.

Some plants excrete a variety of different chemicals into the soil, some of which act as signals to soil organisms.

The challenge is to find out how plants release these chemicals and how these chemicals interact with microbes and soil.

Eventually scientists may be able to induce plants to release the chemicals that immobilize wastes in the soil.

Source: UC Davis Magazine Spring 2002 Teresa Fan at UC Davis is

studying how plants can be used to remove toxic wastes from soil.

Processes affecting the dissipation of organic chemicals

photo-dec.

absorption &

exudation

volatilization

Biological

degradation

leaching

chemical

decomposition

Runoff

crop removal

detoxication

may be transformed

into - harmful or

harmless

Affect of soil pH on adsorption of 4 heavy metals

Adsorption high = Good

Soil pH

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7.0

Pb

Cu

Zn

CdAdsorption low

is not good

BUTER BURN -Just how does a city go about cleaning up after a flood of melted butter?

"You hire somebody else to do it, that's how," joked Tom MacAulay, New Ulm's assistant city manager, two days after a dramatic fire destroyed much of the Associated Milk Producers Inc. (AMPI) butter-packaging plant in town, sending an estimated 1 million pounds of hot, liquid butter pouring onto nearby streets and sidewalks.

On Friday, a day after the great butter cleanup began, city and private construction crews were still going about the tricky task of removing the goo and the grease from streets, sidewalks and sewer lines. Despite steady progress, the going was slow.

"It's not everyday you get a challenge like this," MacAulay said. "It's pretty nasty."

A day earlier, crews using bobcats and tractors scooped up much of the butter that had hardened in the December cold, dumping chunk after frozen chunk into dump trucks, which hauled the grease to a nearby landfill to break down and decompose.

Boom blocks butter.

All told, an estimated $6 million worth of butter -- about half of what was stored at the plant the night of the fire -- spilled and was removed.

Yet for all the progress, much work remained Friday. Butter that spilled into the city's storm sewer system stuck to the

lining of the pipes, which will need to be jet sprayed and cleaned. And though First North Street -- where much of the butter pooled -- had been stripped clean of the worst of it, a good quarter-inch of slime remained on the pavement, even if it couldn't be seen.

"You cannot scrape all that butterfat off the street," said Tom Patterson, the city's street commissioner. "And it's even more dangerous if you can't see it."

Patterson said crews plan to cover the street with sand -- some of which was piled into a berm to stem the flow of the butter at the height of the fire -- in coming days in hopes of absorbing the remaining grease. At some point, he said, the city hopes to sweep the street clean, scoop up the sand and deposit it in a landfill, allowing the street to be reopened for traffic.

"It's something you just never would guess we'd be dealing with," Patterson said. "This is all new to everybody."

Dyad on Pollution 1) A lot of the melted butter was soaked up with sand.

2) What could be done with the polluted sand besides dumping it in a land fill. Do you think dumping the solid butter that was scrapped off the roads in the landfill was a good idea?

Phyto-remediation Use of accumulator plant that capable to absorb

pollutant from soil & clean it , then harvested and safely disposed.