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WAIJC TECHNIC %L NOTE 57-3ilASTIA !)OCUMENT No. 131028

A STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF JOINT RANGE DATA

J,,M11Ei " lJR1.R .: 2C. USAF

AIRO I "I" LABORA T O.RY

, ~~.41 RID M11:ID( .11 i..41U)R,4"TC:RY1

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Al (,LV1 191-

Ari.o MEDICAL LAMORA OKY

CONTRACT No. AF 18,64K)).30

IOIKOJ"CT No. 6:13

WHIG'TI' AIR IE'E.LOi'MENT ('ENTER

AI itRESEAIRCHI ANDI) E\ ELOPMENT COMMANI)UNITEI) STATES Alit FORCE

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FOREWORD

This report was jirepar.-d by the Anthropology Sectiob. BiophysicsBranc.h. .ýero Medical Laboratory, Wright AMr Development Center.under Project JI14. iask 71727, entitled. "Biokinematics and Work-space". The analysis of the data was carried out by Antioch Collegeorder Contract No- i (OO•-3O.. MA. Ernanue]k iaitzated the studyand Mr. Truett carried out the statisticau phases of the work.

Many people aided materially in the execution of the study and theproducticon of the report. Dr. Wilfrid T. Dempster, on whose workthis study is based, provided valuable advice. Mr. H. T. E. Hnrtzberg.Chief of the Anthropology Section. critically revxewed the mantuscriptand contributed many constructive .iggestbons. The illustrations weredone by Mrs. Cleona Allen and Miss &Drothy E )%%er. -nd Lt. GlennAller. served as the model. Mr. Edmund Cv.ircl:.3 - of Antioch CoUegeprovided advice on statistical matters. -rne ph% .cal )reparation ofthe report was done by Mr. Horace B. Clar', -f .i e Anthropology Sec-tion.

This Report is UNCLASSIFIED.

W

" ~~W• DCTN 57-3I1

ABSTRACT

This study re~nalyzes the data concermng the ringe ofmotion of huxman body joints publihed in WADC( TR 55-159.Space Reguairernents of The Seated Operator, by W.'T. Dempster.The rcanaly&L& is aLen4dd ta prese.a the uwormation in a formmore applxcable to Air Force design problems. An analysisof variance of 43 joint movements for ;our subgroups originallyselected on the basis of physique releated that I Z body move-ments (Z816) were -elated to physique. The subgroup statisticswere combined to yield summary slatistics for the tntal eampleof 39 young men. Design ranges were derived from these totalgroup values. Descriptions and illustrations of joint movementsare included.

PUBLICATION REVIEW

This report has been revi-wed and is approved.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

JACK SOLLERUDColonel. USAF WMC)Chief. Aero Medical LaboratoryDirectorate of Research

WADC TN 57 -311

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Pagr

I. INTRODUCTION ................................................. I

i1. MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................... "

III. RESULTS ............................................... ........ 4

A. Analysis of Varian-e ......................................... 4 6

B. Jo;.t Movements.........................................

Wrist. Flexion .............................................. i

Wrist. Extension .................................... ....... 7

Wrist. Adduction and Abduct.on ............................... 7

Forearm. Supination......................................... 8

Forearm. Pronation ......................................... a

Elbow. Flexion .............................................. 9

Shoulder. Flexion and Extension ............................... .,

Shoulder. Adduction ard Abduction ..... ".".. ..

Shoulder. Medial and Lateral Rotation ........................ 10.

Hip. Flexion ................................................ 1

Hip. Adduction and Abduction ................................. I'

HIp. Med'al and Lateral Rot,%tion. Proue ....................... 1 ,

Hip. Medial and Lateral Rottion. Sitting ....................... ,z

Knee. Voluntary and Forced Fl|exon. Prone .................... 13

Knee. Voluntary Flex:un. Standing ............................. 13

Knee. Forced Flexion.* Kneeling .............. I............... 14

Knee. .tedi.I and LAteral Rotation ............................ :4

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""---- - - ---. -

Ankle. F'tyionaand Extension ......................... ........ is

Foot. In•ersion asi. Eversion ................................... ;

G r:p Angle .................................................... I*

APPE-NDIX. S.;r=nary Table of Jo:. Molerern ka--.es ................ I

B1P11 !OrAPHT ................................................... !0

LIST OF FIGUAES AND TALIES

1. Wr-.jb*. Flexion ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

._ Wr:st. Exten.sio ...................................................

I. Wrist. Aeduct::n and Abductmon ....................................

4. Forearm. Sup:nation ..............................................- - -

S. Forearm. Promation.............................................. 9

to. Elbow. Fle ion ................................................... I

* . SIhos.der, l'lewcn anid xtenstunn......................................

b. Shoulder. Add-,ction ,nd Abduct.or ................................ 10

S. Sho'Alder. Meal ano Lateral Rwt ion ............................ - - 1

,0. rp. FlexIon ..................................................... !I

il, Hip. Add ,;txo--. and Abduction ....................................... 11

i.. H~p. 3Medaal and Lateral Rosat;or. Prone........................... I

.3. Hip. Mekal a-4 Lateral Rotation S*tt.v .......................... 4!

