L. D’Alfonso - M.E. Gorrini- C. Mora, Archaeological Excavations at Kinik Höyük, Niğde, Preliminary Report of the third Campaign (2013)

A T H E N A E U MStudi di Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichita

pubblicati sotto gli auspici dell’Universita di Pavia

VOLUME CENTODUESIMO

II————

2014

Estratto

LORENZO D’ALFONSO - MARIA ELENA GORRINI - CLELIA MORA

Archaeological Excavations at Ki�ni�k Hoyuk.Preliminary Report of the Third Campaign (2013)

AMMINISTRAZIONE DI ATHENÆUMUNIVERSITA - PAVIA

COMO - NEW PRESS EDIZIONI - 2014

ISSN

004-6

574

A T H E N A E U MStudi Periodici di Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichita

DIRETTORI EMILIO GABBA (onorario)DARIO MANTOVANIGIANCARLO MAZZOLI (responsabile)

SEGRETARI DI REDAZIONE FABIO GASTI - DONATELLA ZORODDU

COMITATO SCIENTIFICO INTERNAZIONALE

Michael von Albrecht (Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg); Mireille Armisen-Marchetti (Universite de Toulouse II - Le Mirail); Francis Cairns (Florida StateUniversity); Carmen Codoner Merino (Universidad de Salamanca); Michael Crawford(University College London); Jean-Michel David (Universite Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne); Werner Eck (Universitat Koln); Michael Erler (Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg); Jean-Louis Ferrary (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes -Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris); Pierre Gros (Universite de ProvenceAix-Marseille 1 - Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris); Jeffrey Henderson(Boston University); Nicholas Horsfall (Durham University); Michel Humbert(Universite Paris II Pantheon-Assas); Wolfgang Kaiser (Albert-Ludwigs-UniversitatFreiburg); Eckard Lefevre (Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg); Matthew Leigh (StAnne’s College, Oxford); Carlos Levy (Universite Paris IV Sorbonne); Anna MorpurgoDavies (University of Oxford); Jan Opsomer (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven); IgnacioRodrıguez Alfageme (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); Alan H. Sommerstein(University of Nottingham); Pascal Thiercy (Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest);Theo van den Hout (University of Chicago); Juan Pablo Vita (Consejo Superior deInvestigaciones Cientıficas, Madrid); Gregor Vogt-Spira (Philipps-Universitat Marburg);Paul Zanker (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen - SNS Pisa); Bernhard Zimmer-mann (Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg)

Peer-review. Articoli e note inviati per la pubblicazione alla rivista sono sottoposti – nella formadel doppio anonimato – a peer-review di due esperti, di cui uno almeno esterno al ComitatoScientifico o alla Direzione. Nel secondo fascicolo delle annate pari e pubblicato l’elenco dei revisori.

Norme per i collaboratori

Tutti i contributi, redatti in forma definitiva, debbono essere inviati su file allegandoPDF a:Redazione di Athenaeum, Universita, 27100 Pavia - E-mail: [email protected] contributi non accettati per la pubblicazione non si restituiscono.La Rivista da ai collaboratori gli estratti in formato PDF dei loro contributi.Per tutte le norme redazionali vd. pagina web della Rivista: http://athenaeum.unipv.itNella pagina web della Rivista sono consultabili gli indici generali e gli indici dei col-laboratori dal 1958 al 2014.

INDICE DEL VOLUME

Articoli

S. FERRARINI, Simonide, Leonida e la ‘memoria degli avi’. Sull’occasione e il destinatario di Simon.PMG 531 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 369

E. PAPADODIMA, Sortition and Heroic/Moral Values in Greek Tragedy. The Case of Sophocles’ Ajaxand Euripides’ Children of Heracles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 388

A. COPPOLA, Erodoto, la fine delle Storie. Ponos e arche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 402

M. BEN ZEEV, Roman Law and the Jews. 139-59 BCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 411

E. MUNIZ GRIJALVO, «Greek Religion» in Strabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 429

R.T. RIDLEY, Livy the Critical Historian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 444

A. BORGNA, Il De animalibus e la leggenda delle origini in Pompeo Trogo (Iust. 43.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . » 475

B. DEL GIOVANE, Retorica, immaginazione e autopsia. Seneca e il caso della colpevole luxuria(epist. 110.14 e benef. 7.10.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 490

R. RICCERI, Uet& ce sa* virsa. Struttura e motivi dei Carmi jasa+ sot& pomgqot& di Gregorio diNazianzo (2.1.54-60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 509

Note e discussioni

A. BANCALARI MOLINA, Emilio Gabba y su relacion con Chile. Un recuerdo personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 521

A. FAVUZZI, Ancora sul frammento 82 Jacoby di Nicolao di Damasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 528

G. MAZZOLI, Sulla struttura e strategia didattica del De beneficiis di Seneca (in margine al recentelibro di Miriam T. Griffin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 532

T. POWER, Calvus’ Poetry in Suetonius and Pliny, Letters 5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 543

P. PAOLUCCI, Rileggendo il centone virgiliano cristiano Versus ad gratiam Domini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 546

C. LETTA, Un nuovo corpus delle iscrizioni italiche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 558

L. D’ALFONSO - M.E. GORRINI - C. MORA, Archaeological Excavations at Ki�ni�k Hoyuk.Preliminary Report of the Third Campaign (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 565

Recensioni

E. AMATO (a c. di), Rose di Gaza. Gli scritti retorico-sofistici e le Epistole di Procopio di Gaza (E.Corti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 587

C. ANTONETTI - S. DE VIDO (a c. di), Temi Selinuntini (E. Gagliano) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 589

V. AZOULAY - P. ISMARD (eds.), Clisthene et Lycurgue d’Athenes. Autour du politique dans la citeclassique (Ch. Feyel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 595

R. BARGNESI - R. SCUDERI (a c. di), Il paesaggio e l’esperienza. Scritti di antichita offerti a PierluigiTozzi in occasione del suo 75º compleanno (G. Cresci Marrone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 601

T. BARNES, Constantine. Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire (A. Marcone) » 605

TH. BENATOUIL - E. MAFFI - F. TRABATTONI (eds.), Plato, Aristotle, or Both? Dialogues betweenPlatonism and Aristotelianism in Antiquity (M.C. De Vita) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 608

