L e c t u r e 1 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES. English for Academic Purposes Attendance to classes (lectures and seminars) is compulsory Attendance to.

English for Academic English for Academic PurposesPurposes

BBSc 1 and Erasmus Students

Ing. Alan WestcottIng. Alan Westcott(Dr. Karl Seeley, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY)(Dr. Karl Seeley, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY)

L e c t u r e 1

ENGLISH FOR

ACADEMIC PURPOSES

English for Academic English for Academic PurposesPurposes• Attendance to classes (lectures and seminars) is Attendance to classes (lectures and seminars) is compulsorycompulsory

• You must attend at least 80You must attend at least 80%% seminars to be allowed to sit for your EAP seminars to be allowed to sit for your EAP exam – do not forget to sign the attendance sheet at exam – do not forget to sign the attendance sheet at everyevery seminar seminar

• If you do not sign your attendance, it counts as absenceIf you do not sign your attendance, it counts as absence

• You must be registered for the subject to be allowed to sit for the examYou must be registered for the subject to be allowed to sit for the exam

• Block lectures in other subjects which are presented in English, and for Block lectures in other subjects which are presented in English, and for which you are registered, count as attendance in EAPwhich you are registered, count as attendance in EAP

• If you are sick, you must bring a doctor‘s certificateIf you are sick, you must bring a doctor‘s certificate

• The Christmas holiday (break) starts on The Christmas holiday (break) starts on   23 December 2010 and ends on 23 December 2010 and ends on 3 January 2011 3 January 2011  The semester starts on 29. 09. 2010 and ends on 07. 01.  The semester starts on 29. 09. 2010 and ends on 07. 01.

20112011

• For more details see the CULS Academic Calendar For more details see the CULS Academic Calendar atat:: http://www.czu.cz/en/?r=1714

ENGLISH FOR ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• October 4: Introduction, origins of October 4: Introduction, origins of EnglishEnglish

• October 11: Varieties of English; October 11: Varieties of English; writing essayswriting essays

• October 18: Definite and indefinite October 18: Definite and indefinite articles, punctuationarticles, punctuation

• First writing due October 25First writing due October 25

ENGLISH FOR ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• What is it ?What is it ?

ENGLISH FOR ENGLISH FOR ACADEMICACADEMIC PURPOSES = EAP PURPOSES = EAP

• What is EAP ? It is a type of English for What is EAP ? It is a type of English for SpecificSpecific Purposes Purposes (ESP)(ESP)

• English for Specific PurposesEnglish for Specific Purposes (ESP) is a specialised area of (ESP) is a specialised area of teaching English language withwith many types, such as: many types, such as:

11. Academic. Academic English English

2. Business English2. Business English33. Technical English. Technical English

44. Scientific English. Scientific English 55. Legal English. Legal English

66. English for medical professionals. English for medical professionals

77. Aviation English (ESP taught to pilots and air traffic. Aviation English (ESP taught to pilots and air traffic controllers and radio communications)controllers and radio communications)

There are also specialised classes of English for tourism, There are also specialised classes of English for tourism, waiters, sport and many other areas of professional activities. waiters, sport and many other areas of professional activities.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• ESP is taught in many ESP is taught in many universities aroundaround the the world. Many professional associations of teachers world. Many professional associations of teachers of English (of English (TESOL, , IATEFL) have ESP sections. ) have ESP sections.

• Much attention is devoted to ESP course designMuch attention is devoted to ESP course design

• ESP teaching has much in common with ESP teaching has much in common with English as a Foreign or Second Language and and English for Academic Purposes (EAP). (EAP).

• Quickly developing Quickly developing Business English can be can be considered as part of a larger concept of English considered as part of a larger concept of English for Specific Purposes.for Specific Purposes.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• What is the purpose of What is the purpose of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) ?English for Academic Purposes (EAP) ?