1 '- Knttee. Voli.:a:y and Forcea Flex.oa. Prone ..........................

15. Knee. Voluntary Flexion. Standr.g ................................. 5

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I*- KCee. Forced ICileVt. Kneeling ................................. 14

;7. K.ee. M!ed-,l and Lateral Rotation ............................. 14

Iv- Aie. Plewoz ao:nd Exes:n .................................... is

9.. Foot. Ilrersiczn td Everstor ................................... Is

,0. Grip Argle .................................................... 16

rables

1, Cor.par.oc :- Jc,:" 3J-.on Samiple With Air Force Sample ...........

I. Sigrg.:f:cazt F-rktwos i--r Joint Motion Study ........................ . 3

l1. Rank of Mea• Mobilit:es of Phy's sue Groups ......................... 4

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SEC MRw I

INTRODUCTION

Investigations into the rarge of motion of body jointr have iieen relatively num-

erts. resulting in a large number of reports which present iniormajon on this sub- -,..ject (see bibliogr,,phy, page ZO). The rmajority of these reports are concerned%it?- questions of definition and methodology and are generaJIy weak on statisticalufozmattw., Some seports. wh~ch include results of lea do not inchude accuzata 4.n- .. °

sc .ptions of te motions studied (Glanville and Kreezer, 1937; Batch. 1955), andat least two do z'ot give an indicaticni of the number of subjects studied or sourceof tSt results (Batch. 19SS; TM No. 8-640. 195%1.

Data on joint ranges have been gathered, for the most part, through the use ofgo ometers of some ftornl or other. One of the common types of gotioniteters reose=bles a protractor with a movable arm. The center of zero point of the protractoris set at the approximate joint center and tbe movable arm is affixed to the activemember. Tie practical difficulty of such devsce. is that differing types of irastru-r~er•s may dive siaghtly diferent results. In addition. variant posit-orung iechnique.

-oduce noncompa.able data. .

A recent study by Dempster (19SS) corrected many of these shortcomings ofprevious studies. Dempster used a photographic method Cor measuring the rangeof -movement of body joints (Dempster. 19SS. Fp 31-36). There are several obviousadvantages to photographic recordinS of uody positions. The standardization ofposti:ons is easier, because the subjeci is sot required to hold an uncomfortablePait-r'e !or a length of time. The gathering of data is relatively rapid. and per-m- -en. records are obtained which can be reanalyzed Lf necessary. Fur-thermore.tbe numh3r of motions recorded by Dempster exceeds that of any other statistically .vA;.d sample. Dempster's statist.: - are reported, however, for four iubgroupt .

s-lected cn the basis of physique and not for the entire sample of 39.

This stady re alyzes Dempster's results so as to comt.,ne the subgroup data=:to more conv,eL.t..t tabulations fir the designer.

T

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SECTION II

MATEMYALS AND MEIHODS

"The joint range data published by Dempster are based on a sample of 39 youngmen. Measurements *ere taken on the right side of the body for right-handedstbjects and on tte left side of the body for left -handed ndividutals. The data aspubli.shed summarize motions for four subsamples of the total series of 39 collegestudents. The saubsarmpl.is are based on physique as estimated by somatotyps rat-ags-Eleven were of median body build, seven were extremely rotund (endomorphs), elerwviwere extreme!y muscular (mesomorpbs) and ten were extremeily thin (ector...,rphs)i(Desnpeter, 1955. pp. 22-25). The series, then. was not random with respect tosoniatotype (Sheldon, .•'evens and Tucker, 1940). This may affect the results if tZerdata for the four physique groups are combined, since slight differences ,a 4oantmtiobility among the various body types have been re-ported (Snelnakoff -nd Grgorm-vitsch. 1931; Dlenipbter. 19S5. pp. 106-109)."

TABLE I

Comparison of Joint Motion Sample With Air Force Sample

Present Sample USAF SampleX a 39 N X 4000.

M S.D. M S.D.