A. BONADEO - A. CANOBBIO - F. GASTI (a c. di), Filellenismo e identita romana in eta flavia (S.Mattiacci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 616

A. CAMEROTTO - R. DRUSI (a c. di), Il nemico necessario. Duelli al sole e duelli in ombra tra leparole e il sangue (S. Ferrarini) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 621

P. DESIDERI - M.A. GIUA (a c. di), Emilio Gabba fra storia e storiografia sul mondo antico (L.Troiani) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 624

A. DE VIVO, Frammenti di discorsi ovidiani (B. Larosa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 629

G. FERRI, Tutela urbis. Il significato e la concezione della divinita tutelare cittadina nella religioneromana (V. Fabrizi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 634

G. FLAMERIE DE LACHAPELLE, ‘Clementia’. Recherches sur la notion de clemence a Rome, du debutdu I er siecle a.C. a la mort d’Auguste (A. Pistellato) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 637

E. FLORES (ed.): Liui Andronici Odusia (V. Fabrizi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 644

M. FORMISANO - H. BOHME (eds.), War in Words. Transformations of War from Antiquity toClausewitz (G. Breccia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 647

P.M. FRASER, Greek Ethnic Terminology (A. Ferreccio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 651

G. GARBINI, Letteratura e politica nell’Israele antico (G. Toloni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 655

M. HAAKE - M. JUNG (eds.), Griechische Heiligtumer als Erinnerungsorte. Von der Archaik bis inden Hellenismus (J. Mylonopoulos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 659

K.-J. HOLKESKAMP, Die Entstehung der Nobilitat: Studien zur sozialen und politischen Geschichteder Romischen Republik im 4. Jh. v. Chr. (F. Santangelo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 664

J. INGLEHEART, A Commentary on Ovid, Tristia Book 2 (V. Zanoni) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 665

U. LAFFI, Il trattato fra Sardi ed Efeso degli anni 90 a.C. (A. Magnetto) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 669

L. LAMOINE - C. BERRENDONNER - M. CEBEILLAC-GERVASONI (sous la dir. de), La Praxis mu-nicipale dans l’Occident romain (A. Raggi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 673

P. MANTOVANELLI - F.R. BERNO (a c. di), Le parole della passione. Studi sul lessico poetico latino(A. Bonadeo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 676

S. MARASTONI - A. MASTROCINQUE - B. POLETTI, ‘Hereditas’, ‘adoptio’ e potere politico in Romaantica (A. Pistellato) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 679

E. MARRONI, I culti dell’Esquilino (L. Mancini) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 682

F.-H. MASSA-PAIRAULT, Pergamo e la filosofia (F. Ferrari) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 686

C. MOUSSY (dir.), Espace et temps en latin (R. Marino) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 689

F. NERI, Reliquie eroiche nella Grecia arcaica e classica (S.A. Brioschi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 694

S. RATTI, Antiquus error. Les ultimes feux de la resistance paıenne (F. Cannas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 697

J.H. RICHARDSON - F. SANTANGELO (ed.), Priests and State in the Roman World (J.-C. Lacam) » 700

C. ROSCINO, Polignoto di Taso (G. Lepore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 704

C. SALEMME, Lucrezio e la formazione del mondo. De rerum natura 5, 416-508 (C.M. Calcante) » 707

M. TAUFER, Il mito di Tespesio nel De sera numinis vindicta di Plutarco (A. Pero) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 708

B. VANCAMP, Untersuchungen zur handschriftlichen Uberlieferung von Platons Menon (F. Ferrari) » 711

C. WOLFF, Deserteurs et transfuges dans l’armee romaine a l’epoque republicaine (G. Clemente) » 714

Notizie di Pubblicazioni

R.S. BAGNALL, Eine Wustenstadt. Leben und Kultur in einer agyptischen Oase im 4. Jahrhundertn.Chr. (A. Marcone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 717

E.T.E. BARKER, Entering the Agon. Dissent and Authority in Homer, Historiography and Tragedy(F. Massa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 718

A. COZZO (a c. di), Le orecchie e il potere. Aspetti socioantropologici dell’ascolto nel mondo antico enel mondo contemporaneo (F. Cannas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 720

G.A. LEHMANN, Forschungen zur Alten Geschichte. Kleine Schriften (A. Marcone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 722

P. RIEDLBERGER, Philologischer, historischer und liturgischer Kommentar zum 8. Buch der Johannisdes Goripp (L. Sannicandro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 723

C. ROSILLO LOPEZ, La corruption a la fin de la Republique romaine (II e-I er s. av. J.-C.). Aspectspolitiques et financiers (M.F. Petraccia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 724

Pubblicazioni ricevute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 727

Elenco dei collaboratori dell’annata 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 729

Elenco dei revisori che hanno valutato gli articoli proposti ad «Athenaeum» nel periodo 2012-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 731

Indice generale dell’annata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 735

Elenco delle pubblicazioni periodiche ricevute in cambio di «Athenaeum» e distribuite fra le bi-blioteche del Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici dell’Universita di Pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » 739

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT KINIK HOYUK.

PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE THIRD CAMPAIGN (2013)

The third campaign of archaeological excavations at Ki�ni�k Hoyuk (Nigde, TR) took place

during the summer 2013, from the second half of June to the first half of August. The research

project is directed by L. d’Alfonso (ISAW, New York University) and C. Mora (Pavia University).

L. d’Alfonso also acts as field director of the excavations, while deputy director of the excavations

is Prof. M. Ekiz (Nigde University). A. Lanaro (ISAW, New York University), and A. Trameri

(Pavia University / ISAW, New York University) have directed two different sectors of operation

A, located on the northern slopes of the mound; A. Matessi and B.M. Tomassini Pieri (Pavia

University) directed the excavations of operation B, at the top of the mound, while N. Highcock

(New York University) directed the excavations of operation D in the western sector of the lower

city (fig. 1). P. Vertuani supervised the work in the lab and L. Davighi was responsible for the

topographic survey 1.