• EAP trains students, usually in EAP trains students, usually in Higher Education, to use English language appropriately for study

• in EAP you will practise in EAP you will practise vocabulary and grammar

• and the four skills: and the four skills:

1. 1. reading (selected texts each week)2. 2. writing (2 – 3 essays)3. 3. speaking - including standard pronunciation4. and 4. and listening

• you will acquire you will acquire study skills and you will learn about differences in educational culture, for example, what counts as plagiarism.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• At this university we use British English because we At this university we use British English because we are part of and live in Europeare part of and live in Europe

• IIn Cambridge tests – must choose either GB or US n Cambridge tests – must choose either GB or US English – if you mix the two = failed examEnglish – if you mix the two = failed exam

• We We shouldshould not not worry about our accentsworry about our accents – we – we should should be proud of our nationalitiesbe proud of our nationalities

• But we But we shouldshould worry about our pronunciation – worry about our pronunciation – because we want other people to understand what we because we want other people to understand what we are sayingare saying

• And you want to be able to understand what other And you want to be able to understand what other people are sayingpeople are saying

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• TThis EAP subject involves his EAP subject involves

1. practical classes – seminars, in which 1. practical classes – seminars, in which you will you will practise the four skills of English practise the four skills of English usageusage

• and and

2. lectures in which you will learn about 2. lectures in which you will learn about the the history, background and importance history, background and importance of of English languageEnglish language

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

English English is a is a GermanicGermanic language which belongs to the Indo-European language which belongs to the Indo-European Family ofFamily of languages. languages.

• English evolved form Old Norse and Saxon.English evolved form Old Norse and Saxon.

• The closest languages to English are those in the Germanic The closest languages to English are those in the Germanic Branch:Branch:

• GermanGerman• DutchDutch

then:then:

• Swedish - has tones, which is unusual in European languagesSwedish - has tones, which is unusual in European languages• NorwegianNorwegian• DanishDanish• Icelandic - the least changed of the Germanic languages, Icelandic - the least changed of the Germanic languages, it is close to Old Norseit is close to Old Norse

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• Other related Germanic languages are:Other related Germanic languages are:

• Flemish and Afrikaans = varieties of DutchFlemish and Afrikaans = varieties of Dutch• Yiddish = variety of German (which is written Yiddish = variety of German (which is written

using Hebrew script)using Hebrew script)

• GermanGerman has a system of four has a system of four cases cases and three and three gendersgenders for its nouns. Case is the property for its nouns. Case is the property where a noun takes a different ending depending where a noun takes a different ending depending on its role in a sentence. An example in English: on its role in a sentence. An example in English: lady, lady's, ladies and ladies'. lady, lady's, ladies and ladies'.

• The genders in German are The genders in German are masculinemasculine, , femininefeminine and and neuter.neuter.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• EnglishEnglish has lost gender and (almost entirely) lost has lost gender and (almost entirely) lost case. case. – II see see herher..– SheShe sees sees meme..

• Only a few words form their plurals like GermanOnly a few words form their plurals like German ox ox oxen oxen

child child children childrenman man men menwoman woman women women

• Most words in English now form the plural by Most words in English now form the plural by adding an "s", having been influenced by Norman adding an "s", having been influenced by Norman FrenchFrench

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

QUESTION:QUESTION:

Which language is spoken by the Which language is spoken by the highest number of people in the highest number of people in the world ?world ?

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

ANSWER ?ANSWER ?

• It depends what sources of information you It depends what sources of information you use.use.

• Many countries do not have accurate Many countries do not have accurate population population numbers or data on the languages the numbers or data on the languages the different different sections of the populations speak. sections of the populations speak.

• And many countries try to emphasise the And many countries try to emphasise the importance importance of their own language. of their own language.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

HISTORY AND IMPORTANCEHISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OOF THE ENGLISH F THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGELANGUAGE

•How many people around How many people around the world speak English?the world speak English?

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• ENGLISH ENGLISH is the most widely is the most widely distributed language in the world. distributed language in the world.

• English is used either as the main or English is used either as the main or one of the official languages in one of the official languages in 105 105 countriescountries around the world, which around the world, which include USA, UK, Canada, Australia, include USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India (with 1.1 billion New Zealand, India (with 1.1 billion people), Hong Kong, South Africa people), Hong Kong, South Africa

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

What is the range of estimatesWhat is the range of estimates of speakers of various of speakers of variouslanguageslanguages by by UNESCO:UNESCO:

• EnglishEnglish 1 billion speakers1 billion speakers• Chinese MandarinChinese Mandarin 1 billion speakers1 billion speakers

• Hindi (with Urdu)Hindi (with Urdu) in Indiain India 500 million500 million• SpanishSpanish (remember: Brazil speaks Portuguese)(remember: Brazil speaks Portuguese) 450 million450 million• RussianRussian 326 million326 million• Arabic Arabic 250250 millionmillion

• French, GermanFrench, German 125 million (each)125 million (each)

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• And how many And how many people people speak Portuguese?speak Portuguese?

