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M. Chu, 1
Dshyk Shji
Lesson Twelve: The World
Zhnbi: Getting Ready
1. What is the world?
2. Can you identify the countries by their flags?
3. What do you think is the most telling feature to distinguish
one country from another?
Xd mbio: Learning objectives After participation in the
activities of this lesson, the learner should be able to
Identify people by their nationalities and the languages they
speak
Inquire about peoples foreign language competence and foreign
travel experience
Respond to the above inquiries
Properly, fluently, and accurately understand and use in
speaking and writing the following characters and grammar
points:
Hnz: Characters
! +
! +
!
! +
! +
! +
! (*simplified and variant forms)
Wnf: Grammar
" The functions of
" The functions of
" The functions of and
Jxng: Sentence Patterns
[35a] A do xyz. (A is able to do xyz.)
[35b] A to this degree do xyz. (A is able to do xyz this
well.)
[35c] A do this much of xyz. (A is able to do this much of
xyz.)
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M. Chu, 2
. Kchng zhngdin: Main Text
I. Shji Ggu: Different Countries of the World
Tng-Shu: Listening & Speaking
1. gug: national anthem We have learned many things about China
in the previous lesson. Chine is but one country of the world. In
this lesson, we are learning about other countries and other things
about the world. Shji shng yu hn du guji There are many countries
in this world. We are familiar with these countries: Zhnggu
China
Rbn Japan
We have already learned that the Japanese name of the country
Japan (pronounced as Nippon or Nihon in Japanese) have been
directly adopted into the Chinese language but, when said in
Chinese, the Chinese pronunciation of the characters, Rbn, is used.
Similarly, the Chinese characters used for these two other Asian
countries listed below were also directly adopted from their native
language expressions into the Chinese language system. And, again,
when said in Chinese, the Chinese pronunciation of the characters
is used:
Hngu South Korea; Republic of Korea
Choxin North Korea; Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Following the same two-syllable preference, Japan is called Rbn
rather than and N. Korea is called Choxin rather than . For
countries other than China, Japan, South Korea and North Korea,
especially Western countries, the Chinese names for them are formed
differently. Basically, Chinese characters were used to approximate
the pronunciation of the names of them. As Chinese has many
homonyms, many characters share the same sound. This allows the
Chinese to choose the characters that sound similar to the original
pronunciation of the name of the country and at the same time carry
positive, or at least inoffensive, meaning. For example, Germany in
Chinese is called (D Y Zh, with the three characters literally
meaning virtue + idea + will, which approximate the pronunciation
of Deutschland). For many countries, one of the syllables, mostly
the first syllable, is used to represent the country in common use.
In the case of Germany, the one syllable term used is D, which is
then attached to the word (gu, country) to form the common name for
Germany: Dgu. Thus,
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M. Chu, 3
Dgu Germany # (Dyzh)
Ynggu England # (Ynggln)
Fgu France # (Flnx)
Migu America # (Miljin)
gu Russia # (lus)
However, there are exceptions. The following are some examples
of countries whose commonly used Chinese names do not follow the
same two-syllable patterns:
Xbny Spain
Ydl Italy
Jind Canada
Mxg Mexico
Other names you want to add to the list:
__________________________________________________________________
We normally identify one country as our native country and other
countries as foreign countries.
bngu Ones own country; this country
wigu Foreign country; abroad
2. Guq gug: Flag and National anthem
Mi ge guji yu zj de guq h gug. Each country has its own flad and
national anthem. guq flag (of a country)
Zhnggu guq flag of China
Migu guq flag of the USA
Rbn guq flag of Japan
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M. Chu, 4
N rnshi b rnshi zh sh nige guji de guq? Do you recognize which
countrys flag is this? Ximian zhxi ne? What about these below?
Zhnggu Rbn
Fgu
Yurn jio Rbn guq tiyngq, jio Ynggu guq mzq. Some people call the
Japanese flag the Sun flag, and call the British flag the
Mi-character flag.
Dgu
Have you seen these flags before? Do you know what they
represent?
N zhdo bzhdo zh sh shnme guji de guq? Do you know what countries
flags are these?)
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M. Chu, 5
Closely related to guq is this: gug national anthem
chng gug sing the national anthem
Zhnggu gug hotng ma? Migu gug ne? Is the Chinese national anthem
pleasant to listen to? What about the American national anthem?
N hu chng shnme guji de gug? Which countrys/countries national
anthem do you know how to sing?