The activities of the 2013 campaign involved many more research fields than those of the

previous years. For these activities of the paleobotanists, paleozoologists, sedimentologists, geo-

physicists and restorers participating in the team the reader is therefore referred to other forth-

coming publications.

The archaeological research at Ki�ni�k Hoyuk started in 2010 at the conclusion of a four-

years archaeological survey in the region of Nigde (2006-2009: see d’Alfonso 2010, and d’Alfon-

so-Mora 2010). A description of the site, and the purpose and results of the project were dis-

cussed in the preliminary reports which have appeared yearly in this journal (lastly d’Alfonso-

Mora 2013). The research activities of 2013 were made possible by the financial and logistic sup-

port of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World - New York University, the JM Kaplan

Fund, the province and the municipality of Nigde and Yes,ilyurt, the University of Pavia, the

IUSS - University Institute for Advanced Studies - Pavia, and the Ministry of foreign Affairs

(Italy). These institutions deserve our deepest gratitude.

1. Operation A 2013

In operation A (fig. 2), whose core was located in the central depression of the north side of

the mound (d’Alfonso 2013, pp. 390-391), excavation work focused on three distinct sectors: an

extension towards the south-east (S17.13 & 18, defined in 2012 as sector A2), an extension to-

wards the west (S17.4 & 9, defined as sector A1 in 2012) and the extension of the deep trench

along the outer facade of the walls (S17.15).

The eastwards widening of the A2 sector has allowed us to highlight the presence of a build-

ing of the Hellenistic period in this area of the site (Level A2.1). What is peculiar about the ele-

Athenaeum 102/2 (2014), pp. 565-585

1 Participants to the campaign 2013 are: C. Mora, L. d’Alfonso, A. Tani�s,, M. Ekiz, M. Morandotti,

W. Palestra, C. Kuzucuoglu, A. Gurel, P. Crabtree, D. Campana, P. Vertuani, L. Davighi, A. Lanaro, A.

Trameri, A. Mantovan, L. Oksoz, H. Erguler, M. De Pietri, A. Matessi, S. Maras,li�, B.M. Tomassini Pieri,

Ph. Strohsal, N. Hickcock, C. Ferrandi, V. Cinieri, Ugur Yalci�nkaya. Paragraphs 4.1 and 4.2 have been writ-

ten exclusively by M.E. Gorrini.

ments of the stone walls of this building, when compared to those from operation B, is the use of

squared blocks of limestone, which alternate with the more commonly used unshaped stones.

Once the walls were removed, these blocks showed signs of worked holes. This has allowed us

to conclude, as they were nonfunctional to the current context, that these blocks were reused

and were probably from a building of some importance. This level was preserved only in the south-

eastern corner of square S17.18. Underneath there were only partial or sporadic finds of the Late

Iron Age (LIA) levels A2.2 and A2.3 which were exposed in the adjacent square in the previous

campaign (S17.19: d’Alfonso-Mora 2013, p. 696). The whole sector excavated this year seems

to correspond to a large trash deposit area, with intersecting pits and different fills, all rich in ashes

and kitchenware. While for some pits it seems possible to draw an association with the production

area of level A2.2 excavated in 2012, the sequence of clay floors found in S17.19 and belonging to

level A2.3 was completely lost in S17.18. On the other hand, the extension of sector A2 over

S17.18 allowed us to reveal new architectural elements from level A2.4, possibly dating to the

7th century BCE. One notable example, located along the southern limit of the operation in

2012, is a mudbrick wall with stone socle and mud plaster (SU A276): in the 2012 season 5 m

of the length of the wall was exposed, while after 2013 campaign more than 12 m, to the east-west,

are exposed. The western portion of this wall was connected with a very well executed squared

stone paved floor of approximately 9 m2. The most prominent feature of this level is a NS oriented

wall, ca. 1 m wide and consisting of foundation and socle of medium size un-worked stones and a

superstructure of mud-brick partitions divided by wooden beams (SU A234). The wall was cov-

ered with several layers of a very thin white and red plaster which was, unfortunately, already in the

process of detaching from the wall when found. During the 2013 campaign we removed the mud-

brick debris (SU A235) that abutted the western face of this wall in order to reveal the clay floor of

one room of this building, unfortunately empty. We aim to remove the debris at the east of the

wall A234, and expose the LIA I architecture of level A2.4 during the next campaign. The floors

and the accumulations on the floors of level A2.4 contained very few materials but the ceramics can

be dated to between the 8th and the 7th centuries BCE. The scarcity of materials seems to indicate

an abandonment of the building rather than its violent destruction.

Sector A1 was expanded westwards to expose another part of the walls of the citadel and to

further clarify the stratigraphic relationship with the surrounding buildings. However, the exca-

vation of the higher levels exposed such an interesting context that we modified the strategy of

excavation and decided to extend the excavation of these levels further west. Level A1.1, as Level

A2.1, dates to the Hellenistic age (Period II). Its remains are found immediately under the surface

in the southern part of square S17.4, while no remains are preserved in the north and this is prob-

ably due to weathering. A little hoard consisting of 13 bronze coins was found in a favissa close to

the southern limit of the square: the coins are unfortunately in very bad conditions and their

cleaning is in progress but a preliminary exam suggests that they all date to the Hellenistic period

(2nd-1st BCE). Below the Hellenistic level, a series of soil layers were associated with two poorly

preserved walls, both attesting more construction phases. The two walls join to form the NE cor-

ner of a room. On the eastern wall (SU A127), next the NE corner, a passage opened to the out-

side. This level (A1.2) can be dated to between the second half of the 5th and the early 3rd century

BCE on the basis of the rich deposits found in the ashy accumulations dividing one soil layer

from the next. In addition to the ceramic collection, which consists mostly of fragments of fine

tableware and kitchenware, these accumulations are rich in animal bones and fragments of terra-

L. d’Alfonso - M.E. Gorrini - C. Mora, Archaeological Excavations at Ki�ni�k Hoyuk (2013)566

cotta figurines, mainly birds (fig. 3). The presence of a decorative architectural stone element (a

palmette, possibly a fragment of a stone altar) and a clay female statuette of excellent workman-

ship (see x 4.1) further support the interpretation of this context as a cultic trash level. The por-

tions of walls uncovered are too small at present to allow for a reconstruction of the architectural

space. This will be the aim of the next campaign in this sector.