• The official estimate rangeThe official estimate rangess from 160 to 188 million from 160 to 188 million speakers. speakers.

• TThe population of Portugal is only 10,600,000, he population of Portugal is only 10,600,000, but but the population of Brazil, the largest the population of Brazil, the largest PortuguesePortuguese speaking country in the world, is about 190,000,000 speaking country in the world, is about 190,000,000 people, plus there are former Portuguese colonies in people, plus there are former Portuguese colonies in Africa and China (Macau). Africa and China (Macau).

• Thus we can assume that there are about Thus we can assume that there are about 200 200 million peoplemillion people in the world who speak Portuguese. in the world who speak Portuguese.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• EnglishEnglish is now the most widely spread is now the most widely spread language in the world, particularly in business, language in the world, particularly in business, trade and travel and, especially in computers.trade and travel and, especially in computers.

• ChineseChinese also has many speakers, but the vast also has many speakers, but the vast majority are in China. It is not a world majority are in China. It is not a world language.language.

• Why people use English?Why people use English?

• Probably because it is a very adaptable Probably because it is a very adaptable language with some 600 thousand terms.language with some 600 thousand terms.

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

• Usage of EnglishUsage of English

• Mandarin ChineseMandarin Chinese is spoken by about 750 million is spoken by about 750 million to 1 billion to 1 billion peoplepeople (depending on the source of your information)(depending on the source of your information), more than any other , more than any other language in the worldlanguage in the world (not all Chinese can speak Mandarin) (not all Chinese can speak Mandarin)

• But try to see how far it gets you in Rome, Madrid or Stockholm, or even But try to see how far it gets you in Rome, Madrid or Stockholm, or even Buenos Aires or Johannesburg on the other side of the globe.Buenos Aires or Johannesburg on the other side of the globe.

• By comparison, English is the most By comparison, English is the most global global of languages and most of languages and most important language in the world today:important language in the world today:

1.1. Two thirds of all scientific papers are published in EnglishTwo thirds of all scientific papers are published in English ((The EconomistThe Economist))

1.1. Nearly half of all business deals in Europe are conducted in English Nearly half of all business deals in Europe are conducted in English ((The Story of EnglishThe Story of English))

3. 3. MMore than 70% of the world's mail is written and addressed in ore than 70% of the world's mail is written and addressed in EnglishEnglish

““Lingua franca”Lingua franca”

• A “bridge language” used by people A “bridge language” used by people with different languageswith different languages– From Latin, “free language,” described a From Latin, “free language,” described a

commercial language in the eastern commercial language in the eastern MediterraneanMediterranean

• Europe’s first Europe’s first lingua francalingua franca : Latin : Latin

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ancientfilmCC304/lecture21/detail.php?linenum=4

““Lingua franca”Lingua franca”• Latin for “French language”Latin for “French language”

– In English, refers to a language in which In English, refers to a language in which people with different languages can people with different languages can communicatecommunicate

• Europe’s first Europe’s first lingua francalingua franca : Latin : Latin

• Persisted in diplomacy, universitiesPersisted in diplomacy, universities

• Lingua francaLingua franca itself arose from the itself arose from the needs of tradeneeds of trade– Based on Italian, because Italians Based on Italian, because Italians

dominated eastern Mediterranean tradedominated eastern Mediterranean trade

French as a French as a lingua francalingua franca

• France the dominant power in Europe France the dominant power in Europe from 17from 17thth to 19 to 19thth centuries centuries

• Educated Europeans routinely Educated Europeans routinely comfortable in Frenchcomfortable in French– In 18In 18thth-19-19thth century Russia, many century Russia, many

aristocrats preferred French to “peasant” aristocrats preferred French to “peasant” RussianRussian•Large passages of Tolstoy’s Large passages of Tolstoy’s War and Peace War and Peace

are written in Frenchare written in French

German as a German as a lingua francalingua franca

• Many native speakersMany native speakers

http://www.wall-maps.com/Classroom/HISTORY/World/Cultures&RacesOfEurope1889.gif

German as a German as a lingua francalingua franca

• Many native speakersMany native speakers

• Extensive trade connections (Hansa)Extensive trade connections (Hansa)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extent_of_the_Hansa.jpg