Age 21.1 yrs. 3.3 V7.9 yrs. 4.ZWeight 169. 7 lbs. 36.3 163.7 lbs. 20.9Stature 70. S inches 2.5 69.1 inches 2.4Ac romion Ha•ght 57.7 2. 5 56.5 Z. 3Suprasternale Height 57.2 z. 4 56.3 2.2C rutch He Sht 33. Z Z. I 3Z. & 1.7Waist Carcuin.-.-ren,:e 32.0 4.5 3Z. 0 3.0Thigh Ctr. imfo retire 2.6 2.5 22.4 1.7Sittlang Hight 36. Z.5 ;S5.9 1.3Shwalder-Elbow LengtL 14.3 .8 14.3 .7Knee Height. StVing !I 7 1.0 21.7 1.0

TAble 1 compares L)empster's sample with the 19%0 Air Force sample JHertzb,-.Daniels and Ch.rth-l1, 19S.1). No stAtistscal tests of signifi:ance ',ere performed..However. certain genrral observ..:ons may be made concerniang these two samples...Dinspater's sample is 6. 8 years yourger. b. 0 pounds heavier and 1. 4 inches taller-thais the Air Forte series. In general those anthropomnetric measures whch are, losely rdated to %eight Are one ard one halt to two times more variAble in thejoint suaot~on stud) s.ra•?l,.

WAIXC TN 57-1i1 2

The mobabty of snints is reported to be directly affected Lv the aet, age andphysical constitution of the individual. Sinelnikoff and Grigort witsch (1931) mnvysi-

gAted the magnitude of the differences in joint mobility due to each of these factorz.

They tend to generalize and state that constitut:on affects joant onutuuo without stat-

ing which partw.ular joints are affected. In geieral, however, nut only Sanelnikoff

and Graoroawtscl,,but also Dempbter (pp. 106 -8) conclude that thin men have greatea

juint mobility than muscular men. who in turn have mor," mobility than rotund isaen.

Sincc body type was the single criterion ac-o:dmng to whicl Dempster's samplewoe subdivided, it seemed worthwhile to test stattstitally whether i'hysique w-,s re-

lt1.d t ) j.int rrobilstv. The results of such a test should not only satrve to coup- re

Dempater's findings with those of Sinelnikoff and Grigorcwitsch, but will also help

ard-catw whet$-er or not the differences awsociated with physique are too pronouncedto warrant combining the data of the various subgroups. The analysis of var. %',ice

is a convenient tool to use in this initaitKe. For in addition to being able to dete&grasne

the. signdicance of the differences between the subgroup means, at is also putsible

tu derive the total group variance and thus a total stanaard 'eviation for ths com-

bined group.

An analysis of variant.e It. this study %:iill indicAte whether the difference b!tweem

subtroups for the movements are greater than as to be e-.'ct,.d on the basis of

chance alone. Since the groups are segregated on the basis (.f physique, if %tatibtical

significasc• occurs, joint mobility would seem to be related to physique. N.- all

joint movements would be related to the same degree with physique, and some may

appear to be not related at all.

Starting with the dats from Table S. :p 107-108 and Table 6. pp 1 10-I IZ in

Dempster's report, the following .omputitional steps were taken 'or eich of the 41joint movements. rhe"within sum of squares" (SSw) were ,omputed by adding the

products obtained by multiplying each subgroup variance Ly the number of subjects

in that subgroup. The total number .d subjects in tle." subgroup was used, sincethis number wab the divisor used in computing the subgroup standard deviAtion. The

"between sum of •quareb" (SSLI were computed in the following fashion. The meansfor each subgroup were mult.plied by the number of subjeLts an thAt subgroup. "he

sum of these products was divided by the total number of subjects to g:ve the total

group mean for that joint motion. The diffeferee between the totAl and eath sub-

groun mean wAs squared and multiplied by the number of individuals in rA h cmtegory.

These oroJxts were then Addc.,. the iarm bring the between sum of squares. The

1tmal group siam of squares wab obtainnd by adding the wathir sum of squares and

the between sum Vf squares.

Each of the sunis if soqkres ^As divided by the corresponding degrees of freedurm

(IS for "within", 5 fur "betwee.'" And 31 fbr the total) to obt.tin the meAn squares or

variant - cstit.,ttes. The O.uArr rout of the t:oal var..uce estariate is the st.tnd-rd

dev.jt.u it r the "utadl gruup. The variance or "F" ratio w•s then ot mputed by divid-

ilig the b.tavn ie-an square bV the within nm.An square fur each josint motion.

B-t*ern Me.an SqusreSWithin Mesn Square

C" WADC TN 7-Il1 3

SECTION U11

RESULTS

A. Analysis of Variance

Reference to a table of F ratios indicated that, with 3 degrees of freedom for thebetween mean square and 35 degrees of freedom for the within mean square, a ratioof Z. 3? %as sigr.:!-cant at the 5% level and a ravio of 4.40 ,was ignifrcatrt at the- IS,level. This means th,- for those motions where the F ratio is equal to or greaterthan the 5% level value, the difference among the subgroup,, are greater than wouldbe expected by chance alone 95% of the time. Out off a total of forty-three move-ments studied, twelve or Z8% had F ratios which were significant at either the,5%or I% level (Table U).