In addition to continuing with our examination of sectors A1 and A2, excavations also con-

tinued to expose the walls of the citadel of Ki�ni�k Hoyuk. The reports of the 2011 and 2012 cam-

paigns (d’Alfonso-Mora 2012, pp. 534-536; d’Alfonso-Mora 2013, p. 697; Capardoni in Matessi

et al., in press) contain essential accounts of the materials and construction techniques employed

during the last building phase of the walls (Level A6). The investigation of the walls continued

this year and we enlarged the deep trench opened in 2011 along the outer facade of the walls in

order to free a sufficient portion of the facade so as to enable us to test the materials for the sta-

bilization of the stone masonry (SU A7) and the clay plastering (SU A11). It is of particular im-

portance that the clay plaster, first revealed in 2011, is also perfectly preserved on the portion of

facade exposed in 2013 (ca. 8 m2). Moreover, at a depth of about 4 m under the surface of the

slope we unearthed an older construction phase of the walls (SU A165, Level A8). The existence

of an earlier construction phase here was suggested as a possibility in 2011, when the excavation

uncovered a stone wall branching off from the facade of the walls along the western limit of the

deep trench (d’Alfonso-Mora 2012, p. 536; Capardoni in Matessi et al., in press). It is now clear

that we are dealing with the eastern sidewall of a structure projecting out of the circumference of

the walls, whose body is filled with smaller stones (Ø 20-30 cm), with a sacco-technique (fig. 4).

The masonry technique of SU A165 differs from that used in the later phase (SU A7), because the

stones of its sidewalls have a larger size (Ø 40-50 cm) and are roughly hewn. Some residual mud-

bricks found on top of the stones of SU A165 hint at the original existence of a mudbrick super-

structure. Although this structure may have been a buttress, it is more likely that it was the base-

ment of a tower or even of a city gate.

Information on the dating of the two building phases and the fortifications in general is

derived from the accumulations covering the two phases (fig. 5). The remains of the early walls

(Level A8) are covered by an accumulation of fine clay, the upper surface of which serves as a

rampart that completely obliterates the early construction phase. The fortifications of the citadel

of this Level (Level A7) are composed of massive walls with a high socle of stone and wood, a

mudbrick superstructure and a full coating of clay plaster, associated with a rampart which slopes

gently from the walls to the outside. At some later date both the plastered stone walls and the

rampart were obliterated by a new, much steeper, rampart that was raised up against the walls

and covered ca. 3 m of the stone masonry. Three different accumulations form this second ram-

part, but they could have beendone at the same time. The creation of the new rampart should

therefore be considered as a new, intentional, architectural phase (Level A6), and as a third mod-

ification of the defensive structure of the citadel of Ki�ni�k Hoyuk. In one of the three accumula-

tions (SU A161) which form this second rampart we collected approximately 200 diagnostic cera-

mic fragments which can be dated to between the LBA and the early MIA (see § 4.4). The new

rampart of Level A6 is thus later than these ceramic pieces and should be dated to after the early

MIA. Level A7, on the other hand, probably dates to before the early MIA. The archaic phase of

the walls (Level A8) is even earlier, perhaps datable to the Bronze Age.

Athenaeum 102/2 (2014) 567

2. Operation B 2013

Extension of operation B (fig. 6) has covered only a small area in the southwestern corner of

the 2011-2012 excavations (S15.15). This modest extension has nevertheless produced decisive

evidence which has helped us to understand the relation between the Hellenistic and the medieval

occupation. In particular, it was found that on the west side of the mound the Hellenistic levels

are found only a few centimeters under the surface whereas they are found at a depth of about 2

m below the surface toward the center of the citadel. In different contexts it has been observed

that some of the poor Seljuk dwellings (Period I) were built as pit-houses and cut in the earlier

Hellenistic levels whereas some others reutilized the remains of the stone Hellenistic architecture.

The main activity of the campaign, however, has focused on the central area which was first

explored in the 2011-2012 excavations, namely squares 15.20 and 16.16. Here, in 2011, in a deep

trench we uncovered a mudbrick wall ca. 2 m below the surface. Since all of the preserved archi-

tecture from the Hellenistic and Medieval occupation was in stone we supposed that the mudbrick

wall belonged to an earlier period of occupation. This year the levels corresponding to Periods I

and II have been removed in square 16.16 and no architectural remains were visible under the

dusty surface (aeolic accumulation). Here, the Medieval Levels B1 and B2 are characterized by

the presence of a significant number of pits of various sizes and functions, located in an open area.

The original digging of these pits disturbed most of the Hellenistic layers and only portions of

stone foundations were preserved in the central and eastern part of the square. In contrast, the Hel-

lenistic Levels B3 and B4 were much better preserved in the southwestern portion of the square.

Here, three of the four stone walls and the well-structured clay floor formed the room of a house.

As was the case with the other Hellenistic house excavated in 2011 and 2012 (see d’Alfonso-Mora

2013, pp. 694-695) this house was also re-used in the Middle Ages, with new floors and walls

being built over the Hellenistic remains but with smaller stones and with a lesser degree of care.

Under the Hellenistic levels we found trash accumulations which were rich in carbon and

bone remains and on soil layers associated with small ovens. These accumulations represent a

transitional phase – it is interesting to note that this is mirrored by the sequence emerging in

sector A2 (see x 1 above) – between the LIA II and the Hellenistic occupation of the citadel. After

removing these layers we finally reached the top of the mudbrick wall discovered in the 2011

trench. The wall is arranged in three brick courses (ca. 1 m wide) and was exposed for a length

of more than 10 m (fig. 7). It represents the northern wall of a vast building and, in particular, of

a vast room (the long side is ca. 10 m) which is delimited to the W and the E by two more mud-

brick walls, only partially excavated. The E wall of the room was originally covered with plaster.

