Welcome to 6.101! • Introductions, course mechanics • Course overview • Practical issues • Oscilloscope • Circuit review 6.101 Spring 2018 Lecture 1 1 Handouts • Lab kit signout • Lab kit instructions and caution • Student survey form • Reading assignment course outline 6.101 Spring 2018 2 Lecture 1 Other material on course website mit.edu/6.101 Introductions 6.101 Spring 2018 Lecture 1 3 Gim Hom Lecturer Jimmy Mawdsley TA Dave Custer CIM Mark Yang LA Farita Tasnim LA Henry Love LA Notes • The textbook is Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design by Donald Neamen ‐ third edition ISBN 007328596X or ISBN 13: 9780073285962. • Download for reference Operation Amplifier ‐ Theory and Practice, Prof. James K Roberge http://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/Op_Amps_J_Roberge.pdf • Staffed lab hours preferences: https://www.when2meet.com/?6657045‐9hSp6 6.101 Spring 2018 4
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L01 Overview CIM 2018 - web.mit.eduweb.mit.edu/6.101/www/s2018/handouts/L01_4.pdf · TA Dave Custer Mark Yang CIM LA Farita Tasnim LA ... – Proposal Conference, several Design Reviews
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• Augment theory with hands on experience• Understand practical limitations of devices• Breadth vs depth• Build interesting circuits including surface mounts.• Work with real parts, part numbers• Lab intensive! 2‐9‐1 work load• Teamwork• Layout PCB with DIP or surface mount components• Opportunity to use laser cutter and other tools in the
EDS area (38‐500).
6.101 Spring 2018 7Lecture 1
Electronic Design Studio (EDS)
8
Surface mount solder stations (4) Surface mount placement
Lecture 16.101 Spring 2018
Electronic Design Studio (EDS)
9
Laser cuter – PSL6.75 with 75W laserPart size: 32" x 18" x 9“Cut by “printing”
NC Router
Lecture 16.101 Spring 2018
Labs: learning the ropes• Lab 1
RF Transmission and Reception; Q and bandwidth of tuned circuits, AM [diode] detection. [Note: Experiment 1 of this lab requires a checkoff in lab while in progress]
• Lab 2Log Amplifier; Rectifier Diodes and Rectifier Power Supplies; Zener Diodes; Device characteristics using the Tektronix Curve Tracer; photodiodes
• Lab 3 DC biasing considerations in bipolar; 3 stage four transistor amplifier; “Wind Your Own Inductor”; how capacitors affect low frequency response
• Lab 4Operational Amplifiers: inverting configuration: output offset, gain, bandwidth, slew rate, saturation; comparing the LM741 & LF356; inverting adder; voltage follower; Schmitt Trigger; integrator.
• Lab 5Op‐amp and discretes power amp with improved push‐pull output stages; bipolar and FET current sources; 555 sawtooth generator and VCO. ECG – theory and circuit[Note: This lab requires a checkoff in lab while in progress]
• Lab 6Pulse ox – design project; H bridge; [Note: this lab requires a checkoff in lab while in progress] low‐battery indicator;
6.101 Spring 2018 Lecture 1 10
Lab Check‐off Policies
• Lab check‐offs – done during staff hours • Please don’t assume that you can wait until the last minute!
– No check‐offs on Friday & Saturday• Lab grade = checkoff + lab report; grades on course website
– Lab report grade = data, neatness, quality, working circuit– On‐time check‐off grade: up to 5 points
• 20%/day late penalty after slack days• Very late check‐off: 1 point (minimum)
– Students may use up to 5 slack days (penalty free) for late checkoffs – self administered.
• All labs must be checked off before you can start your final project. The labs provide the necessary background for the final project.
6.101 Spring 2018 11Lecture 1
Final Project• Done in groups of two or three; one person project by exception• Open‐ended• You and the staff negotiate a project proposal
– Must emphasize analog concepts, but can include interfaces to data converters, sensors or motors and in some cases Ardunios
– No highly integrated chip solutions– Proposal Conference, several Design Reviews– Safety major consideration
• Staff will provide help with project definition and scope, design, debugging, and testing
• Design presentation to class and staff• It is extremely difficult for a student to receive an A without
completing the final project. Sorry, but we don’t give incompletes.• Final project (proposal, presentation, report, video) will be posted
on course website6.101 Spring 2018 Lecture 1 12
13
Grading
6.101 Spring 2018 14
A large number of students do "A" level work and are, indeed, rewarded with a grade of "A". The corollary to this is that, since average performance levels are so high, punting any part of the subject can lead to a disappointing grade.
