• Sensors/Actuators • Opto‐isolators • Triacs • Final Project 6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 1 Quiz 4/6/2016 • Start time: 2:35PM to 3:55PM • Notes: one sheet handwritten – double sided • Calculator allowed – no data retrieval • Quiz questions based on psets, lecture notes through Lecture 11, lab exercise 1‐5 – Resistor code – Resonance – Diodes, BJT, MOSFET, JFET circuit – Op‐amps – 1 design problem • Check your grades! 6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 2 Sensors/Actuators • MEMS • Gyros • Triacs • Opto‐isolators • Voice Coils • Electret Microphones • Servos • Motors 6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 3 MEMS Accelerometers • MEMS – MicroElectroMechanical Systems • MEMS components generally 1‐100 microns • Silicon based – MEMS device fabricated on same silicon as circuits • Analog circuits key to MEMS 6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 4
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• Sensors/Actuators• Opto‐isolators• Triacs• Final Project
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 1
Quiz 4/6/2016
• Start time: 2:35PM to 3:55PM• Notes: one sheet handwritten – double sided• Calculator allowed – no data retrieval• Quiz questions based on psets, lecture notes
through Lecture 11, lab exercise 1‐5– Resistor code– Resonance– Diodes, BJT, MOSFET, JFET circuit– Op‐amps– 1 design problem
• DC motors with permanent motors and multiple coils around the body.
• Coils are turned on and off in sequence to cause the motor to turn.
• Because the coils are turned on and off they are easy to control with microcomputer and digital circuits. At any given time, the position of the shaft is known.
• Holding torque requires power.
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 28
www.sparkfun.com/products/9238
$15
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 29
Servos
• Servos are motors with electronic circuitry that controls the angular position of the shaft based on a control signal. If the angle is incorrect the motor is turned on until the correct position is reach.
• Angular position controlled by a 0 – 2.0 ms pulse width.
www.sparkfun.com/products/10189
$12
20KPPS Galvonometer
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 30
Parts
• Free parts from Linear/ADI
• Free parts from Texas Instruments
• Free parts from and Analog Deviceshttps://form.analog.com/Form_Pages/corporate/parts.aspx
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 31
Final Project
•Schedule, Organization•Choosing a topic•Example projects•Grading•Design Suggestions•Writing workshop
6.101 Spring 2016 32Lecture 10
Final Project: Schedule
• Choose project teams (email gim by Fri, Mar 24) – Teams of two or three. A single person project requires approval of lecturer. Pizza:
Thu evening in 36‐6 lobby– Start project ideas/discussion with staff &
Joe Sousa, Linear Engineer
• Project Abstract (due Thu Apr 6, submit on‐line)– Arrange meeting with staff (proposal conference) before Mar 2– About 1 page long describing overall project
• Project Proposal Draft (due Thu Apr 13, submit on‐line)– A more detailed proposal with block diagram in preparation for block diagram
discussion with staf, clearly identifying who’s doing what– About 2‐3 pages; to be revised after block diagram conference
• Block Diagram Conference with mentor (by Fri, Apr 14)– Review major components and overall design approach– Specify the device component– s you need to acquire (small budget allocated for each project if component does
not exist in the stock room). Get approval from me
6.101 Spring 2016 33Lecture 10
Schedule (cont’d.)
• Project Design Presentation to class – Thu Apr 20 7:30p & Tue 25 2:30p– Each group will make a 10‐15 min electronic presentation (~10 slides)
dividing presentation among team members– Submit PDF on‐line, will be posted on website– Required attendance (2% grade)
• Project Checkoff Checklist to staff (Fri Apr 28)– Each group in discussion with mentor creates a checklist of
deliverables (i.e., what we can expect each team member to demonstrate). Submit PDF on‐line.
• Final Project Demo/Checkoff/Video (WR May 10 & 11)– Video posted on‐line with your permission
• Final Project Report (May 18 – 5p)– Submit PDF on‐line, will be posted on website– Sorry, no late reports will be accepted
6.101 Spring 2016 34Lecture 10
Team Organization
• Most importantly, you need one• Key decisions made jointly
– Requirements– High level design– Schedule– Who will work on what, who’ll take the lead– Response to slippage
• Lower level design exchanged for examination– Everyone responsible for everything– Design reviews tremendously helpful
• Try it, you’ll like it
• Communicate with each other early and often
6.101 Spring 2016 35Lecture 10
Controlling Schedule
• First, you must have one• Need verifiable milestones• Some non‐verifiable milestones
– 100% of circuit designed, 50% of breadboard completed
• Need 100% events– Module 100% breadboard,
subsystem testing complete• Need critical path chart
– Parts on availability!– Know effects of slippage– Know what to work on when
35% Planning(not all up front)
15% breadboarding
25% moduletest/dubug
25% systemtest/debug
Provide a 4‐7 day contingencyto deal with unforeseen issues
(you’ll use it all!)
6.101 Spring 2016 36Lecture 10
Choosing A Topic• You only have 6 weeks total (once your proposal abstract is turned in)
to do this project.– It is important to complete your project.– It is very difficult to receive an “A” in the class without having something working for the final project.