German as a German as a lingua francalingua franca

• Many native speakersMany native speakers

• Extensive trade connections (Hansa)Extensive trade connections (Hansa)

• Political dominance in central EuropePolitical dominance in central Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg

German as a German as a lingua francalingua franca

• Many native speakersMany native speakers

• Extensive trade connections (Hansa)Extensive trade connections (Hansa)

• Political dominance in central EuropePolitical dominance in central Europe

• A major language of scientific A major language of scientific literatureliterature– Until World War IIUntil World War II

Russian as a Russian as a lingua francalingua franca

• Many native speakersMany native speakers

• Expansion of Russian EmpireExpansion of Russian Empire

http://www.wall-maps.com/Classroom/HISTORY/World/ExpansionOfRussianEmpire187.gif

Russian as a Russian as a lingua francalingua franca

• Many native speakersMany native speakers

• Expansion of Russian EmpireExpansion of Russian Empire

• Political dominance in eastern central Political dominance in eastern central EuropeEurope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc

English as a English as a lingua francalingua franca

• Global spread of the British EmpireGlobal spread of the British Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Empire.png

English as a English as a lingua francalingua franca

• Global spread of the British EmpireGlobal spread of the British Empire

• Leading British role in the Industrial Leading British role in the Industrial RevolutionRevolution– British writing in economics admired by British writing in economics admired by

“progressives” throughout Europe“progressives” throughout Europe

• US military dominance, since World US military dominance, since World War IIWar II

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_military_bases_in_the_world.svg

• Afghanistan Afghanistan – Bagram Air Base – Shindand Airbase – Kandahar International Airport

• Bulgaria Bulgaria – Bezmer Air Base – Graf Ignatievo Air Base

• Germany Germany – Ansbach – NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen, ,

Geilenkirchen, Germany – Ramstein Air Base – Spangdahlem Air Base

• Greenland Greenland – Thule AB

• Guam Guam – Andersen Air Force Base

• Italy Italy – Aviano Air Base – Sigonella Naval Air Station – Camp Darby (Pisa-Livorno)

• Japan Japan – Kadena Air Base, , Okinawa Prefecture – Misawa Air Base, , Misawa, Aomori – Yokota Air Base, Tokyo , Tokyo

• Qatar Qatar – Al Udeid Air Base

•Saudi Arabia •Eskan Village Air Base •King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Dhahran •King Fahd Air Base, Taif •King Khalid Air Base, Khamis Mushayt •Riyadh Air Base, Riyadh

•South Korea •Kunsan Air Base •Osan Air Base

•Kyrgyzstan •Transit Center at Manas, Bishkek

•The Netherlands •Joint Force Command Brunssum

•Portugal •Lajes Field, Azores

•Spain •Morón Air Base, Andalusia •Morón de la Frontera, Andalusia

•Turkey •Incirlik Air Base

•United Kingdom •RAF Lakenheath, Brandon, Suffolk •RAF Menwith Hill, Yorkshire Dales •RAF Mildenhall, Mildenhall •RAF Croughton, Upper Heyford •RAF Alconbury, Cambridgeshire

US Air Force Bases outside U.S.

• Bulgaria Bulgaria – Aytos Logistics Center – Novo Selo Range

• Germany Germany – Campbell Barracks, , Heidelberg – Conn Barracks, Ledward Barracks, ,

Schweinfurt – Vilseck – Grafenwoehr – Landstuhl – Vogelweh – Patrick Henry Village – ROB – Kapaun – Stuttgart – Bamberg – Mannheim – Baumholder

•Iraq •Italy

•Caserma Ederle, Vicenza •Camp Darby, Pisa-Livorno

•Japan •Camp Zama, Tokyo •Torii Station, Okinawa •Fort Buckner, Okinawa

•Kuwait •Kosovo •South Korea •Israel

•The Dimona Radar Facility is an American-operated radar base in the Negev, staffed by 120 US military personnel.[1] •The Port of Haifa maintains facilities for the United States Sixth Fleet. •Two War Reserve Stocks are located in Israel.