3. Rnmn: People In Chinese language, people are associated with
particular countries.
rnmn the people
bngurn natives of a country
wigurn foreigners
ngurn a person of which country; what nationality
[name of the country] + = a person (or persons) from that
country. Just a few examples here
Zhnggurn Chinese; natives of China
Rbnrn Japanese (person); natives of Japan
Dgurn German (person); natives of Germany
Migurn American (person); natives of USA
Hngurn S. Korean (person); natives of S. Korea
Jindrn Canadian (person); natives of Canada
Mxgrn Mexican (person); natives of Mexico
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M. Chu, 6
Yu hndu Zhnggurn i h ch, y yu hndu Ynggurn i h ch. There are
many Chinese who love to drink tea and there are many English
people who love to drink tea.
T bba sh Mxgrn, t mma sh Migurn.. His dad is Mexican but his mom
is American.
T shu t sh wiguren. T shumishu t sh nigurn. She said that she is
a foreigner. Did she say which country she was from?
4. yyn wnz: languages Similar to the affiliation between people
and their nation, the afficliation between the language spoken by
people is related to their national affiliation.
(1) the [ hu] words:
bnguhu spoken language of this country
wiguhu foreign languages
nguhu language of which country
[Name of the country] + hu = the spoken words or language of
that country
Here are just a few examples: Zhngguhu Chinese (spoken
language)
Rbnhu Japanese (spoken language)
guhu Russian (spoken language)
Choxinhu N. Korean (spoken language)
Xbnyhu Spanish (spoken language)
Ydlhu Italian (spoken language)
Wmende Fwn losh hushu Xbny hu, y hushu Ydl hu. Our French
teacher know how to speak Spanish and also know how to speak
Italian.
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M. Chu, 7
Wmen de Zhngwn losh hushu ydinr Rbn hu. T bhushu Hngu hu. Our
Chinese teacher can speak a little Japanese. He cant speak Korean
at all.
hushu know how to speak [a certain language]
(2) The [ y] words:
As we have learned, the predonminant and official language
spoken in China is Hny Chinese (spoken) language
is not the name of a country but of the majority ethnic group
that constitutes approximately 94% of the Chinese population. A
couple of terms for language in general and foreign languages: yyn
language
wiy foreign language
[Name of the country] + y the spoken words or language) of that
country Here are some examples: Ry Japanese language
Fy French language
Dy German language
Yngy English language
y Russian language
Hny S. Korean language
In cases when there is no clear-cut one-syllable country name,
the multi-syllable country name is used: Choxiny N. Korean
language
Xbnyy Spanish language
Ydly Italian language
We should also note the following exceptions: The language
spoken in Migu are these: Miy American English
Yngy English
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M. Chu, 8
Hndu Migu dxushng xu y-lingmen wiy. Many American college
students learn one or two foreign languages.
Zhngwnk de xushng xu shu hny, y xu xi hnz. Students of a Chinese
class learn to speak Chinese language and also learn to write
Chinese characters.
Wde shyu xu Fy y xu Dy. T shu Fy hoxu, Dy bhoxu. My roommate
studies both French and German. She says that French is easy to
learn but German is not.
(3) The [ wn] words:
For phonetic languages, oral expression is the main element of
language. For Chinese, written expression is considered primary.
Therefore, in addition to the orally focused term for languages,
Chinese has a parallel set of terms for the meaning of language(s)
that derived from the written aspect of the language. We already
know that Chinese is called Zhngwn. The difference between written
and oral language of Chinese is much greater than that of an
alphebet language. Chinese written scripts not only include
phonetic element but also carries meaning. Therefore, wn refers to
the language as a whole as well as its formal presentation or
written script while hu (above) and y (see below) refers to the
oral expressions.
[The language of a country = (shorter) name of the country +
]
Zhngwn Chinese language
Rwn Japanese language
Fwn French language
Dwn German language
Yngwn
English language
wn Russian language
Hnwn S. Korean language
Choxinwn N. Korean language
Xbnywn Spanish language
Ydlwn Italian language
Well, yes Migu is America, the country, but Yngwn is English,
the language. Similarly, the languages of Jind are generally Yngwn
and Fwn.
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M. Chu, 9
The generic term for foreign languages is:
wiwn Foreign language(s)
Wigurn xu Zhngwn bti hoxu. Zhnggurn xu wiwn y bti hoxu. Is it
not easy for foreigners to learn Chinese. It is also not easy for
Chinese to learn foreign languages.
N yu xu Zhngwn, yu xu Rwn ma? Are you studying both Chinese and
Japanese?
Miyu, w xinzi xu Zhngwn, miyou xu Rwn. Not really. At this time
I am studying Chinese but not Japanese.
Hnwn h Choxinwn yyng ma? [ yyng: to be the same] Are the S.
