Kyrah Turner APUSH P4. Exposed the inadequacy of the transportation and financial systems. Though the war helped local manufacturing by cutting off.

ANTEBELLUM PROOF OF KNOWLEDGEKyrah TurnerAPUSHP4

EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 Exposed the inadequacy of the

transportation and financial systems. Though the war helped local

manufacturing by cutting off imports, it also exposed inadequacies within the banking and shipping system.

This started an era of improvement upon the bank, transportation, and political systems.

THE AGE OF JACKSON

THE ELECTION OF JACKSON AND THE “CORRUPT BARGAIN” Though Jackson received the most votes

to any other candidate, he did not have a majority.

Henry Clay was forced out of the running, but gave his vote to John Adams which caused him to win the election in exchange for the position of Secretary of State.

This outraged many in favor of Jackson, and this “corrupt bargain” followed Adams through his presidency

Jackson won the next election is 1828

KEY TENANTS OF JACKSON DEMOCRACY Expanded suffrage Manifest Destiny Patronage Strict Construtionism Laissez-faire Economics Opposition to Privileged Elites

EXPANDED SUFFRAGE Jackson believed all white males should

have the right and ability to vote directly, whether they are land owners or not.

This idea was widely supported by all of the states, excluding Rhode Island.

In 1820, males must own land and pay taxes to be able to vote

By 1850, these restrictions had been dropped.

MANIFEST DESTINY This was the belief that the Americans

should explore and settle in the west. Free Soil Jacksonians (markedly Martin

van Buren) wished for slave limitations to allow poor while males to flourish.

PATRONAGE Patronage is the policy of placing

political supporters in office, which Jacksonians were in favor of.

It gave opportunities to the “common man” to be a part of the government.

Meant to prevent corruption, as these positions were rotated often.

This allowed those who won elections and positions to elect officials- reward those who were fellow friends and supporters and punish opponents and enemies.

STRICT CONSTRUCTIONISM Strict Constructionism refers to a

particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation.

Jackson fought against the states’ encroachment of federal power. He wished to expand federal and presidential powers.

This belief is one of many that cause Jackson to oppose the Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

OPPOSITION TO PRIVILEGED ELITES Jackson despised the privileges the elite

of the East had, as he, as a common man, had to work for his success.

These privileges were counteracted by the new government, whose goal was to promote and protect the common man, and no longer gave benefit to the elite.

THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS

AND THE NULLIFICATION

CRISIS

THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS Passed on May 19, 1828 to protect the

northern industry. Limited competition from abroad Named the Tariff of Abominations

because of its poor effect on the economy in the South.

More demand of products from the North, and forced Southerners to buy from products from the North at higher rates.

This improved Northern economy but weakened the Southern Economy.

THE DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION The Doctrine of Nullification allows any

state to void any federal that they see as “unconstitutional”.

Developed by John C. Calhoun. Was greatly directed towards the states’

arguments with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (protests against the Alien and Sedition Acts)

OPPOSITION TO NULLIFICATION Increased Jackson’s popularity as

President Jackson viewed nullification as treason,

and any one who supported it as traitors.

THE BANK WAR

THE SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES The First Bank of the United Sates’ charter

expired in 1811, causing state banks to become more prevalent, and start producing their own money

These money notes greatly differed in value and made honest trade difficult.

The Second Bank of the United States was formed to override the state banks and solve the currency issue.

They couldn’t stop the state banks from making their own money but they oversaw that the notes were sound, or they could easily put the state banks out of business.

JACKSON’S VETO Jackson opposed the notion of the

Second Bank of the United States (BUS) and opposed the bill to re-charter it.

He argued that the BUS produces special privileges and was against the interests of the “common men” who elected him

The BUS advocated those in favor of “hard money’. It’s size and power made it easily able to override state banks.

CONSEQUENCES Jackson withdrew approximately $11

million dollars from the Bus, and distributed it to many state banks.

This increased the number of state banks, who all produced their own money.

This developed the “American System” and divided the states into two parties.

WESTWARD EXPANSION

THE GREAT MIGRATIONS Natural population increase and

immigration drove the movement to expand westward.

The removal of Native Americans and them being pushed farther West removed one of the major oppositions to expanding West.

THE FACTOR SYSTEM The expansion to the West created the

Factor System, as they white Americans were getting more and more of the Indian Land.

Government agents provided Indians with goods at a cost

This made the Indians dependent on the American government, and in turn, easier to control.

JACKSON AND THE FORCED REMOVAL OF

NATIVE AMERICANS

WORCESTER VS GEORGIA Cherokees convicted non-Native

Americans for residing in Cherokee land without a license.