TABLE I

F Rattio% Significant at the 5% Level

1. Wrist.Flexion 4.042. Sboulder.Adduction 4.063. Hip. Lateral Rotation. Sitting 3.OS4. Knee. Voluntary Flexion. Standing 3.355. Ankle, Extension 4.14

F Ratios Signficant at the 1% Level

F '

6. Wrist. Total Flexion-Extension Angle 4.99Z7. Hip. Flexion 4.53S. Knee. VLauntary Flexion. Prone 8.109. Knee. Fnrced Flexion, Prone 8.34

10. Knee. Forced Flexion. Kneeling 14. 3611. Ankle.? Flexion 5.49IZ. Ankle. Total Flexion-Extension Angle 7.00

Thus there appears to be a stgn--ficant relationship between range of joint motionand physique for about one -qua :ter of the cases. Some of these motions are pr -bablycorrelated %ith each other, such as the four kn.,e movements, the two wrist move-ments, and the three ankle movements. The F tests corresponding to these motionstherefore cannot be considered independent tests; separate tea . on motions whichare correlated 1are to some extent spur~ous. This condition of possible nonindepen-dence should be cor.sidered in the u-nterpretation of these results. Table III ranksthe mean mobility values of the four subgrojups 'or the twelve motions statisticallyrelated to physique. The rotunA group in every -.ase har the lowest mobility, andthe tb~n grou.p has the highest mobility in seven t.t of the twelve cases. A generalaanksng from low to high is rotund, must:utar. metian,. and thin.

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TABLE U

Rank of Mean Mobilities of Physique Groups

LOW HIGH

Motion z 2 3 4

1. Wrist. Flexion RoturA Muscular Median "'LZ. Shoulder,AddUctimb Rotund Muscular Median. T in3. Hip, L.,ateral Rotation, Sitting Rutund Muscular Median Thi*.4. Knee, Voluntary Flexion, Star'ing Rotund Median rhin Muscular!. Ankle. Extension Rotund ;h~n Median Muscular6. Wrist. Total Flexion -Extension Angle Rotund Muscular rhin Median7. Hap,Flexion Rotund Thin Median Muscular8. Knee. Voluntary Flexion, Prone Rotund Median Muscular Thin

9. Knee. Forced Flexion. Prone Rotund Mecan Muscular Thin10. Knce. Forced Flexion, Standing Rotund Muscular Median Thin

II. Ankle, Flevion Rotund Muscular Median Thin12. Ankle, Total Flexion -Extension Angle L"otund Thin Mliscular Median

In spite of tb. iact that Dempster's series was highly selected, the subgroup dataare pooled cad presented below. This was deemed a reasonably valid procedure forvarious reasons.

j 1. Only about one -quarter of the movements Are significantly related to physique.

2. Some of the differences in mobility among the various physique groups willindoubtedly be canccUed out if the group statistics are pooled.

3. Thn difierences among subgroup mobility statistics are generally small froma piactical standpoint.

4. Dempster's study is more complete from all etandposr:. than any other study.* Thus. in spite of the selectedutess of the sample, the advantages resulting

from the completeness of the study and the accurate desc riptions of proceduresprobably outweigh any other inadequacies.

B. Joint Movement%

In this subsection each joint movement is desc-ibed -nd illustrated. The meanvalues were taken from Den:pstea's report and the standard deviations have been

derived from the analysis of the subgroup data. Design ranges of the mean plus andminus two stanoard deviations (S.D.) are presented for each motion for the entireseries of thirty-nine young men. These design ranges include about 95¶. of the sanm-ple. All values are expressed in degrees.

p.

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A ,iisnmary table uf the statistical analysis apptars in the Appendix,

Many of the movemerst deic riptirs is inolved the bod) seg ,.n liiak lir,, ., •!lDemipster defines as "The straight line Ahich interconnects two adjauent jo ..ters... " 4p. KAX). The se were ebtimated on thc pi-otogridho ;:i order to ob,..s;easurefrents. For the practical purposes to whi h the ,4;td oi this report A. .,be applied. the link line can bti a.,proxirnated by the long axis of ,he body si -in questlin.

No. I - Wrist, Flexion

Mean 90

S.D iMean + Z S.D. 114Mean -S. D. 66

"The subject stands with the dorsal sur-face of the hand or a tALte. the referencePlate pressed against the pal-i. The fore-Arm "i supinated and maxiiy ally flexed.

The angle is measured between the forearmlink line and the reference plate.

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S.-

A rit..VxteflVi~if Total Fli~n

I ~~ Exttfldiof Angle -

Mlean 99 18913 Z

+~ Z S. D. IZ5 4.31

'.1-an - S.D. 73 147

"h'e fiubje~ct *rlands, 'ia~th his fingers /;aw&ay from his body. his palm*able. The fcre~arm s vria

_.pnatdThe wrist is bent to max-

e en the foram1.kline and thezocntal plane represented by the top

:1 e table. The total angle is mneasure?.*en the maximum flexion and max--i 4-y~enriof posIi'ofls.