Korean language and N. Korean language the same?
Hnwn h Choxinwn bti yyng. The S. Korean language and N. Korean
language are not quite the same.
5. guj: international
Xinzi shjishng de rn du hn gunxn guj gunx. Nowadays, people of
the world are all concerned about international relationship.
Dji du xwng guj gunxi yuho, shji hpng nnng. Everyone wishes for
amicable international relationship and a peaceful and tranquil
world.
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M. Chu, 10
R-Mi zhjin de gunxi shbush b Zhng-Mi zhjin de gunxi yuho? Is the
relationship between Japan and U.S. more friendly than the
relationship between China and U.S.?
guj international; between countries
xwng hope
gunx peace; peaceful
nnng peaceful; tranquil
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M. Chu, 11
D-Xi: Reading and Writing Note: jigwn: Oracal-bone Script, 17th
to 11th Centuries BCE
jnwn: Bronze-carving Script, 11th to 3rd Century BCE dzhun:
Majuscule Seal script, 8th-3rd Century BCE xiozhun: Refined Seal
Script, 3rd Century BCE to 1st Century CE
1.
1) yng Flower; eminent; England
We have already learned that the top of the graphics are grass
sprouts, which represent plantswith or without flowersin general.
The image as a whole portrays an exuberant plant. However, the
character is gererally interpreted as a phono-semantic combination,
with representing its meaning category and with (pronounced yng in
modern Mandarin; see below) approximating its pronunciation.
Ynggu UK; Great Britain; England
Yng-Mi wnxu English and American literature
yngmng wise; brilliant
? ? Ynggu nwng shbush ywi yngmng de nwng Is Queen of England a
brilliant queen?
Zhige xuq Ll shng ymn Yng-Mi wnxu de k. Lele is taking an
English and American Literature course this sememster.
2) yng: Center
The graphs indicate a person carrying a load on his shoulder.
The meaning of center may come from the person in the center. This
may be the ancestral form of the character , the rice seedings that
the man carries on his shoulder to the field to be planted. was not
found in the ancient scripts of , or , and it has the identical
pronunciation as .
zhngyng central; center
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M. Chu, 12
zhngyng ynhng Central Bank; central bank
Hn du guji du yu zj de zhngyng ynhng. Many countries have their
own central bank. Zhnggu Rnmn Ynhng sh Zhnggu de Zhngyng Ynhng.
Peoples Bank of China is Chinas Central Bank.
3) d: Virtue; Germany
() () () Most ancient ancestors of the character consist of four
components: (footstep or road) (a marker of direction or some other
sort), (eye) and (heart). Ancient meaning included ascend and
virtue, the latter of which is still a common meaning in
contemporary use.
Dgu Germany
mid virtue
Gd Goethe
What do you think is the meaning of
Your answer: _______________________________________________
Gd sh ywi yumngde Dgu wnxuji. (Goethe was a famous German
writer/litterateur.)
4) : suddenly; Russia The character is generally understood as a
semantic-phonetic combination, with (human) representing its
meaning category and (pronounced w in modern Mandarin)
approximating its pronunciation. Ancient meanings include tilt, and
momentary, the latter of which has continued to be a common meaning
in contemporary use. gu Russia
Bi' White Russian; Belarus
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M. Chu, 13
5a) cho: toward; dynasty
5b) zho: Morning
The graphs each includes two main components, one illustrates
sun between grasses and the other showing the water or boat
sailing. Together, they may be interpreted as going toward and
morning visit, thus the meaning having an audience with the king
and paying a pilgrimage to. shngcho go to the (palace) court
choshng facing upward
chonn toward south; facing south
chowi toward the outside
Hncho Han Dynasty
Mngcho Ming Dynasty
Choxin North Korea [*Notice also how the 2nd syllable is
pronounced]
zhor morning sun
zhoq morning freshness; youthful spirit; vitality
Hndu Zhnggurn xhun zh cho nn de fngzi. (Many Chinese like to
live in a south-facing house.)
W tngshu Zhor Xnwn sh Rbn yumng de bozh. I heard that Asahi
Shimbun is a famous newspaper in Japan.
7) hn: Korea; South Korea; (family name)
The graphs indicate a combination of a phonetic component(which
contribute to the an sound) to approximate the pronunciation and or
to indicate the meaning of railing or enclosure. The character was
used for the fence over a well but is now only used as a proper
noun, a family name or the name of (South) Korea.
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M. Chu, 14
Hngu Korea; South Korea
Choxin h Hngu zi Zhnggu de dngbin, zi Rbn de xbin. North Korea
and South Korea are located to the east of China and to the west of
Japan.
