L-11 Part III Pre-reform Russia (2) 3. Foreign Policy & War 4. Economy.

L-11

Part III Pre-reform Russia (2)

3. Foreign Policy & War4. Economy

3. Foreign Policy and War

Themes

1. Dialectic: great power status thwarts reform, 1815-53, then mandates reform after debacle in Crimean War

2. Immense cost of war, defense—hardship in peacetime, catastrophe in war

3. Rise of Russophobia in West

4. Defining impact of 1812

3. Foreign Policy and War

A. Napoleonic Wars, 1801-15

B. Superpower and Isolation, 1815-53

C. Crimean War, 1853-56

3. Foreign Policy and War

1. Overview

1801-4 Peace

1805-7 Anti-Napoleon (Tilset 25.6.1807)

1807-11 Alliance with France

1812 French invasion, debacle

1813-5 Anti-Napoleon

1812

24 June Napoleon invades (300-600 thousand)

26 Aug Battle of Borodino

14 Sept Napoleon enters Moscow

19 Oct Napoleon begins retreat

3. Foreign Policy and WarA. Napoleonic Wars

1. The Why’s of 1812 • Causes?• French military defeat?• No appeal to serfs?• A Russian patriotic war?

4. Congress of Vienna: Polish issue

5. Territorial Expansion

Russian Expansion, 1801-15

1801 Georgia

1809 Finland

1812 Moldavia (Bessarabia)

1813 Parts of South Caucasus

1815 Congress Poland (“4th partition”)

Alexander I and Napoleon at Tilset (June 1807)

War of 1812Blue: French forces Red: Russian forces

1812: Napoleonic Invasion

1812: Napoleon at Smolensk

Mikhail I. Kutuzov

1812 Kutuzov

Napoleon Watches the Burning of Moscow

1812: Napoleonic Retreat

Caricature: “Destruction of World Empire”

1812: Repelling the French

Napoleon’s Army: From Invasion to Retreat

3. Foreign Policy and War

B. Isolated Superpower, 1815-53

1. “Concert of Europe”

2. Superpower myth

3. Economic conflicts

4. Religious issues

5. Balkan Question

6. Diplomatic Isolation

3. Foreign Policy and War

C. Crimean War

1. Causes and precipitants

2. Military record

3. Domestic ramifications

Crimean War

Crimean War Photography Lab

Crimean War: Sevastopol 1855

Crimean War: Nurses

3. Foreign Policy and War

D. Conclusions

1. Russia as European power

2. External: rise of Russophobia

3. Internal: from samobytnost’ (unique national path) to preobrazovanie ( transformation)

4. Economy

4. Economy

A. Patterns

1. Agriculture: extensive, but pockets of intensification

2. Industry: stagnation, but pockets of growth and take-off in 1830s

3. Delusion of uniqueness: smug samobytnost’

4. Emergence of a money economy

4. Economy

B. Agriculture

1. Data

2. Signs of modernization

3. Negatives: low yields, famine

4. Key problems

5. State: deliberate agrarianization

Agricultural Production, 1802-1860

Indicator 1802-11 1841-50 1851-60

Yield rate 3.5 3.5 3.3

Net yield (mln pud) 696.1 817.9 805.7

Per capita net yield 24.2 21.9 18.9

Agriculture: Non-Black Soil and Black-Soil Areas

Indicator Area 1802-11 1851-60

Yield ratio Non-Black Soil 2.8 2.8

Black Soil 4.0 3.5

Per capita yield (pud)

Non-Black Soil 17.8 16.7

Black Soil 34.6 26.4

Merino Sheep

4. Economy

C. Industry1. Data

2. New industries

3. Stagnation debate

4. Impediments

5. State: industrializers and anti-industrializers

Industrial Indicators

Year Factories Workers

1800 2400 95,000

1825 5,261 211,000

1860 15,000 550,000

Russian Machinery Imports1825-1855

Year Value (rubles)

1825 42,500

1845 1,200,000

1855 3,000,000

Free Hired Labor in Textiles (as Percent of Workforce)

Year Percent of workforce

1769 40

1799 41

1825 54

1860 87

First Russian Rail Line: Spb-Tsarskoe Selo, 1837

Railway Construction (1860)

Country Kilometers of RR

Russia 1,500

Great Britain 15,000

Germany 10,000

Moscow Stock Market, 1835-39

Admiral N.S. Mordvinov

Egor F. KankrinMinister of Finance

4. Economy

E. Trade and Commerce

1. Domestic trade

2. Foreign trade

3. Transportation

Grain Exports (as percent of total exports)

Years Grain as Percent of exports

1826-30 15.7

1841-45 16.4

1846-50 31.3

1856-60 35.1

Conclusion

1. Agriculture: extensification, some intensification

2. Industrial: stagnation, textile take-off, industrialization debate

3. Agrarianization of foreign trade

4. High costs of inadequate infrastructure (institutional, financial, transportation)