L LS Liliek Soepriatmadji©2008 Interacting with L.

L

XWelcome to Systemic Functional GrammarLS

Liliek Soepriatmadji©2008

Interacting with L



4. Objective: Interacting with language

know the metalanguage for interacting and communicating with language

have worked with a lot of practices in describing interaction and communication with language

You learn clause as exchange

Objective, Interacting w L, Mood, C as exchange, Metalanguage, Mood adjunct, Minor c, Finite verbal,Modalization, T of D, Appraisal, Assignment



Interacting with language (1)

Role in ExchangeCommodity exchanged

Goods & Services Information

Giving

Initiation: Offer(polar interrogative, imperative, declarative, declarative + tag)Would you like this teapot?

Expected response: accept Discretionary alternative: reject

Initiation: Statement(declarative)

He’s giving her the teapot.

Expected response: acknowledge Discretionary alternative: contradict

PROPOSAL PROPOSITION

Giving, Demanding




Interacting with language (2)

Role in ExchangeCommodity exchanged

Goods & Services Information

Demanding

Initiation: Command(imperative, polar and wh-interrogative, declarative)Give me that teapot.

Expected response: undertake (comply with) Discretionary alternative: refuse

Initiation: Question(polar and wh-interrogative)

What is he giving her?

Expected response: answer Discretionary alternative: disclaim

PROPOSAL PROPOSITION

Giving, Demanding



Mood types

Declarative

MoodIndicative

Imperative Interrogative

Polar

Wh




Pattern in clause as exchange

MOOD RESIDUE

SUBJECT FINITE

POLARITY

MODALITY

TENSE

PREDICATOR CIRC ADJUNCT

CONJ ADJUNCT

MOOD ADJUNCT

COMPLEMENT




Unmarked Declarative (1) Unfortunately we can’t come to the party.

The car had four bicycle wheels.

By this action she is transformed into a quasi-divine figure.

In the final scene she displays this.

Comment Adjunct

Subject Finite - (Modal)

Predicator Circ Adjunct

Mood Residue

Subject Finite + (Past) Predicator ComplementMood Residue

Circ Adjunct Subject Finite + (Present) Predicator Complement

Res-Mood

-idue

Circ Adjunct Subject Finite + (Present) Predicator Circ Adjunct

Res-Mood

-idue

AD1, 2, MD



Unmarked Declarative (2) Jack could eat no fat

You will eat strawberries, sugar and cream

They open on Friday, don’t they?

The doctor will sign the script, won’t she?

Subject Finite + (future) Predicator Complement Finite - (Modal)

Subject

Mood Residue Mood tag

Subject Finite + (present) Predicator Adjunct Finite - (Present)

Subject

Mood Residue Mood tag

Subject Finite + (future) Predicator ComplementMood Residue

Subject Finite + (modal) Predicator ComplementMood Residue

AD1, 2, MD



Marked Declarative & Exclamation Then came the production line.

‘Stuff and nonsense’ said Alice loudly

Never had she seen such power invested in one woman

How banal these examples are!

Mood Adjunct Finite + (Past) Subject Predicator Complement Mood Residue

H- Complement Subject Finite + (Present) Predicator

Res-Mood

-idue

Complement Finite + (Past) Predicator Subject Circ Adjunct

Re-Mood

-s-Mood

-idue

Conj Adjunct Finite + (Past) Predicator Subject Mood

ResidueMood

AD1, 2, MD



Interrogative (1) Does Penny play squash?

Can I get there by candlelight?

Who killed the man?

Finite + (Present) Subject Predicator ComplementMood Residue

Finite + (Modal) Subject Predicator Circ Adjunct Circ AdjunctMood Residue

Wh- Subject Finite + (Past) Predicator ComplementMood Residue

Inter 1, 2



Interrogative (2)

Who has stolen my pen?

Who did you see?

Why didn’t she leave?