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Peoples and literatures are commonly distinguished by national
identity in Chinese. Give three examples for each of them?
Your answer:
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Recall the versatile word/phrase-forming [(one syllable) name of
a country + + =
language of that country] structure. Write three different
languages using this structure:
Your answer:
_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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M. Chu, 15
2.
7) Generation; era; lifetime sh
The ancient scripts illustrate an image that combines three
tens. The character has been used for the meaning of thirty years,
one generation, and extended to mean a lifetime. In addition to its
temporal significance, the character has also been used as a
spatial indicator, for the meaning of the world. The numerical web
lingo that we learned before, 52013, was an abreviated version of
5201314 representing W i n yshngysh . Thus, it may be
understandable the fact that the trasition between 2013 and 2014
had generated some unusual excitement among the young lovers in the
Chinese community and the count-down was followed by a thundering
2013-14. yshngysh whole life; entire lifetime
qsh die; pass away
hush later generations
lish next life
hwi beyond the mundane world
sshtngtng four generations under the same roof
? ? Shi shu t yshngysh mi zugu yjin hosh Who says that he has
not done even one good deed throughout his entire life? T ninai sh
qnin qsh de ma? Was it last year that his grandma passed away?
Qinnin t jijie shngle xiobobao yhu, tmen ji jish sshtngtng le. Two
years ago when his older sister gave birth to a little baby, their
family became one with four generations together (under the same
roof). [: represent] T yng r-ling-y-sn-y-s dibio i n yshngysh de
ysi.
He uses 201314 (r-ling-y-sn-y-s) to represent the meaning of
loving you the entire lifetime.
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M. Chu, 16
8) ji: boundary The character may be originally the same as
:
() () () The symbol (planting field with crisscrose of footpaths
and with boundary markers) might be added to reinforce the concept
of boundary or border. Related to the fundamental concept of the
character, boundary, we can easily make sense of the meaning of
these words: dji boundary of a piece of land
guji national boundaries; national boarder line
jioji having a common boundary; share a border
also marks the inclusive range of a group, a professional
circle:
wnhuji cultural circles
wnxu ji literary circles
kxuji scientific circles
ynyuji music circles
dinyngji film circles; movie circles
By the same token, those who are outside of a group are
collectively called:
wiji outside; outside world
The most common word using is: shji world
Derived from the above are many other common terms, such as shji
shng in the world
shjibi World Cup
d-sn shji the Third World
dtngshji the World of Datong; the world of grand harmony;
Utopia
Dtngshji jish yge hpng kuil de shji. The World of Datong is a
peaceful and happy world.
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M. Chu, 17
9) zhu: continent The character was first used exchangeably with
and later referred particularly to larger inhabitable lands
surrounded by larger water bodies. Bi Mizhu North America
Nn Mizhu South America
10) j: boundary; between and both have the fundamental meaning
of boundary. However, while emphasizes what separates two adjacent
entities, emphasizes what connects them. xioj intercollegiate
guj international
zhuj intercontinental
jioj social intercourse; communication
guj gunxi international relations
Could you analyze how the expression was formed ? interpersonal
relationship
Your answer: _______________________________________________
Nmen xuxio yumiyu guj gunxi de k? Does your school offer courses
on international relations?
T xhuan jioj; rnj gunxi hn ho. Yhu ky zu gnggun fngmin de gngzu.
He likes to social and has good relationship with others. Later he
should work in the field of public relations.
gnggng gunxi public relations
gnggun PR
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M. Chu, 18
11) y: second; Asia
() () () () It is difficult to see the connection between the
ancient graphs and the primary meaning of the character. X Shn
(cir. 58-147CE) in his Shuwn jiz (Explaining and Analyzing
Characters, of 100 or 121 CE the first dictionary to systematically
analyze the structure of characters) viewed the graph to be an
image of a hunchback and interpreted the meaning of the character
as ugly. Some others (c.f. http://www.zdic.net) interpreted the
meaning of the graphs as the edge of flower. The in is an
abbreviated form of sound transcription for Asia ( Yxy). Yzhu
Asia
Dngy East Asia
yjn Runner-up; second place
12) fi: not; opposite of; non-
() () () The ancient graphs illustrate something similar to ,
representing the idea of contrast or opposite. In both classical
and modern Chinese, we find that is commonly used for negation. In
the word (see below), the character is used to transcribe the sound
of the second syllable of Africa.