No. 3 W Wrist 1Adduction and Abduction

A -Adduction B -Abduction Total

Mean 47 27 74S. D 7 9 I31Me an + ZS.D. 61 4S 100Mean -ZS. D. 33 9 48

W -*A The subject sia-ds Azth the palmn of tnehand held flat --gamnst tbe vertical back ofthe work table by the restrairing gear. Theforearm is bent at the %r~st to extreme

maimmabucv" aayfrom the body).

the center of the third da-git. The total angle

in mcpisnred between tkt maximum adduct-ion position and the maximum abductionposit ion.

No. 4 -Forearm, S'jpination

Mean 1S.D. -22Mean + -S.D. IS? .

Mean - 2 S.D. 6.9

The subject site afa table wit hisupper arm vertiLal and the forearmhorizontal or, the table. A rod is graspedin the closed hand. The forearm is sup-ihated (rotated palii upward) to the max-imal posit:on. The angle is measured be-tween the v,.rtical and a line passingthrough the long axis of the grip rod atthe thumb end. -%4

. roTotal Pronation-

No. ,,5- Forear.Pronation Supination Angle

Mean 77 190S.D. 24 30Mean+ 2 .D. 12S 250

Mean - Z S.D. 29 130 "•

I The sabje-t sits at a table with the upperarm vertical .nd the forearm horizontal onthe tible. A rod is grasped in the closed hand.The forearm te pronzted (rotated palm down-.wards) to the maximum vositto-.. The angle ismeasured between the vertical and a line pass-ing through the long axis of the grip rod at the

thumb end. The total angle is measured be-tween the maximum supiation and maximumpronatiun positlens.

WADC TN S-311

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NGo.6Elbow flexion

Mean 142S.10 . "Mean + 2 S. D. 162Mean - 2 S.D. 1IZ

The subject sit.i with h:s siie towards /l 6the table, with the back of the ba4d facing-I-laterally. The arm is supported horizon-tally or. a block, the forearm bent to ex-treine flexion with hand over the shoulder.The angle is measured between the projec-tion of the arm link line and the forearm linkline.

No. 7 - Shoulder, Flexion and Extension

A-Fleiuon B-Extention Total

Mean 168 61 249

S.D. 12 14 19Mean + Z S.D. 11Z 89 287 .''

Mean - Z S.D. 164 33 211

"The subject lies supine upon the table.the straightened linib free to rotate pastthe edge of the table, In flexion. the armis ai sng %: the sagttal plane to the max-imlim overhead position. i.nd the angle ismedasured between ;he arm link line ,nd the Stable horizontal. In extension, the armhangs to the maximum lirr,;t of movc.m-ntin the sagattal plane t, ver the edge of .ctable. The angles are measured betweenthe arm link lane and the table horizontal.

The total angle is measured between thearm lank line an the flc{ron position and thearm l.nk lane in the extension poiaiton.

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No. 8 Shoulder, A.Aduction and abduction

A-Adduction B-Abduction Total A

Mean 18 134 182

S.D. 9 17 20Mean- +IS.D. 66 168 ZLZMean -ZS.D. 30 100 141-

The subject lies bupine upon the table w:tha horizontal reference rod resting across the,'hc.st. In adduction. the straightened arm isswung nMadia1ly across the chest to the op-posite side of the body. In abduction the .\str'tightened arm is hanging laterally overthe edge of the tab!e. to the limit of abduc- -

lor,. perpendicular to the long axis of thebody. The tao angles are measured betweenthe arm link line and a lane perpendicular tothe reference ro. The total ircluded angle 0is measured between the two extreme positions

uf the arm link lines.

No., 9 -Shoulder, Medial and Lateral -

Rotation

A -Medial B-Lateral* Rotatioin Rotation Total

Wean 97 34 131

S. D. 22 13) 243Mean +2 S.D. 141 61) 179Mean - ZS. D. S3 8 83

The subject sits with the arn supported

in a horizontal position by a blick reating on

the table. the forearm flexed to a vertical

p,..,4tiutn. In medial rotation, the forearm 1

swung toward the midlne to the raax'.mum

pesition In lateral rotation, the firearm

* s'.% 'ng outward to the 1,mit of mo'vemcnt. The

two angles are measured bet-een the fore-

aim link line and the %vrt.cal. The total

angle is tieasured between the lirk tines of

the oaxinium lateral and medial positions.

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No,.. 10- -Hp, Flexion I

"Mean 113S.D. 13Mean+ ?S.D. 139

4Mean - 25. 0. 87

The subject lies supine upon the table I..a.lth a block undes the buttock. A *peciaL

pelvic guide is adjusted so that it lies over t,the right and left anterior-superior spinesof the ilium and the pubic synmphysis. Areference rod attached to the pelvic guide

, is tadjusted to a horizontal positron. The I 0knee is bent and the hip is rnalimnally flexedin the sagattal plar.n until the reference rodbegins to tilt away from th.& horizontal. Theangle is measured bet,-,n thigh link lineand the reference rod.