Although only a small portion of this plaster was preserved on the excavated portion of the wall it

seems to have been of high quality, with a solid base (whose composition is currently under ana-

lysis), and may possibly have been decorated with a polychrome painting. A deep trench was

opened in the NE corner of the room, but after investigating to a depth of 2 m, the original floor

of the room could not be reached yet. Two clay floors that represent late phases of reuse of the

room, however, were found at ca. 40 cm and 1 m below the walls. Underneath the lower floor,

we discovered an installation of mudbrick and stone, perhaps an oven, which had been built in

the corner, abutting the two walls. The debris of earth, mudbrick and stone covering this installa-

tion contained ceramics dating to the Achaemenid period. Two shallow bowls, one of which is

gray ware, with thickened inward rims were found in the bottom of the installation. The main

goals of next campaign are to reach the floor of this room and investigate the plan of this building.


3. Operation D

Operation D represents the first investigation of the stratigraphy of the terrace of Ki�ni�kHoyuk. It consists of a 10 m2 area (S1.15) located on the gentle slope of the western limit of

the terrace. At the end of the campaign three levels were found, corresponding to three different

periods: Level D1, the most recent and probably dating to the Middle Ages; Level D2 dating to

the Hellenistic age (Period II), and level D3, dating to the Achaemenid age (Period III).

Level D1 is located immediately below the surface of the site and is therefore disrupted and

difficult to reconstruct. The ceramic materials from D1, however, are very different from those of

the medieval levels excavated during the first three years in operation B and may possibly date to

the Byzantine period. If this dating is confirmed it would indicate a Byzantine occupation in the

lower city (something unattested on the mound).

Below this level, in the northeast corner of this operation, we unearthed a portion of a

stone-walled room associated with an external clay surface. These architectural remains and the

relative accumulations constitute our Level D2, dating to the Hellenistic age. The building phases

of the room are indicated by the presence of three different clay floors and at least two phases of

wall rebuilding. Within this room there are two noteworthy installations, associated with ashy

layers. The results of our study of the microstratigraphy of the room and the fills of the installa-

tions are still provisional but it seems clear that these installations were not connected with food

production. The external surfaces excavated in the south and west of the room suggest that textile

industry was particularly important in this area. Several small post holes (Ø 5 cm), observed on

the southern external surface (SU D1026) in an area of ca. 1.5 � 2 m, hint at the presence of a

loom. This interpretation is supported by the finding of thirty loom weights from this level: the

majority of the weights lay on the ground outside the room, in a depression of the external surface

to the west of the room, but a small number were actually found inside the room. The pottery

from this level supports the dating of Level D2 to the Hellenistic period.

Digging underneath the soil layers of the Hellenistic period in the west half of the excava-

tion area revealed a space of ca. 3.5 m defined by two parallel mudbrick walls oriented SW-NE

(resp. SU D1058 to the north and SU D1067 to the south) and by a perpendicular wall with a

stone socle (SU D1098), perhaps put in place after the other two (fig. 8). It is not yet possible to

determine whether the space was a room or a court. The hardness of the mud-bricks and the

abundant ashes in the layers above the soil layer (SU D1109) and in the accumulations in the

area to the north of wall D1058 suggest the presence of ovens and/or other fire installations.

In the southwestern corner of the soil layer, defined by the three walls (SU 1109), we discovered

the remains of an oven and an interred pithos which were associated with cooking and storing

food. We should note, however, that the find of a mold close by could also hint at the presence

of metal working in this area. Among the ceramics which are similar to those found in levels

A1.2-3 (S17.4) and levels B.5-7 we should mention the Late Achaemenid productions with com-

parisons in Gordion (see below x 4.3). A fragment of lekythos (see below x 4.2) found in the ashy

accumulation filling the space north of the wall US 1058 provides us with an indication of the

wealth and the long distance contacts of the Achaemenid town which is buried under the surface

of Ki�ni�k Hoyuk. East of the wall D1098 the find of an Olynthus mill attests to the presence of an

area of grain milling in the dwelling (Frankel, 2003). Considering the dating of the finds, Level

D3 is likely to date in the 5th century BCE.

Athenaeum 102/2 (2014) 569

4. Small Finds and Ceramics

In 2013 the deposits examined in all operation areas were very rich in finds. In this section

we limit ourselves to comment on the significance of few a key finds – one female figurine, one

Attic import and some ceramic classes – as anchors in the dating of the stratigraphy and as in-

dicators which help us to evaluate the archaeological contexts.

4.1. One of the most interesting finds of the campaign is represented by a fragmentary female

figurine (fig. 11). The woman’s head, mould made and with the back fully modelled, is composed

by three fragments (KIN13A122.F34+KIN13A132.F52, two fragments are catalogued together).

The first fragment is the (partial) left side of the head; the second and third fragments are of,

respectively, the front part (covered by an himation) and the back part of the left shoulder.

The dimensions of the fragmentary portion of the figurine are 4.30 � 12.30 � 5.80 cm.

The fragments were unearthed in Operation A, square S17.4 (see fig. 2), in two different

ashy layers which were mixed with animal bones, pottery sherds – mostly cups – and broken clay

and ceramic figurines, on an unpaved surface. A preliminary examination of the pottery from

these contexts supports a dating in the late Achaemenid and Early Hellenistic periods (4th-3rd

c. BCE).

The surface of terracotta fragment is of a light pinkish and orange hue and a light beige

coating covers the mantle and, partially, the front of the hair. The fabric is medium-sorted

and not homogeneous. The analysis at the stereomicroscope, provided by A. Mantovan, has

shown that both the composition of the clay, and the brown colored inclusions (unattested in

the other clay samples from Ki�ni�k Hoyuk) indicate that the piece was not produced locally.

The head is irregularly broken by an approximately diagonal fracture running from the center

of the face, at hair level, to just below the left pendant earring. Thus only part of the hair, the hima-tion which covers it and the earlobe are preserved: the face itself is completely lost. The remaining

two fragments represent a continuation of the himation. The hair is drawn back from the face and

parted into regular soft strands, tightly juxtaposed. It is possible that a cloth band or a diadem (a

portion of which is visible on the top of the head) may have secured the hair just before the begin-

ning of the himation. The himation itself falls on the shoulders and on the back in deep folds.