Fizhu Africa
Nnfi South Africa
sh-fi yes or no; right and wrong; true or false
sh-fi t true-or-False question
fif illegal; unlawful
fi...bk Must; it must be; it wont do if not
Zhnggu, Hngu, Choxin, Rbn du sh Dngy guji. China, South Korea,
North Korea and Japan are all East Asian countries. Nnfi h Zhng-Mi
linggu do yu wijio gunxi. South Africa has diplomatic relationship
with both China and America.
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M. Chu, 19
Zi Migu, bdo rshy su h ji sh fif de. In the U.S., drink alcohol
beverage before reaching twenty-one is illegal. W jntin fi jindo n
bk! I must see you today! Putting together, here are what we call
the Worlds Seven Contenents: Yzhu Asia
Fizhu Africa
uzhu Europe
Bi Mizhu North America
Nn Mizhu South America
Dyng Zhu Oceania
Nnjzhu Antarctica
http://www.dreams-travel.com/abroad/map/
odly y jio ozhu. odly zi Dyng Zhu. odly (Australia) is also
called ozhu (Australia). Australia (odly) is in Oceania. odly
Australia
ozhu Australia
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M. Chu, 20
Fn-jin duzho: Character Simplification Notes on Character
Simplification:
1. (cosh kihu) method was used in the simplification of many of
the -radical characters of in this lesson: Adopting the short-hand
cursive style ( cosh) of a traditional full-form character or
character component but linealizes the connected or tangled strokes
into independent standard style ( kish) stroke lines.
is simplified to is simplified to
2. (jb shnch), or Delete components, method of simplification
was adopted in the simplification process of . The simplified
character kept the first and last components and removed the
top-right component.
is simplified to
3. (yng ytz) method was adopted:
Using a variant character that has fewer strokes. The stroke
reduction may have happened by connecting adjacent strokes or
eliminating some. This change is slight and casual and sometimes
not included in the simplification scheme. Sometimes this variant
form simply uses a different stroke form here or there in the
character and does not even reduce the number of strokes.
has a variant form in the simplified character system has a
variant form in the simplified character system
The simplified form uses a variant form of the character . The
form used in the simplified character system is different from that
used in the traditional character system in two ways: (1) the top
two components in the traditional form are connected by one hng
(horizontal stroke) and the stroke number is reduced from four to
three; (2) the last stroke is written as a n (right slanting
stroke) rather than a din (dot). The second type of variation
stated above was also seen in the character set of .
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M. Chu, 21
Linx: Exercises
1. Bhu jigu: Character Strokes and Structures
(1) Traditional Characters: Trace and write to become familiar
with the structure of characters
yng: center yng: eminent, England d: virtue : suddenly;
Russia
: central : England : German : Russia
cho: toward; N. Korea hn: (S.) Korea sh: generation; lifetime
ji: boundary
: N. Korea : S. Korea : entire lifetime : world
zhu: continent j: boundary; between y: second; Asia fi: not;
non-
: S. America
: international : Asia : right and wrong
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M. Chu, 22
1. Bhu jigu: Character Strokes and Structures
(2) Simplified Characters: Trace and write to become familiar
with the structure of characters
yng: center yng: eminent, England d: virtue : suddenly;
Russia
: central : England : German : Russia
cho: toward; N. Korea hn: (S.) Korea sh: generation; lifetime
ji: boundary
: N. Korea : S. Korea : entire lifetime : world
zhu: continent j: boundary; between y: second; Asia fi: not;
non-
: S. America
: international : Asia : right and wrong
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M. Chu, 23
2. C y duyng: Matching words with meaning
(1) Write the Chinese equivalent of the following in characters
(Pinyin may be used for the final six)
England: _________________ English literature: _______________
central; center: __________________ Central Bank _______________
North Korea: ________________ South Korea: _______________ Russia:
________________ Germany: _____________ entire life:
________________ pass away: _____________ world: ________________
The World of Grand Harmony: _____________ World Cup:
________________ intercollegiate: _____________ international:
________________ international relations: _____________ PR:
________________ illegal: _____________ Africa: ________________
Asia:_____________ South Africa: ________________ East Asia:
_____________ Europe: ________________ Austria: _____________
national flag: ________________ national anthem: _____________
hope: ________________ peace: _____________
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M. Chu, 24
3. Hud wnt: Answer Questions Write your answers and translate
them into English.
(1)
_____________________________________________________________
(2)
_____________________________________________________________
(3) [ uzhu: Europe]
_____________________________________________________________
(4)
_____________________________________________________________
(5) [ zu: most]
_____________________________________________________________
(6)
_____________________________________________________________
(7) [ guq: national flag]
_____________________________________________________________
(8)
_____________________________________________________________