device/technology• cap – capacitor• pot – potentiometer
• AM – amplitude modulation• FM – frequency modulation• RF – radio frequency• IF – intermediate frequency.• dikes – diagonal pliers• 1Nxxx diodes• 2Nxxxx transistors
Lecture 1 6.101 Spring 2018 18
ground resistor, variable
capacitor speaker fuse
npn, pnp mosfetsdiode zener diode
EE Symbols
Inductor transformer
spst spdt dpdtswitches
Lecture 1
6.101 Spring 2018 19
Resistors• V = IR• Resistor parameters: resistance,
tolerance and power rating.• Variable resistors: pots• Resistors are color coded• Standard Values (10%)
10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82• Common tolerance: ±5%, ±2%, ±1%• Series/parallel combination• Why is high voltage used in power lines?
i
+
-v
Lecture 1
Nominal Values – Tolerance Ranges
6.101 Spring 2018 20
Series Parallel Combination
6.101 Spring 2018 21
VRR
RV
RRR
R
serieseq
212
...21
2
...2
11
11
RR
R paralleleq
Lecture 1
+VR2-
6.101 Spring 2018 22
Resistor Color Code
red green brown gold2 5 0 Ω 5%
Lecture 1
6.101 Spring 2018 23
2%, 1% Resistor Codes
Lecture 1 6.101 Spring 2018 24
Resistors
Lecture 1
6.101 Spring 2018 25
Capacitance
dtdvCi
A = surface area of plates
d = distance between plates.
Capacitor marking: 104 = 10x104 pf = 105 x 10-12 f = 10-7f = 0.1 µf
• Consider passive circuit• Required to tune any RF circuits• Driving point impedance is real ifXC = XL
• Both series and parallel configuration
6.101 Spring 2018 41Lecture 1
Impedance Admittance* Notation
6.101 Spring 2018 42
CL
C
L
XXjRZC
LjRZ
CjLjRZ
sCCjX
sLLjX
1
1
11C
RL
LC
CC
LL
BBjGYL
1CjGCjLj
1GY
R1G;
X1B;
X1B;
Z1Y
CjLj
1R1
1Z
C R L
IYV;Y1IV
;ZIV;RIV
Ohm’s Law
Lecture 1
As conductance is the complement of resistance, a complementary expression of reactance, called susceptance.*Impedance = resistance + reactance
Admittance = conductance + susceptance.
Decibel (dB) – 3dB point
i
o
VVdB log20
i
o
PPdB log10
6.101 Spring 2018 43
3 dB point = ?
log10(2)=.301
Lecture 1
100 dB = 100,000 = 105
80 dB = 10,000 = 104
60 dB = 1,000 = 103
40 dB = 100 = 102half power point
Common Decibel Units
6.101 Spring 2018 44
dB UNIT reference applicationdbV 1 Volt rms routine voltage measurements [comparisons!]dBm 1 mW into 50 [0.224V] or
600 [0.775V]radio-frequency [50] or audio [600] powermeasurements [in England, the dBu is used tomean 0.775V reference without regard toimpedance or power]
dB mV 1 millivolt rms signal levels in cable systemsdbW 1 Watt audio power amplifier output [usually into 8, 4,
or 2 impedances]
dBf 1 femtowatt [10-15 watt] communications and stereo receiver sensitivity [usually 50, 75unbalanced, or 300balanced antenna input impedances]
dB (SPL) 0.0002bar, = 20Pa[=Pascals] [1 bar = 106
dynes/cm2 ~1AT]
Sound Pressure Level measurements: thereference is the “threshold of hearing”.
Lecture 1
Sound Levels*
6.101 Spring 2018 45
mosquito at 3 yards
* www.osha.gov
noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
Bode Plot ‐ Review
• A Bode plot is a graph of the magnitude (in dB) or phase of the transfer function versus frequency.
• Magnitude plot on log‐log scale– Slope: 20dB/decade, same as 6dB/octave
• Bode plot provides insight into impact of RLC in frequency response.
• Stable networks must always have poles and zeroes in the left‐half plane.