The terracotta typology is quite generic: it is a woman’s head wrapped in a heavy himation,

adorned with a sort of diadem (or headband) and with a pair of disc and pendant earrings. De-

spite the difficulties of reading jewelry we may make some suggestions. The disc seems to be in

the shape of a patera umbilicata and the pendant attached to it, through three lenticular globules,

is an inverted cone or a small amphora: for a similar type of suspension we may cite a golden

necklace from Corinth, now in Athens, NM inv. Nr. 1050, which has been dated to the last

quarter of the 4th c. BCE 2. These types of disc and pendant earrings, with inverted cones, ex-

isted in the Archaic and Classical periods but they become particularly widespread in the 4th c.

BCE at which point they are embellished by a complex decoration in filigree and granulation

and sometimes even by the addition of side pendants. 3 In the Hellenistic period the gold pen-


2 Greek Jewellery 1995, no. 25, p. 73.3 Cf. Higgins 1963, pp. 126 and 165, who quotes comparanda from the Dammusi grave, Syracuse, of

the late 4th c.; from the tomb of Karagodeuashkh, Kuban, of the same date.

dant is often replaced by a polychrome variant, where the stone is the main part whilst the gold

is only a support. 4 We may also add for comparison a pair of earrings with disc adorned with a

small amphora pendant, of uncertain origin, dating to the 1st c. BCE and preserved in Berlin,

Antikenmuseum. 5

The terracotta type can be included within the context of the production of veiled women,

attested in Priene 6, Myrina 7, Boeotia and Eretria 8, Pergamum and Athens 9 and is generally well

documented throughout the Mediterranean. On the grounds of these comparanda we believe it is

possible to date the woman’s head to the early Hellenistic period, around the first half of the 3rd c.

BCE, although we should not completely exclude a date of around the end of the 4th c. BCE.

4.2. As Greek imports in Central Anatolia during the IA are crucial for dating and defining

contacts with the Greek world the following find was of particular interest. The fragment

Ki�N13D10577.F81 belongs to a black figure lekythos (dimensions: 4.00 � 1.70 cm) and is com-

prised by sloping shoulder and neck (fig. 12). This fabric is similar to that of the Ki�ni�k Hoyuk

fabric group (K9) even though the texture in this case is even finer than that of the other speci-

mens. Chemical analysis would be required to make firm suggestions on the provenience of the

specimen but there is little doubt that it is an import. The clay is orange-brownish and the black

is rather dull. The fragment is decorated on the shoulder, an area where there are minor chips,

with rays and, above, with a tongue pattern. Immediately below the shoulder there is a sort of

checkerboard motif, composed by six black horizontal lines and three rows of dots. The fact that

these lines tend to dissolve on the left part of the fragment may indicate that there would have

been the place for a handle. 10 The remains of a female figure, whose face is painted in white,

without any indications for the eye or the mouth, facing right, and what could be the representa-

tion of a capital (?) and, to the right, a shaft (or a spear?) are visible on what survives of the wall of

the lekythos. Lastly, two horizontal parallel black lines run between the female figure and the shaft:

the upper line crosses a white dot of uncertain interpretation. The elements of the painted scene

overlap quite carelessly the checkerboard band.

It is difficult to ascribe our specimen to a precise class or to a particular painter as a number

of essential elements (such as the mouth, base and handle) are absent. Nonetheless, a system of

decoration which combines a shoulder with sun rays and a tongue pattern, and a checkerboard

Athenaeum 102/2 (2014) 571

4 Gli ori di Taranto 1984, pp. 162 ff., and in particular, catalogue no. 74, and 172-173, catalogue

no. 90, 91 b, 92, late 4th - early 3rd c. BCE; cf. also a pair of earrings with disc and inverted cone said to

come from Magna Graecia, dated to the early third c. BCE: Deppert-Lippitz 1996, no. 56, p. 73; another

comparandum is a pair of golden disc and inverted cone earrings from a grave in the district Girifalco, Ginosa,

Apulia, of the 4th c. BCE: Becatti 1955, nr. 390 b, p. 196; important considerations on the origin and diffu-

sion of the type in are in Rudolph 1995, pp. 181-183, no. 199-202, 40 and no. 50.5 Heilmeyer et al. 1988, p. 32, no. 8, showcase 22.6 Higgins 1986, p. 160, no. 298: standing woman, velato capite, from Priene and now preserved in

Berlin, Antikenmuseum no. 8624.7 A very good comparandum for our head is Kleiner 1942, pl. VI, c, from Myrina, now in Paris,

Louvre 231, 3rd c. BCE, p. 87 ff., and p. 177.8 Cf. Walters 1903, Pl. 215. 28, 4th-3rd c. BCE.9 Kleiner 1942, pl. 21a, Misthos collection, first half of the 3rd c. BCE.10 Cf. Haspels 1936, pl. 40.1; pl. 41.5a.

with dots can find comparanda among the Haemonian lekythoi of the Class of Athens 581 11 as

well among the works ascribed to Haimon Painter 12 or his style 13 or even to Diophos Painter

(525-475 ca. BCE) 14 and to the Emporion Painter (500-450 BCE ca.) 15. To conclude, we

may date our fragment to the first decades of the 5th c. BCE.

The fragment was found in the soft, ashy, accumulation on the floor of a space north of

wall D1058, together with other complete specimens of tableware (x 5.3), in a housing context

(see x 4 above). This accumulation is part of Level D3, assigned to the Period III occupation of

Ki�ni�k Hoyuk (LIA II, or Achaemenid). Although lekythoi are mainly found as grave-goods in bur-

ial contexts, the housing context is not completely unusual and we often see such pieces hanging

on the wall in the women’s quarters, side by side with mirrors, alabastra etc. 16. They also regu-

larly appear in pictures of oil selling but there is nothing to indicate that they were meant for the

dead rather than for the living 17. Being de facto out of Greece, the meaning of the lekythos in this

Central Anatolian context is likely connected with the new superregional, exotic, taste of the local

elites of the Achaemenid Empire, as has been pointed out by De Vries 18.