• The complexity for each team member should 4‐5 times the complexity of the lab assignments.
• Some projects include digital building blocks or mechanical assemblies (infrared, wireless, motors, etc.). However, keep in mind that this is an analog design class and your design will be evaluated on its analog design aspects.
• Complexity, risk and innovation factor.– We will give credit to innovative applications, design approaches– More complex is not necessarily better
6.101 Spring 2016 37Lecture 10
Project Grading (High Level)
• Functionality grading– But it works in LTspice: grade 0%– Unable to demo/test because my partners’ module isn’t
working: grade 0%
• General project grading guidelines– approximately 2x hardest lab: grade 8‐15– Demonstrates a superior understanding of circuits and
implementing complex design ‐ perhaps with interface to external devices, multiple voltages, RF, extremely low signal levels audio, etc. The implementation goes beyond what was in the labs. 16‐25
– a top notch project that really stands outs with complexity, innovation and risk 26‐32
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 38
Guidelines• Use of integrated circuits
– Acceptable when integrated circuit is a component but not the main function of a system
• VCO (voltage controlled oscillator) as part of a spectrum analyzer
• Linear voltage regulator in deriving 3.3v from 5v
– Not acceptable:• 10 watt audio amplifier with 4 watt IC and push pull amplifier
• RF transmitter with function generator as RF source
• Through hole or surface mount parts!• Breadboard before laying out PCB.
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 5 39
Voltmeter ExampleArdunio + digital display
• F: arduino controlled ADC IC• D: same as above but with discrete linear PS.• C: ADC implemented with op‐amps and 555 ramp• B: discrete design (except for display); self zero offset calibration
• A: above design plus energy scavenged power discrete design or powered by 1.5V AA battery
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 40
Spectrum Analyzer Visualization System
6.101 Spring 2016 41Lecture 10
• Spectrum Analyzer with beat detection
• Range: 1kHz – 17kHz• Beam steering (with
speakers) for visualation
Fall 2010Danny BankmanJoe MaurerAlex Penn
Music Synthesizer
• Music Syntheizer• Class G amplifier• Power Supply
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 42
Elliot Williams Elaine McVay Lauren Gresko2014
Multichannel FM Transmitter
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 43
Video/Sound over Fiber
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 44
• Fiber driver• Audio mulitplexing• Demodulation
Character Generator
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 45
Projects Ideas
• Pure Circuit – Music controlled LED display– Radio Wave Powered Receiver– RLC Meter– BJT/MOSFET testor– Battery testor (internal resistance)– 1.5‐9V high efficiency USB charger
(discrete components)– Discrete AD Converter– Home‐made accelerometer– Analog computer– Character generator
• Practical/Fun– Talking Robot (moving mouth/lights)– Switchless home lighting control system– High efficiency home‐lab power supply
& car battery booster
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 46
• Sensor based– Balanced beam– Body power ECG AM transmitter– Analog Pulse‐Oximeter– Road tracking model car– Analog servo controller– Romba robot– Electronic seismograph
• Optics– Audio over Fiber (Digital)– Audio over Fiber (Analog)– Laser based voice snooper
Analog Text Generator
6.101 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 47
Some Suggestions• Be ambitious!
– But choose a sequence of milestones that are increasingly ambitious (that way at least part of your project will work and you can debug features incrementally).
– But don’t expect 100+Mhz operating frequencies without problems!
• It’s motivating if there’s something to see or hear or move– Sound, light and motor projects are fun
• High frequency (>100Mhz) circuits are often the limiting factor
6.101 Spring 2016 48Lecture 10
More Suggestions
• Be modular!– Figure out how test your modules incrementally (good for
debugging and checkoff!)– Be clear about signals, voltage levels, frequency passed
between modules
• Don’t be caught by the mañana principle– Six weeks goes by quickly: have a weekly task list.– How does a project run late: one day at a time!– Effort is not the same as progress: “designed but not built” only
means you’ve made a start– Tasks will take longer than you think– Final integration will uncover bugs and noise so test module‐to‐
module interactions as early as you can
6.101 Spring 2016 49Lecture 10
Project Grading (32 points Total)• Deadlines and Participation (7 points)
• Problem Definition and Relevance, Architecture, Design methodology (9 points)– What is the problem– Why is it important– System architecture and partitioning– Design choices and principles used– Circuit design and layout– All of the above should be stated in the project and report
• Functionality (8 points)– Did you complete what you promised (i.e., graded by the checklist)
• Complexity, Innovation, Risk (8 points)
6.101 Spring 2016 50Lecture 10
Grading
6.101 Spring 2016 51
A large number of students do "A" level work and are, indeed, rewarded with a grade of "A". The corollary to this is that, since average performance levels are so high, punting any part of the subject can lead to a disappointing grade.
• Department will fund reasonable size two layer PCB– Example: 2.5” x 4” PCB
• Popular software: Eagle, KiCad, Expresspcb
6.101 Spring 2016 53Lecture 10
Design Suggestions
• Know specifications of devices• Use bypass caps liberally• Use ground plan for high frequencies >10mhz • Keep signal wires short• Beware of parasitic capacitance and inductance –wire, etch; components are not ideal!