4D

No. Ii - Hip. Adduction and Abduction

A -Adductson B -Abduction Tota,

Mean 31 53 L4S.D. IZ 12 14Mean +2S. D. SS 77 112

UMean -2S.D. 7 Z f

The subject lies supine upon the table. A -

horizontal reference rod ts placed across the P "anterior-superior spines of the pelvis. Theknee is bent to 900. keeping the heel in con -tatt with the table top. In adduction the knewand thigh are turned in toward the rnidlhtie ofthe body. In abduction. tLe kr.ev and thigh areturned outward. The two angleb are ineas,•re,.

____ _-- between the thigh link line ar.d a line perpen-

dicular to the pelvic reference rod. The total"angle is mearured bet-ateer the thigh )ink lin•cin the extreme abduction ard addut 'son pool-C~ons.

WADC TN 54-111 II

9".. .. :

No. I '? i l ad ite ralROU ,.0. Prone

A-Medial B-Lateral Total

S.D. 10 10 16Mean+ S. D_ 59 S4 5 .

Mean - 2 S. D. 19 14 41

The sue.lct lies prone upon the table withthe knee bee: to 900 and the leg in a verticalposition. A ba:.rontal reference rod is placed

transvers-el across the back of the pelvia. Inmedial rotai-zo. the leg ts swung inward. Inlateral rotat.,e., the leg ts %wung outward.

The two anles are measured between the 2..o

lirk line zid a -erpendicular to the horizontal 0reference rod. The total angle as. measiured"between the leg link lanes in the maximummedial and lutral positions.

Nc,. 13 - Hip. Medial and Lateral Rotation.SittinA

- - A-Medial B-Lateral rotal

Mean 31 30 61

S.D. 9 9 14Mean+ ZS.D. 49 48 89Mean - ZSD. 13 1Z 33

The subject sits on the table with the thl..horizontal and the lea hanging over the edge.

SIn medial rotation, the lower leg and foot are h

- •:swung medially to the limit of rotation. In

I' •lateral rotation, the lower leg anf foot areI "-- swung laterally to the limit. Both angles are

vneasui--d between the leg link line and the ver- •.•-"tical. The total angle is measured between

- A the leg link lines fov the extreme lateril and

* ", naecal positions.

WAD(; -"% 5V-311 1ZI. -

I

No. 14 -Kat, e Voluntary and ForcedFlexionProne

S~~A-Voluntary B-Forced ".':• ~ F| e xson Fle xion !"'

I -. -- -. -,

mean 125 144 2" -

Mea. +2 . D. 15 6- Mean -- S.- . 105 12 .

Sthe subject Zies prone on the tble top,

i !the region above the kneecip supported by |small block. The knee is flexed to the

maximum position possible without "s-.tance. In Aorced -leVon. the subject F rasps

.• ~ the foot, forcing the calff tightly agia-not the..thigh The ang les are m~easured between

thez leg liask line and the projection of the, 1 •tilb link line.

No. IS Knee, Volunt&ry Flexion. StandFl

n15Mean 1114

S.S. D.f 13

SaMean + S S. D. 139Mean - Z S.D. S1

I

"1. he subject stands wrth his *eight on"one foot. On the test imb che thsgh tr held"straight and the leg th slowly flexed at the

q

"hb knee to the maximum. The angle is me&-'

there blegei ia icadthe projection of thetig

Shink i lne and le& link line.

T 5

WAe( v- No 15 - ne Vln:r lxin adn

,* ih ujctsad %t i eih n

lilkilineand leg ink line

"1 16 - Knee, Forced Flexion, Kneeling •" -,

Mean 59S.D. 9M ean+ Z S.D. 177Mean - 2 S.D. 141

The subject assumes a kneeling position.,.h the trunk vertical and the weight of the),iv forcing maximum kn-e flexion. The',e between the thigh link line and pro-

tlion of the leg link line is measured.

?I

No. 17 - Knee. Medial and Lateral Ro!.At.of.

A-Medial B-Lateral .Rotation Rotation Tot .

Mean .IS 41 7"S.D. . z IL - ,Mean+ ZS.D. 59 67 1,1,Mean - 2 S. D. 11 19 4.

The subject stands beside the table. wi'

hbis upper leg about 450 to the vertical.test foot is resting on a "' rrtbale wilt '

iower leg vertical and the %skle Obwv- t,,center of the turntable. The ^lnee is neldagainst a block on the tatl... The eyper,rmenter rotates th- tumntable n.,i; ,laterally to the limit of motion. The &nk" •between the toe-forward position and thr - "tr!me medial and lateral positions are re- .corded. The total angle between the i•iedialand lateral rotation ponitions is meaqurd.

