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Power Generation

Dr. Tahir MahmoodLecture No. 1

Sections: A/B/CDays: Tuesday

Dated: 06-09-2012

Electrical Department 2

COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER GENERATION

• Course Objectives:

• The students learn different power plant and modes of energy conversion to generate electrical energy in this course and the concepts of fuel cells are introduced.



• Course Contents:

• Thermal Power Plants: – Sources of conventional energy and method of

harnessing, special features and cycles used in steam, gas and diesel power plants, combine cycle systems and cogeneration. Location of the above plants and selection of units, prime movers and associated equipment.



• Hydroelectric Power Plants: – The plants and their equipment, layouts, run of

the river and accumulation type station, types of hydroelectric turbines and their stations.



• Nuclear Power Plants: – Nuclear reaction, fission and fusion reaction,

critical mass chain reaction, moderators, reactor control and cooling, classification of reactors, different types of reactors, radiation damages, shielding of grays neutrons, materials for construction.



• Thermoelectric Generators: Thermoelectric effect, solid state description of thermoelectric effect, analysis and design of thermoelectric generators, figure of merit, device configuration, solar and radioisotope powered generators, applications.



• MHD Generators: Gaseous conductors, analysis and design of MHD generator, problems associated with MHD generation, possible configuration.

• Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)

Electrical Department 8Electrical Department 8

Books

1. “GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY”, AUTHOR: B.R.GUPTA

2. “ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POWER STATION DESIGN”, M.V. DESHPANDE

3. “POWER PLANT ENGINEERING” , A.K.RAJA, Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish Dwivedi.

4. “Guide to Electric Power Generation”, A.J. Pansini, K.D.Smalling

5. “Power Generation Technologies”, Paul Breeze


Books

6. Electrical Power Systems Theory and Practice”, M.n. Bandvopadhyay

7. Diesel Generator Hand Book”, L L J MAHON

8. Diesel Engine Engineering Thermodynamics, Dynamics, Design, and Control”, Andrei Makartchouk


Description Period Duration

Registration 13th Sep. 2010 01 Day

Teaching 14th Sep. 2010 To 5th Nov. 2010 08 Weeks

Mid Semester Exam

8th Nov. 2010 To 12th Nov. 2010 01 Week

Teaching 15th Nov. 2010 To 07th Jan., 2010 08 Weeks

Prep. Leaves 08th Jan. 2011 To 16th Jan., 2011 01 Week

End Semester Exam

17th Jan. 2011 To 21st Jan., 2011 01 Week

Semester Break 22nd Jan., 2011 To 30th Jan., 2011 01 Week

Academic Schedule


Marks Distribution:

• Sessionals=20 Marks (Assignments, Un-announced Quizzes, Tests, Mini-projects, Field Visits)

• Lab Work =20 Marks? (Assignments, Un-announced Quizzes, Tests, Mini-projects, Field Visits)

• Mid-Semester=20 Marks

• End-Semester=40 Marks


Introduction• Electric energy ---> top grade in the energy hierarchy. • In-numerable uses (home, industry, agriculture and even

in transport, etc.). • The fact that:

– electricity can be transported practically instantaneously,

– almost pollution free at the consumer level, and

– its use can be controlled very easily, make it very attractive as compared to other forms of energy.

• The per capita consumption of electricity in any country is an index of the standard of living of the people in that country


Introduction

• The annual per capita consumption of electrical energy in:– USA 13000 kWh, – Canada 16000 kWh, – Japan 8000 kWh, – UK 7200 kWh, – USSR 6000 kWh, and – Pakistan 449 kwh– India 349 kWh. // now 571 kwh


Introduction

• Table 1.1 shows the increase in installed capacity and yearly electrical energy production in USA during the past few decades.

• The United States has only 6% of world population but accounts for over 30% of the electrical energy consumed in the world



Fundamental of Power Plant

• 1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT

• A power plant is assembly of systems or subsystems to generate electricity, i.e., power with economy and requirements.

• The power plant itself must be useful economically and environmental friendly to the society.



• 1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT• A power plant may be defined as a machine

or assembly of equipment that generates and delivers a flow of mechanical or electrical energy.

• The main equipment for the generation of electric power is generator.

• When coupling it to a prime mover runs the generator, the electricity is generated.


1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS




• The type of prime move determines, the type of power plants.



• 1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT• The major power plants, which will be

discussed in this course are,1. Steam power plant2. Diesel power plant3. Gas turbine power plant4. Nuclear power plant5. Hydro electric power plant

Electrical Department 21Dr. Tahir Mahmood, Electrical Department, uet Taxila

21


• The main parts of an electric power system are power stations, transmission systems, and distribution networks.

• Power stations. An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form into electrical energy.




1.The Steam Power Plant,

2. Diesel Power Plant,

3.Gas Turbine Power Plant

4. Nuclear Power Plants

are called THERMAL POWER PLANT, because these convert heat into electric energy.



• 1.3 ENERGY

• Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light.

• Heat is the ability to change the temperature of an object or phase of a substance.

• For example, heat changes a solid into a liquid or a liquid into a vapor. Heat is part of the definition of energy.



• 1.3 ENERGY

• Another part of the definition of energy is radiation, which is the light and energy emitted in the form of waves traveling at the speed of light.



• 1.4 Power• Power is the rate doing work, which equals

energy per time. • Energy is thus required to produce power. • We need energy to run power plants to

generate electricity. We need power to run our appliances, and heat our homes. Without energy we would not have electricity.