US Army Bases outside U.S.

• AfghanistanAfghanistan– Camp Dwyer – Camp Leatherneck – FOB Delaram

• Germany Germany – Camp Panzer Kaserne, , Böblingen

• Japan Japan – Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley

D. Butler, , Okinawa. . Note: these camps are Note: these camps are dispersed throughout Okinawa, but still under the dispersed throughout Okinawa, but still under the administration of the SDB complex.administration of the SDB complex.

– Camp Courtney – Camp Foster – Camp Gonsalves ( (

Jungle Warfare Training Center) ) – Camp Hansen – Camp Kinser – Camp Lester – Camp McTureous – Camp Schwab – Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, ,

Okinawa – Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, ,

Yamaguchi Prefecture – Camp Fuji, , Shizuoka Prefecture – Yomitan Auxiliary Airfield – Kuwait – Camp Arifjan, , Kuwait City

• KuwaitKuwait– Camp Arifjan, , Kuwait City

•British Indian Ocean Territory•Diego Garcia

•Brazil•Sao Paolo, Naval Support Detachment

•Cuba•Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

•Spain •Rota Naval Station

•Japan •United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka •United States Fleet Activities Sasebo •Naval Air Facility Atsugi •Naval Forces Japan, Okinawa

•Guam•Naval Base Guam

•Bahrain•Naval Support Activity Bahrain •Naval Detachment Dubai

•Italy •Naval Support Activity Naples, 6th fleet/Command Navy Europe

U.S. 6th Fleet •Naval Air Station Sigonella •Naval Support Activity Geata

•Greece •Naval Support Activity Souda Bay, Souda Bay, Crete

•South Korea•Commander Naval Forces Korea Chinhae, South Korea US Navy bases outside the U.S.

US Marine Corps bases outside the U.S.

US economic weightUS economic weight

• After World War II, U.S. produced After World War II, U.S. produced 46% of global GDP46% of global GDP11

– U.S. built up for war-time productionU.S. built up for war-time production– Didn’t suffer damage to its industryDidn’t suffer damage to its industry

1: http://hir.harvard.edu/energy/us-economic-power

Country 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Austria 24 27 27 29 27 28 29 12

France[1] 186 199 164 130 116 110 93 101

Germany 351 384 387 412 417 426 437 310

Italy[2] 141 151 147 144 145 137 117 92

Japan[3] 169 184 192 196 197 194 189 144

Soviet Union[4] 359 366 417 359 274 305 362 343

UK 284 287 316 344 353 361 346 331

USA[5] 800 869 9431 09

41 23

51 39

91 49

91 47

4

Allied Total:[6] 1 629

1 600

1 331

1 596

1 862

2 065

2 363

2 341

Axis Total:[7] 685 746 845 911 902 895 826 466

Allied/Axis GDP:[8] 2.38 2.15 1.58 1.75 2.06 2.31 2.86 5.02

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II

GDP of major WWII combatantsin international dollars, 1990 prices

US economic weightUS economic weight

• After World War II, U.S. produced 46% After World War II, U.S. produced 46% of global GDPof global GDP11

– U.S. built up for war-time productionU.S. built up for war-time production– Didn’t suffer damage to its industryDidn’t suffer damage to its industry

• As of 2008, down to 21%As of 2008, down to 21%22

– Still the largest single economy if EU is Still the largest single economy if EU is not counted as one economynot counted as one economy•And there are other English-speaking And there are other English-speaking

economieseconomies1: http://hir.harvard.edu/energy/us-economic-power2: http://www.econstats.com/weo/V012.htm

Cultural influenceCultural influence

• Hollywood sells globallyHollywood sells globally

• American pop music is the most American pop music is the most widespreadwidespread– British also play major roleBritish also play major role

• Is American pop culture inherently Is American pop culture inherently broadest appeal?broadest appeal?– Or is there an interaction among Or is there an interaction among

economic, military, and cultural power? economic, military, and cultural power?

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• EnglishEnglish is the most studied and is the most studied and emulated (imitated) language in the emulated (imitated) language in the world. It has such an enormous influence world. It has such an enormous influence it has affected other languages.it has affected other languages.