Wq*wA)Cr TN 57-311 14::-

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114 - A ll.• Fl. , n .:d Extenu.on

A -lexion B -Extens.on Total

Nit M-an 35 38 73

4C.181 -n•-.S.D Z 1 14 4SO

rit rh iubject standb amid. ays on a box withi '.,.- tbhih horizontal and the "ot on a table top.

flev;on the body And leg Are bent furward to

:-r Maximum fleed poiition of the ankle. In11.- 'ion the! ankle on the side being measured

* 4. ! 'r.ghtened mraximally. which is done byL n ,e trunk And the other leg backward.

"" hv angles Are measured Letween the verticalJJ the leg Iinc line in the flexion and extenmion

* ~osmiom., 1he total angle is measured between L0 ,ii. leg hink lines in the max,mnum flexion ani

xtension positio...

No. 19- Foot, Inversion and Eversion

-:A !nversion BIEveroson Toua

,• Mean 24 Z3 41S.D. 9 7 i,

*Mean +Z S. D. 4Z 37 7Mean.- Z S.D. 6 9 2l

SThe subject stands with .i-s foot on a box.toes pointing directly forward. In inver soe."the knee and leg are swung steward with thefoot sole kept horizontally on the box surface.

I! !n eversion. the knee and lee are swung out-A IAward. The angles are measured betweem the

\"\ /"leg !ink line And the vertical. The total angle' I ~is measured between the leg link lines an the

maximum inverted and everted positibos.

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No. ZO- Grip Angl

Mean VIZS.D. TMean + Z S.D. 16Mean -S.D. 8$

The subject stands erect, the arm,forearm an 4 hand hanging vertically. AI 1/8 -inch wooden grip rod is held looselyin the hand. The angle is measured be-tween the forearm link line and a line run-

Srning through the long axis of the referenceaod at the thumb end.

SEC'TON IV

SUMMARY AND CCA6 CLUSIONS

"* Joint mobility data published by Dempster (19S$) have been reanalyzed andpresented in a form intended to be more applicable to A r Force d-sign problems.

The sample consisted of 39 young men on whom 43 body joint movements %erestudied. Sunmmary statistics, descriptions, and illustrations of the movements arepresented.

Data in this report can be used to provide iNtsmates of the normal range of jointmobility. The nr ean plus and minus two st-natard deviations, which include about85% of the sample, can be used to serve as reference standards for testing equipment. 0For instance, in a piecc, of eqtipment such as a pressure suit an effort should be madeto provide mobility ai near as possible to the value of the mean + Z S. D. Thus themobility of few individuals will be restricted, and in this case only at the limit ofmotioi. It is. however, not to be expo-cted t'a- any type of pressure suit will achievecomplete mobility for the wer. .. although it is nevertheless desirable to strive to-ward this end, and any restrictton allowed should be minimal. Acceptable restrictions'will necessarily have to be arbitrary. deters&..ned in every case by a coneiJerat:on ofthe problem at hand. Joint rar..-e 4at-& can also serve as a guide to movement cjpabli-ties in 4.rewstation design. r'arti.ularly in the '-td ation of controls. Controls sl.ouldbe placed so that the operator does iiot h'ave to attain difficult or maximum joirt po-sitions.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

L. Albee, F.H. ana Gilliland. A.R. Metrotherapy, or The Measure of VoluntaryMovement. Journal of American Medical AssociAtion, Volume 75, 1910. pp. ,-..,-

963-986.

.L Anderus. T.M. Human Kxnetics and Analysin' Body Movements. London.Henemaan, 1951.

3. Bitch, . W. Measurements and Recording of Joint Function. United StatesArined Forces Medical Journal. Volume o, Number 3. 1955. pp. 359-382. !

4. Cave. E.F. and Roberts. S.M. Method for Measuring and 1ecordingLJoint 0Function. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Volume 18. 15.i6, pp. 4!-5 -46 5.

S. Clark, W.A. A Protractor for MeasuriM Rotation of Joints. Journal of Ortho-pedic Surgery. Volume 3, 19.11, pp. 154-1S5.

4. Clark. W.A. A Systemof Joint Measurements. Journal of Oith,,pedic Surgery, ,Volume 2. 1920. p. 687.

7. Cleveland. D.E. H. Diagrams for Showing the Limitation of Movements ThrougJoints. Journal of Canadian Medical Association, Volume 8, 1918. ppj. 1070-1076.

.L Cobe. ff.M. Th.e Range of Acti~c Motion at the Wrist of White Adults. Journalof Boan and Joint Surgery. Volume 10. 19Z6. pp 763-787.

9. Curetoo. T.K. The Validity of Antero -Posterior Spinal Measurements. Researc.Quarterly. Volume Z, 1931. p. 101.

10. Cyriax. E. F. On the Rotsry Movements of the Wrist. Journal ef Anatomy ,A(London). Volume 60. 1926. pp. 199-201.

11. Darcus. H. 1. and Salter. N. The Amplitude of Pronation and Supination withthe Elbow Flexed to a Right Angle. Journal of Anatomy (London). Volume 87.