The presence of a fragmentary lekythos in an habitation in Ki�ni�k Hoyuk should be inter-

preted as the personal belonging not of a Greek settler but, instead, of an ‘Eastener’ whose ‘pen-

chant for scented oils’ (many times mocked in Attic comedy) might also have led them to buy

handsome containers for them. i�t is worth noting that, apart from Gordion, this fragment repre-

sents one of the very few pre-Hellenistic Attic imports found – so far – in Central Anatolia, and

the sole fragment of an Attic lekythos in the whole Plateau.


11 For the early 5th c. BCE, cf. Agora XXIII, nr. 969, p. 223, pl. 82, only two rows of dots; Agora

XXIII, nr. 990, pp. 225-226, pl. 83, namepiece of the Group of the Agora P 24366; Agora XXIII,

nr. 1022, p. 229, pl. 83; Agora XXIII, nr. 1027, p. 229 pl. 83, namepiece of the Group of Agora P 24367;

Agora XXIII, nr. 1029, p. 229, pl. 83; Agora XXIII, nr. 1053, p. 232, pl. 84).12 On Haimon see Haspels 1936, pp. 130-141 and CVA Netherlands 9. Cf. Agora XXIII, nr. 1216

and 1221, p. 249 and pl. 87: Haspels 1936, pl. 41.1: lekythos in Bonn 1561; pl. 41.2 a and b, lekythos in

Athens 472; pl. 41.5 lekythos in Athens 12481), to the Pholos Painter (ca. 490-470 BCE): cf. Agora XXIII,

nr. 1237, p. 251, pl. 87.13 But we should recall what Haspels 1936, p. 138, wrote: «If I do not speak of the Pholos painter

rather than of the Pholos group, it is because the group is most likely nothing but a later phase of the Haimon

painter».14 Less probable though that our specimen was actually made by Diosphos for the reasons well ex-

plained by Haspels 1936, pp. 94 ff. Haspels 1936, lekythos in Athens 463, pl. 38 2 a and b; lekythos in Athens

Kerameikos Museum, pl. 38.3.15 Haspels 1936, pp. 166 ff. Haspels 1936, pl. 48. 5: lekythos in Athens, MN inv. no. 609.16 E.g. CVA USA 4, pl. 39,1. – ARV[2], 743/4; fragments of a red-figured pelike: CVA USA 32, J.

Paul Getty Museum 7, pp. 17-18, Fig. 5, Pls. 341.1-2; 342.1-2; 347.1-2; red-figured hydria: Sotheby, sale

catalogue, 29.4.1974, Pl. 42, No. 319; Athenian red-figured B cup, Hornbostel 1980, pp. 130-132,

no. 76, I, A, B.17 E.g. CVA Tarquinia, Museo Nazionale 2, III. H.10, Pl. (1185) 36.1-2 Athenian black-figured pe-

like from Tarquinia; Athenian red-figured white ground lekythos : Sotheby, sale catalogue: 10.7.1979, 129,

No. 276; Athenian black-figured pelike from Cerveteri, Boardman 2001, p. 261, Fig. 289 (A).18 DeVries 1977, p. 544.

4.3. One diagnostic ceramic class from Period III at Ki�ni�k Hoyuk (Achaemenid, LIA II), is

represented by bowls with simple, upright rims with a diameter ranging between 14 and 20

cm, a depth of between 4 and 7 cm and a ca. 1 cm high ring base (fig. 13). The walls of these

pieces are rather thick and range between 0.5-0.8 cm. The group includes those of a finer pro-

duction, with a very fine and well sorted fabric (5% ratio inclusions – matrix), and a medium

production, with a medium and non-homogeneus fabric (15% ratio inclusions – matrix). The

inclusions are mineral and include quartz, femic minerals and plagioclase all of which are typical

of the clay sources around Ki�ni�k Hoyuk which is at the foot of the Melendiz volcanoes (commu-

nication by A. Mantovan). Decorations made by red bands painted on the buff slipped or burn-

ished surfaces (the colors range from pale brown to light red, adopting the Munsell chart soil de-

finitions) are characteristic of this ceramic class of bowls. One, often large, red band is painted on

the rim and the upper external surface whereas the interior is decorated with a series of concentric

smaller bands (ca. 0.5 cm). While geometric red painting patterns are well attested throughout IA

local production sites in Cappadocia, and in Central Anatolia generally, this particular type of

decoration, with large red bands on a buff surface, is a new production style that begins in this

period. At Ki�ni�k Hoyuk this style is not attested in any levels earlier than Period III and is only

poorly attested in the, later, Period II levels where it seems to have been substituted by a local and

much finer production of red-glazed banded ware. There exist some comparanda for this class at

Gordion (YHSS4, see Toteva 2007, p. 65, cat. 20-25) but in a general sense it is little known else-

where. R. Henrickson (1993, pp. 144-146) describes it as one distinct class differentiating the

ceramic assemblage of YHSS 4 from the previous ‘Middle Phrygian’ YHSS 5 production but gi-

ven the lack of comparisons and the high quantity of finds he considers it as a local production.

Whether or not influenced by foreign types, this argument may also be applied to the Ki�ni�kHoyuk assemblage. Apart from Gordion, red banded bowls on buff ware from LIA II periods

are rather difficult to find. They are not present, for example, in the LIA II assemblages from

Alis,ar Hoyuk (Schmidt 1933; von der Osten 1937), Kaman-Kalehoyuk (Matsumura 2005),

and Kus,akli� (Povroznik, 2010). One wonders whether the presence of this ceramic class and

of the lekythoi at Ki�ni�k and at Gordion could be evidence that these two sites were better con-

nected with the Achaemenid imperial network than other sites of Central Anatolia, something

which is possibly due to the position on the royal road (for different reconstructions of which

s. French 1998).