• When the BBC English-teaching series When the BBC English-teaching series Follow MeFollow Me was first broadcast in China it was first broadcast in China it had audiences of up to 100 million had audiences of up to 100 million peoplepeople

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

• Influence of EnglishInfluence of English - English words are - English words are everywhere:everywhere:

• Germans speak of Germans speak of die Teenagers die Teenagers and and das Walkoutdas Walkout

• German politicians tell German journalists German politicians tell German journalists "No comment" "No comment"

• Italian women put Italian women put col cream col cream on their faces on their faces

• Romanians ride on Romanians ride on trolleybustrolleybus

• Spaniards, when they are cold, put a Spaniards, when they are cold, put a suetersueter on on

• Almost everyone in the world speaks on the telephone, Almost everyone in the world speaks on the telephone, the the telefoontelefoon or or telefontelefon

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

Problems with Problems with EnglishEnglish

• The main problem with English is its The main problem with English is its confusing pronunciationconfusing pronunciation, i.e. the , i.e. the lack of standard pronunciation. The only certain thing about English lack of standard pronunciation. The only certain thing about English pronunciation is that it is that there is almost nothing certain about it:pronunciation is that it is that there is almost nothing certain about it:

A) A) thethe samesame spelling can have more than one pronunciation and spelling can have more than one pronunciation and meanings:meanings:– minute – [minit] minute – [minit] = unit of time= unit of time– minute – [my-newt] = very small, tinyminute – [my-newt] = very small, tiny

– bow – bow – [bou][bou] = a weapon shooting arrows= a weapon shooting arrows - b- bow - [bau]ow - [bau] = to bend down as a form of greeting= to bend down as a form of greeting

B) B) differentdifferent words can have the same pronunciation but different words can have the same pronunciation but different meaningsmeanings

• toto [tu:] = direction, 3rd case (dative) …go to school…infinitive [tu:] = direction, 3rd case (dative) …go to school…infinitive

– (“To be or not to be”)(“To be or not to be”)

• tootoo [tu:] = …too much…, also: … we went there, too.[tu:] = …too much…, also: … we went there, too.• twotwo [tu:] = a number[tu:] = a number

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

C) C) words with similar spellingwords with similar spelling having different pronunciation:having different pronunciation:

• heard – beardheard – beard• road – broadroad – broad• five – givefive – give• early – dearlyearly – dearly• beau – beautybeau – beauty• steak – streaksteak – streak• ache – moustacheache – moustache• low – howlow – how• doll – drolldoll – droll• scour – fourscour – four• grieve – sievegrieve – sieve• paid – saidpaid – said• break - speak break - speak

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

D) D) varying pronunciation:varying pronunciation:

• "c" in "c" in race, rack race, rack and and richrich• "b" in debt is silent"b" in debt is silent• "a" in bread is silent"a" in bread is silent second "t" in thistle is silentsecond "t" in thistle is silent

Compare “men” to “women”Compare “men” to “women”

The “e” is pronounced differentlyThe “e” is pronounced differently

Compare “woman” to “women”Compare “woman” to “women”

The “o” changes its pronunciationThe “o” changes its pronunciation

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

D) D) varying pronunciation:varying pronunciation:

The most famous variation is that for The most famous variation is that for OUGHOUGH which has 8 differentwhich has 8 different pronunciations: pronunciations:

• throughthrough• thoughthough• thoughtthought• toughtough• ploughplough• thoroughthorough• hiccoughhiccough• lough (Irish-English word for lake lough (Irish-English word for lake

= loch)= loch)

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

E) E) lack of clear vowels A, E, I, O, Ulack of clear vowels A, E, I, O, U

• the most frequent vowel in English is the sound the most frequent vowel in English is the sound of the schwa: of the schwa: əə

• as inas in:: herehere [hi[hiəə]]• bear bear [be[beəə]]• worldworld [w[wəə:ld]:ld]

• Note that these examples are only in British Note that these examples are only in British English.English.In U.S.,In U.S.,

aaboutbouthicchiccuup p

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

F) F) some difficult soundssome difficult sounds such as: such as:

• "th" as in the Greek theta: "th" as in the Greek theta: θθ, and words such , and words such as thanks, think…as thanks, think…

• ææ as in jazz, jam, that…. as in jazz, jam, that….

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSESEnglish as a world languageEnglish as a world language

• Next week:Next week:

– Varieties of EnglishVarieties of English

– How to write essays. How to write essays.