• 1.4 Power• Electricity is the most convenient and

versatile form of energy. • Demand for it, therefore, has been growing at

a rate faster than other forms of energy. • Power industry too has recorded a

phenomenal rate of growth both in terms of its volume and technological sophistication over the last few decades.



• 1.4 Power

• Electricity plays a crucial role in both industrial and agricultural sectors and, therefore, consumption of electricity in the country is an indicator of productivity and growth.

• In view of this, power development has been given high-priority.



• 1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION• The working substance of the energy

conversion device viz., prime-mover (which convert the natural resources of energy into power or electricity) is called fuel.

• The most common fuel is fossil fuel viz., Coal, petrol, diesel or water gas (steam) in the case of steam power plants, I.C. Engines, gas turbines, and hydro-electric power plants.



• 1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION• Uranium 235 as fissionable and U238 as fertile

fuel in the case of fission reactors of nuclear power plant and hydrogen as fuel in the case of fusion nuclear reactor.

• Fission reactor is conventional, while fusion reactor is supposed to be non-conventional due to its uncontrolled reaction rate; and it is believed that Russian’s have developed it but keeping the whole world silence.



• 1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION

• In the case of non-conventional power plants the fuels are according to their characteristics viz., Thermoelectric material (Bi2Te3, bismuth telluride, lead telluride etc.); thermionic materials (Na, K, Cs, W etc.); hydrogen or hydrocarbon or coal in the case of fuel-cells and further water and methane etc in the recent development of the sources of energy.




• Combustion of the fuel is a must in any energy conversion device.

• Combustion is defined as “rapidly proceeding chemical reaction with liberation of heat and light”.




• But in the case of fuel cell it is of the nature of chemical reaction i.e., transfer of ions, similarly in the case of thermo-electric generator it is conduction of electron and holes, in the case of MHD power plant it is drifting of positive and negative ion etc.



• 1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION

• The hydel power source plays a vital role in the generation of power, as it is a non-conventional perennial source of energy.

• Therefore the French calls it “huile blanche”—white oil-the power of flowing water.

• Unlike black oil, it is a non-conventional energy source.




• Water as a source of power is non-polluting which is a prime requirement of power industry today.

• The major difficulty in the development of hydroelectric projects is the relatively longer time required for it’s hydrological, topographical and geological investigations.

• Lack of suitable site is an added problem for taking up hydro-projects.




• Hydro-projects generate power at low cost, it is non conventional, easy to manage, pollution free and makes no crippling demands on the transportation system.

• But the major drawback is, it operates at the mercy of nature.




• The next important source for power generation is fuel in the form of coal, oil or gas.




• The location of hydel-power plants is mostly determined by the natural topography available and

• location of thermal plants is dictated by the source of fuel or transportation facilities available if the, power plant is to be located far from coalmines.

• For nuclear power plant any site can be selected paying due consideration to safety and load.


CLASSIFICATION

• 1.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANT CYCLE

• To convert energy from heat to work on a continuous basis, one needs to operate a cycle.

• A cycle is a series of processes that begins and ends at the same state and can be repeated indefinitely.

• Figure 1.2 illustrates an ideal diesel cycle.


FIGURE 1.2 Pressure-volume (a) and temperature-entropy (b) diagrams of an ideal diesel cycle.


• 1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANT CYCLE

• Figure 1.2 illustrates an ideal diesel cycle.

• Process 1 to 2. Ideal and adiabatic (no heat exchanged) compression

• Process 2 to 3. Heat addition at constant pressure

• Process 3 to 4. Ideal and adiabatic expansion process

• Process 4 to 1. Constant-volume heat rejection.



• Power plants cycle generally divided in to the following groups,

(1) Vapour Power Cycle

(Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Regenerative cycle, Reheat cycle, Binary vapour cycle)

(2) Gas Power Cycles

(Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual combustion cycle, Gas turbine cycle.).



• 1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS

• Thermodynamics is the science of many processes involved in one form of energy being changed into another.

• It is a set of book keeping principles that enable us to understand and follow energy as it transformed from one form or state to the other.




• The first law of thermodynamics says that energy can’t be destroyed or created.

• When one energy form is converted into another, the total amount of energy remains constant.

• An example of this law is a gasoline engine. • The chemical energy in the fuel is converted into various

forms including kinetic energy of motion, potential energy, chemical energy in the carbon dioxide, and water of the exhaust gas.




• The second law of thermodynamics is the entropy law, which says that all physical processes proceed in such a way that the availability of the energy involved decreases.

• This means that no transformation of energy resource can ever be 100% efficient.




• The second law declares that the material economy necessarily and unavoidably degrades the resources that sustain it.

• Entropy is a measure of disorder or chaos, when entropy increases disorder increases.




• The steam power plants works on modified rankine cycle in the case of steam engines and isentropic cycle concerned in the case of impulse and reaction steam turbines.

• In the case of I.C. Engines (Diesel Power Plant) it works on Otto cycle, diesel cycle or dual cycle and in the case of gas turbine it works on Brayton cycle, in the case of nuclear power plants it works on Einstein equation, as well as on the basic principle of fission or fusion.




• However in the case of non-conventional energy generation it is complicated and depends upon the type of the system viz., thermo electric or thermionic basic principles and theories et al.




• Assignment No.1+ Seminar (ppt.presentation)

• Last Date for submission 13-09-2011

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Documents

power generationdr

thermal power plants

diesel power plants

electric power generation

different power plant

design of mhd generator

mhd generation

marks assignments