4.4. SU A161 is one of the accumulations between the late rampart (Level A5) and the early

rampart (Level A6: see x 2). In this accumulation we excavated for the first time ceramics that

can be preliminarily dated to the LBA II – EIA and early MIA. Silhouette-profile bowls and out-

er-thicken rimmed, hole-mouth cooking pots are particularly distinctive and typical of these per-

iods (fig. 13). Examples of the former were found in the assemblage in two series: one small with a

diameter of about 15 cm, one large with a diameter of about 30 cm. The surface, brown to red in

color, is either only smoothed or burnished. The texture of the fabric is medium, inclusions are

mineral and the firing is uniform. It is significant that this type of bowl was not found in any

deposits of later levels excavated in operation A or anywhere else on the site. This type may

be compared with those found in the LBA assemblage of Level V at Porsuk (Dupre 1983,

pp. 31, 46, and Pl. 14) and at Kaman-Kalehoyuk (Matsumura 2005, p. 270, referred to form

1311) but it is likely that the shape continued to be produced in the EIA in this region, as is

Athenaeum 102/2 (2014) 573

the case in Arslantepe Malatya (s. lastly Manuelli 2013, Fig. 3.3-4, Fig. 5.9). Cooking pots with a

hole-mouth and a thickened outer rim were also absent from the assemblages of later levels from

operation A or elsewhere on the site, where all of the found cooking pots (from both LIA and

Hellenistic contexts) are collared types. The cooking pots are very similar to the cooking pots alevre (Serie a) from Porsuk which have been identified as LBA ceramic products and for which

comparanda exist all-over Central Anatolia (s. Dupre, 1983, pp. 35-36, and Pl. 27-28). It is easy

for us to imagine that the class was continued to be produced in the EIA and, in fact, some other

bowl fragments found in the accumulation A161 can safely be assigned to the EIA: these include

many fragments of concave, deep bowls with thickened and flattened rim. This shape was mainly

produced in the EIA in Central Anatolia but may well have continued into the MIA. While many

fragments of this type of bowl from US A161 are plain ware, KIN13A161.69 was decorated with

large, black stripes on the flattened rim; this decoration is diagnostic for the EIA both at Kaman-

Kalehoyuk and at Porsuk (Dupre 1983, p. 65). All these fragments are wheel made, confirming

the continuity in the use of the wheel in this region after the fall of the Hittite Empire (d’Alfonso,

2010, pp. 35-37; Mora-d’Alfonso 2012). Nonetheless, in the assemblage of US A161 some frag-

ments of hand-made pottery also came to light which mirrors the composition of the EIA ceramic

assemblage at Kaman-Kalehoyuk, in Northern Cappadocia (Matsumura 2008).

5. Research on the History of the Region around Ki�ni�k Hoyuk

As we have pointed out on previous occasions, our research group is also conducting his-

torical investigations related both to the archaeological activities and to the environmental aspects

of the Cappadocian region. In fact, the peculiar historical and geographical features of the region

make research in the area a stimulating challenge. Within this type of research it is useful to test

interdisciplinary methodology and collect and compare data from different origins. Over the last

year, we have focused on some specific issues: first of all, a historical evaluation and assessment of

the data provided by our archaeological survey (2006-2009) in the Ki�ni�k area and by the first

results of the Ki�ni�k Hoyuk excavations; secondly, an analysis of the sources relating to the Hittite

settlements in Cappadocia and the socio-economic changes that occurred during the Iron Age. In

addition, we have also undertaken a research project intended to analyze historical and epigraphic

data related to the exploitation of natural resources; the project also aims to study the relationship

between the preserved monuments and the environmental context (the territory, the road and

defensive system, the inhabited centers) during the IA I and II. This type of research, like the

previous one, is connected to the archaeological investigations, which have broadened the per-

spectives of scientific research in the area: in fact, several unexplored sites have been detected,

as well as elements of continuity (regarding the artifacts and the settlement locations) between

the BA and the IA. In our opinion, an important aspect of this type of research concerns the

new models of social and political organization that occurred in the context of the Neo-Hittite

states. We can wonder whether they were true innovations, or whether they represented the emer-

gence of different ways of political and social organization that already existed, but remained la-

tent, during the Hittite Empire. Similarly, we can wonder whether the new evidence of land use

was a real change compared to the previous period, or whether it was the consequence of the end

of the imperial control (and of the imperial exploitation of peripheral areas). Lastly, a workshop

was organized in Pavia (University of Pavia and IUSS Pavia) in June 2013, on the topic «Cap-


padocia rupestre e sotterranea. Storia, archeologia, arte, speleologia». The workshop was attended

by the Italian research missions operating in Cappadocia and also provided a useful occasion to

discuss future research projects and cooperation opportunities.

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Lorenzo d’Alfonso

ISAW, New York University

[email protected]

Maria Elena Gorrini

Universita di Pavia

[email protected]

Clelia MoraUniversita di Pavia

[email protected]

Athenaeum 102/2 (2014) 577

Tav. I

Fig. 1. Ki�ni�k Hoyuk, general plan with excavations 2011-2013 and grid

# Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Tav. II

Fig. 2. Operation A. General plan # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Tav. III

Fig. 3. Two heads of birds, possibly belonging to zoomorphic vessels. Reddish brown painting

on white or cream slip. Level A1.3 (5th-3rd c. BCE) # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Fig. 4. Operation A, Level A8. The early phase of the citadel walls, with the stone structure projecting

out of the circumference of the walls (tower?) # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Tav. IV

Fig. 5. Operation A. Western section of the deep trench, showing two levels of rampart associated to the

fortifications. Drawing: M. De Pietri, A. Mantovan # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Tav. V

Fig. 6. Operation B, general plan of 2013 excavations # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Fig. 7. Operation B, the transition from Hellenistic levels (stone architecture)

to the underneath Achaemenid level (big mud-brick walls) # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Tav. VI

Fig. 8. Operation D, plan of Level D3 (Period III) # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Fig. 9. Operation D, Level D3 (Period III, Achaemenid) # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Tav. VII

Fig. 10. KIN13A122.F34, fragment of a female figurine (Level A1.3). Drawings: P. Vertuani

# Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Fig. 11. KIN13D10577.F81, fragment of a lekythos (Achaemenid period, Level D.3).

Drawings: P. Vertuani # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

Tav. VIII

Fig. 12. a 1-2: Bowls with simple, upright rims (Achemenid periods, Level D.3); b 3-4: Silhouette-profile

bowls from the accumulation A161, forming the rampart of Level A6 (Early Iron Age?); b 5: thickened and

inwards-flattened rim bowl with concave body and large zig-zag brown painted lines from 2011 excavation

(SU A9, equal to SU 161). Drawings: P. Vertuani # Ki�ni�k Hoyuk Archaeological Project

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