6.101 Spring 2018 46Lecture 1
Magnitude & Phase
6.101 Spring 2018 47Lecture 1
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ajH
jsajas
sH
1
22
tan)(
1)(
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an
bmjH
ajbj
jDjNsH
ezzrecall
n
m
zj
11 tantan)(
)()(
)()()(
Low Pass Filter LPF
6.101 Spring 2018 48
RV1 V2C
Av V2
V1
XC
R XC
1jC
R 1jC
1jRC 1
Av 1
sRC 1
log f
AV (dB)
-3dB
fHI or f-3dB
slope = -6 dB / octaveslope = -20 dB / decade
0
log f
Degrees
-45o
fHI or f-3dB
0o
-90o
PHASE LAG
Lecture 1
log scale
High Pass Filter HPF
6.101 Spring 2018 49
RV1 V2
C
1CRsCRs
1CRjCRj
Cj1R
RVVA
1
2v
log f
AV (dB)
-3dB
fLO or f-3dB
slope = 6 dB / octaveslope = 20 dB / decade
0
log f
Degrees
45o
fLO or f-3dB
90o
0o
-45o
PHASE LEAD
Lecture 1
Transformer – Step Up
6.101 Spring 2018 50
V2 R2V1
1:n
2211 IVIV 22
22
11
2
22
1
21
2
22
1
11
VRVR
RV
RV
RVV
RVV
22
1
21
22
21
21
22
11
12
nRR
soVnRV
nVRVR
nVVbut
Lecture 1
R1 is equivalent resistance of R2 reflected back to primary.
Proper External Grounding forLab 1 IF Transformer
6.101 Spring 2018 51Lecture 1
NC
Can
PC Boardpri sec
Series Resonance
6.101 Spring 2018 52
R L
C
+V-
)1(1C
LjRsC
sLRZ
22 )1(C
LR
VZVI
Lecture 1
Resonance
• I is a maximum at resonance
6.101 Spring 2018 53
22 )1(C
LR
VZVI
CL
1
LCf
fLC
21
21
LjX L
CjXC
1
inductive reactance
capactive reactance
Lecture 1
Resonance (Series RLC) – Key points
6.101 Spring 2018 54
R LC
+V-
)1(1C
LjRsC
sLRZ
• Applies to more complex RLC circuits
• At resonance: power is maximum
• At resonace: phase angle zero, i.e. capacitive reactance = inductive reactance, or impedance is real
Lecture 1
Bandwidth – 3dB Point
6.101 Spring 2018 55
hl
2 f
Bandwith ‐ BW
6.101 Spring 2018 56
• BW (radians) = where are the half power points
• Peak power is at resonance
• Half power points
• Note:
RVP
2
RVI2
22 )1(C
LR
VZVI
22 )1(2wc
wLRR LCLR
LR 1
22
2
1
LCLR
LR 1
22
2
2
212
lh lh ,
Lecture 1
Bandwidth and Q (Series RLC)
6.101 Spring 2018 57
• BW (hertz) =
• Q* (quality factor)
• Higher Q implies more selectivity
LRlh
22
resonant frequencybandwidth
*Agarwal/Lang Foundation of Analog Digital Elect Circuits equation 14.47, p 794
CL
RQ 1
Lecture 1
Series Parallel Duality
6.101 Spring 2018 58
I R L C+V-
I
R L
CV
jwLjwC
RVI 11
jwCjwLRIV 1
Series Parallel
V I
R 1/R
L C
C L
Summary – Parallel Series RLC
6.101 Spring 2018 59
RLfQ O2
LCfO 2
1
RCfQ o2
LRffBW lh 2
)( RC
ffBW lh 21)(
LCf
fLC
21
21
0
00
Parallel Series
Lecture 1
LCfO 2
1
Observations & Bode Plots
6.101 Spring 2018 60
R LC
+V-
)1(1C
LjRsC
sLRZ
• Pole at DC or zero frequency
• Magnitude of Z is minium at resonance
• Bode plots are graphs of the transfer function: magnitude and phase angle
• BODE(SYS,W) uses the vector W of frequencies (in radians/TimeUnit) to evaluate the frequency response
• [MAG,PHASE] = BODE(SYS,W) and [MAG,PHASE,W] = BODE(SYS) return the response magnitudes and phases in degrees (along with the frequency vector W if unspecified).
• SYS is the transfer function expressed as numerator and denominator in the form
• bode(num,denom,range)num=[d e], denom=[a b c], range= desired freqencies in radians
• freqs(num,denom,range) plots frequency response and phase angle