* Part 2. 1953. p•p. 169-184.

I1. Dempiter. W.T. Space Requirements of the Seated Operator. IYADC TechnicalReport SS -19, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-P t.c:sot% Asr Force Base.Ohio. MS;,.

1). Dempster. W. T. and Suzuki. G. An Approach to the Localizing of Pivotal Axes of

The Major Extremity Joints. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. N.S..Volume 10. 195Z. p. 258. 9

WADC TN S-311 20

9

S .

- . -. .. .,- -

14. Dorinson, S. M. and Wagner. M. L. An Exact Technic for Clinically Measuringand Recording Juint Motion. Archives of Physical Medicine, Volume 2ý., 1948. 6..pp. 468-475.

15. Frescoin, L. D. Range of Bodily Movements. Medical Tinies. Volume S7. 1929,pp. 197 -198.

16. Gifford, H.C. Instruments for Measuring Joint Movementu and Deformities in S 5Fracture Treatment, Amerncan Journal of Surgery. Volume 28 (lot series).1914. pp. 237-Z38.

17. ailliland, A. R. Norms for Amplitude of Voluntary Movement. Journal of the

American Medical Association. Volume 77. Number 17, 1921. p. 135?.

IS. Glanville, A.D.. and Kreezer. G. The Maximum Amplitude and Velocity ofJoint Movements in Normal Male Human Adults. Human Biology. Volume 9. .193?. pp. 197-.11.

19. Hertzbcza; H.T.) , Da-iels. G.S. and Ch;t:ch;il, E. Anchropometry of FlyInS

Prrarrnel - 'iC Technical Report 52-321, Wright Air Development Center,Wright-PatterPon Air Force Base. Ohio, 1954.

10. Hewitt, D. Range of Active Motion at the Wrist of Women. Journal of Bone andJoint Surgery, Volume 10, 1928. pp. 775-787.

21. MacEwan, C.G., and Howe. E.C. An Objective Method of Grading Posture.

Research Quarterly. Volume 3. 1932. p. 144. 9

ZZ. Moore. J. B. and Vaughn. .O. The Range of Active Motion at the Hip Joint of ...X. -

Men. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Volume 10, 1928, pp. 248-257. ... "

Z3. Patrick, J. A Study of Supination and Pronation. With &special Reference to ' ""the Treatment of Forearm Fractires. Journal of Bone and Join: Surger',.

Volumt 28, 1946. pp. 737-748.

14. Phelps, W. W.. and Kiphuth. R.J. The Diagnosi. and Treatment of PosturAlDt•ects. Baltimore. C.C. Thor-sa. 1911.

IS. Robinson, W.H. Joint Range. Jouz-A. of Orthopedic Surgery. Volume 3, 1921.

pp. 41-51.

-b. Roo', N, G. A Simpl:lied Method of Measuring Amplitudt of Motion in Joints. . ..

.'~rna O' ua" And Joint Surgery. Volume 4. 19ZZ. pp. 570-579. ".

27. Sheldon, W.H., Steven, S.S. and Tucker. W.B. The Varieties of kiuman

Physi . New York, Harper and Brothers, 1940. •

WADC TN 57-311 21

• .' , -.. ." . "

Zi. Silver, 0. 'Measutement of the .t.Aige of Motion in Joints. Journal of-Bom and, Joint Surgery, Volume 5- 19Z3, Jill, 509-579.

• .19. Sinelnikoff, E. ind Grigorowitsch, M. Die BWegligkeit der Gelenke ale' . oekunda rp, geschlechtliches ,avi MAtnllitutsonelles Mea kmal. Z-itschrift fisr

.Konbtitutbonslehre, Volume 15, Nomber 6, pp. 679-693, (unpublishedtrans.-* lation by Richard W. Youngj.

M0. Taylor. C. L. and Blaschke A.C. A Method for Kinematic Analysis of Hotions

- of the Shoulder. Arm ,and Iand C6,,t- pex. Artcle in Abt, L. E., ed. "'uman"Engineering", Annals of The New York Academy oSfciences, VolumeSI,Number 7, 1951, pp. 12S51-4,12.

31. TM 8-640 AFP 160-14-1, Joint khttion Meaeurement. Departments of theArmy and the Air Force, Washiniglon, 1956.

3.-. West, C.C. Measurement of 1o011t Motion. Archives of Physical Medicine,"Volume 26, 1945, pp. 4144•-.1 -

J J. Wicke:n, J.S., and Kiphuth0, 0, W, Body Mechanics Analysis of Yale UniverskiyFreshman. Research Quarterly, Volume 8. 1937. p. 38.

34. Wiechec, F. 3. and Krusen, F, I1, A New Method of Joint Measvrement and aReview of the Literature. Amervt'An Journal oi Surgery. Volurue 43, 1939.pp. 659-668.

T 3

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