Wh- Subject Finite + (Present) Predicator ComplementMood Residue

Wh- Complement Finite + (Past) Subject Predicator

Res-Mood

-idue

Wh- Circ Adjunct Finite – (Past) Subject Predicator

Res-Mood

-idue

Inter 1, 2



Imperative (1) Don’t you put it there

Don’t put it there

Put it there

You, put it there

Finite - Subject Predicator Complement Circumstantial Adjunct Mood Residue

Finite - Predicator Complement Circumstantial Adjunct Mood Residue

Predicator Complement Circumstantial Adjunct Residue

Subject Predicator Complement Circumstantial Adjunct Mood Residue

Imper 1, 2



Imperative (2) Do put it there

Let’s put it there

I need to see your passport

Can I see your passport?

Finite + Predicator Complement Circumstantial Adjunct Mood Residue

Subject Predicator Complement Circumstantial Adjunct Mood Residue

Subject Finite + (Modal) Predicator Complement Mood Residue

Finite + (Modal) Subject Predicator ComplementMood Residue

Imper 1, 2



Metalanguage: describing interaction with L (1) Two grammatical features that carry the main burden of interpersonal

meanings are the SUBJECT and FINITE Subject:

Realized by a nominal group Responsible for the exchanges information, goods and service

Finite: The expression of interpersonal meanings The verbal group which expresses

• TENSE—a sign of time• MODALITY—a sign of the speaker’s opinion, and • POLARITY.

Subject and Finite combine to make the MOOD of the clause




Metalanguage: describing interaction with L (2)

PREDICATOR (the doing, happening or being) is the rest of the verbal group

ADJUNCTS Circumstantial Adjuncts which answer the questions how,

when, where, by whom; Conjunctive Adjuncts which have textual function: for

instance, anyway, moreover, therefore, meanwhile, nevertheless;

Comment Adjuncts or Evaluative Comments which express the speaker’s comment on what he or she is saying: frankly, apparently, hopefully, to my surprise, unfortunately

Pattern in C as Exchange



Metalanguage: describing interaction with L (3)

COMPLEMENT which answer the question what, to whom, did what potential to be subject nominal group acting to complete the argument set up in the

clause. RESIDUE

Predicator Complement(s) Adjunct(s)

VOCATIVE, direct address in spoken language PERSON, the interactants (speaker and addressee)



Mood Adjunct (within Mood system)

Polarity and modalityTemporalityof mood


Pattern in C as Exchange



Polarity and modality

polarity: not, yes, no, soprobability: probably possibly, certainly,

perhaps, maybeusuallity: usually, sometimes, always, never,

ever, seldom, rarelyreadiness: willingly, readily, gladly, certainly,

easilyobligation: definitely, absolutely, possibly, at all

cost, by all means

Mood adjunct



Temporality

time: yet, still, already, once, soon, justtypically: occasionally, generally, regularly,

mainly

Mood adjunct



Of Mood

obviousness: of course, surely, obviously, clearly

intensity: just, simply, merely, only, even, actually, really

degree: quite, almost, nearly, scarcely, hardly, absolutely, totally, utterly, entirely, completely

comment: hopefully, unfortunately, apparently

Mood adjunct



Minor speech function/clause

Exclamation Protolanguage: wow, yuck, aha, ouch Language: terrific, you sod, God’s boots, bugger you, bullshit

Calls Vocative: Charlie, You there, Maam

Greeting Salutation: hullo, welcome, goodbye, see you Wishing: cheers, congratulations

Alarm Warning: look out, carefull keepoff Appeal: help, fire, a drink

Mood adjunct




Finite verbal operators

Temporal operators

Past Present Future

Positive Did, wasHad, used to

Does, is has

Will, shallWould, should

Negative Did not, was notHadn’t, didn’t + used to

Does not, is notHas not

Will not, shan’tWouldn’t, shouldn’t

Modal operators

Low Median High

Positive Can, may Could, might

Will, wouldIs/was to

Must, ought toNeed, has/had to

Negative Needn’t, doesn’t/didn’t + need to/have to

Won’t, wouldn’tShouldn’t(is/wasn’t to)

Mustn’t, oughtn’t toCan’t, couldn’t,(may/might not, has/had not to)




Modalization and Modulation

commodity exchange

speech function type of intermediacy typical realization example

information

Proposition:statement, question modalization

probability (possible /probable /certain)

finite modal operatormodal adjunct(both the above)

they must have knownthey certainly knewthey certainly must have known

usuality (sometimes /usually /always

finite modal operatormodal adjunct(both the above)

it must happenit always happensit must always happen

goods-&-service

Proposal:command,offer modulation

obligation (allowed /supposed /required)

finite modal operatorpassive verb predicator

you must be patient!you’re required to be patient!

inclination (willing /keen /determined)

finite modal operatoradjective predicator

I must win!I’m determined to win




Tenor of the discourse

Agentive or societal role: roles of the participants

Power and status: equal or hierarchic temporary or permanent

Social distance: minimal or maximal interact on a familiar and frequent basis or on a

formality and objectivity

GuideStep 1, 2, 3, T of D




Guide to tenor of the discourse

Who is speaking?Who is being spoken to?What sort of social distance is there between the

speakers?Is the relation between speakers equal or unequal?Are any items in the text positively or negatively

appraised?What are the appraised motifs?

Step 1, 2, 3, T of D



Segmenting text (step 1)O.K, I want you to go overAnd get the ball….Now sit down there….Sit down over there….Now roll itRoll it over to TiffanyAnd she’ll push it back to youThere you go (LAUGHTER)And back again (LAUGHTER)And back again (LAUGHTER)Oh not too hard (WARNING)You’ll hurt herThere you go (LAUGHTER)Oh! O.K, pick it upAnd throw it … like thatOh (DISMAY) Go And get it




Analyzing text (step 2)

The speaker tends to use imperative The speaker demands goods and service that

the other participants apparently complyThe relationship is quite unequal. The speaker also appraises the addressee as

in There you go (+ appraisal) and Oh, not too hard! You’ll hurt her (- appraisal)

The social distance is minimal




Appraisal motifs

Interpersonal resources concerned with authorial attitude, social evaluation and the positioning of both reader and authorial voice.

1, 2, 3




Appraisal motifs

Engagement: negotiating monoglossic or heteroglossic

diversity, thus negotiating proposition or proposal (perhaps, it seems, he says, I declare, however, obviously)

1, 2, 3



Appraisal motifs

Attitude: Affect: +/- emotional response (like, fear) Judgment: evaluation of human behavior

(corruptly, skillfully) Appreciation: evaluation of entities (beautiful,

striking)

1, 2, 3



Appraisal motifs

Graduation: Force: raising and lowering intensity (graded)

• Implicit (adore, love, like)• Explicit (slightly, somewhat, really)

Focus: sharpening and softening (non graded) • Sharpen (a true friend)• Soften (kind’v, sort’v, as good as)

1, 2, 3



Describing context (step 3)

Interpersonal meanings TENOR OF DISCOURSE Commentary

Mood selection: mainly imperative – go, get, roll,

pick up, throw, push, sitsome declarative with

probability/futurity – will push, will hurt

Person selections: 2nd = child addressee 3rd = other child, ballAppraisal+ Praise for the child’s capacity from mother – There you go- Warning that child’s action ‘too hard’ and could lead to hurting sibling

As a result of our analysis and knowledge of context of culture we can write up our description

Agentive or societal roles: Mother and childrenStatus: unequalSocial distance: minimal

The mother is the only speaker. Almost all the clauses in the text are in imperative mood – the speaker demands action and the other participants apparently comply so the relationship between speakers is unequal. However, they seem very close, and they are familiar to each other so the social distance is minimal.




Assignment

Find a text, break it down into its clauses and put the clauses into the mood system (pattern), and write up the tenor of the discourse.

Find a short news item, break it down into its clauses and put the clauses into their appraisal values.




THANK YOU

L LS Liliek Soepriatmadji©2008 Interacting with L.

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