The Supreme Court sided with the Cherokee and their rights to their Native Land.

The court chose to invalidate Georgia State Laws.

This was an important step in putting federal laws over state.

JACKSON AND THE CHEROKEES Jackson was against the court’s ruling

and once declared, “I have long viewed treaties with American Indians as an absurdity not to be reconciled to the principles of our government.”

Removal Act of 1803 Black Hawk War

THE TRAIL OF TEARS The forced removal of the Indians to

Oklahoma Nicknamed the Trail of Tears because of

the terrible, long journey endured An eighth of all those who traveled died All of the “Five Civilized Tribes” were

forced to relocate The Seminole tribe resisted, resulting in

the Seminole War.

PLANTERS AND SLAVES IN THE

ANTEBELLUM SOUTH

COTTON Cotton and textile industry boomed Most were small cotton farmers, few had

slaves The sale of slaves became an important

economic item Cotton gin increased cotton production

SOUTHERN SOCIETY Only about ¼ of white Americans in the

South owned slaves Formation of the planter class Southerners were viewed as very elite,

only because those who had large estates and power influenced their class over others.

Adopted a code of chivalry and honor

THE SOUTHERN WOMAN Obligated to obey Stayed at home Women were more of an ornament, a

“plantation mistress” The education women received in the

South trained women to be a suitable wife

The only right they were given was the “right to protection”

SLAVE SOCIETY Laws and restrictions against slaves

were often very lenient Women were worked especially hard In many areas, slaves had a language of

their own They developed relationships, and

marriage ceremonies often took place on the plantation

POLITICAL CHANGES

WHIG PARTY Second party system Call for economic Union Believed in expanding the power of the

Federal Government, industrial and commercial development, and a national economic system

Rivaled Democrats is every way but were alike in the notion that they cared more about winning elections than maintaining political purity

PANIC OF 1837 Martin van Buren was Jackson’s

processor. Banks and businesses failed Bread riots broke out Prices fell Canal projects failed Unemployment rates grew Crop failure More imports needed

THE TRANSPORTATIO

N REVOLUTION

NEW DEVELOPMENTS Government funded roads Steamboats Canals

EFFECTS Roads made mountain transportation costs

much lower Steamboats greatly advanced Northern and

Western agriculture North-South traffic increased, resulting in

sky high prices of goods where it was difficult to reach.

The canals would lead to more trade centers and efficient travel. However President Madison, on his last day in office, vetoed the bill, claiming the government could not fund the canals without a change in the consitution

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA

THE ROLE OF WOMEN

REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD Women were encourage to pursue an

elementary education, but nothing higher.

Their role as wives and mothers grew more important

Made women in some ways superior to men

Isolated women, and took them out of the public

FACTORY WORKERS IN LOWELL The Lowell system relied upon young,

unmarried women Great conditions, though the transition

from farm to factory was often difficult Because of the influx of the American

economy, the Lowell system quickly failed. It could not afford such high living standards.

Factories turned to immigrants for new labor source

CHANGING THE ROLE OF WOMEN

WOMEN’S MOVEMENT Seneca Fall’s Convention Declaration of Sentiments and

Resolutions stated men and women are equal

DOROTHEA DIX Dorothea Dix led movements for

treatment of those who are mentally and emotionally handicapped

Helped form the first mental hospital and created the notion of the American asylum

Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane

ABOLITION AND ABOLITIONISTS

THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Established many reform movements,

such as education. Time of Happiness Church memberships rose Temperance Women’s rights Abolition

AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY This society focused on returning free

Slaves to Africa They proposed a gradual feeing of

slaves, giving their owners compensation through funds from a private charity or state legislature

They colonized fewer salves than what were born each month in the United States

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON In favor of the abolishment of slavery Journalist Founded the newspaper, The Liberator Also favored women’s rights Founded the New England Anti-Slavery

Society in 1835

FREDERICK DOUGLASS An escaped slave and active abolitionist Escaped to Massachusetts and spent

two years lecturing as an outspoken anti-slavery advocate.

Returned home and bought his freedom from his master in Maryland and founded the newspaper, the North Star.

Renown for his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, in which he described the horrifying life of a slave

SARAH MOORE GRIMKE First woman to publically fight for her

rights Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and

the Condition of Women was printed in the Liberator

Joined the American Anti-Slavery Society with he sister, and was an active member despite harsh remarks due to her gender

TRANSCENDENTALISM AND UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES Beliefs are closely linked with

Romanticism, and followed shortly after the Romanticism Movement

Believed in the power of the individual and divine intervention

Believed that organized religion and government led to corruption

Highly organized but small government

CULTURAL ADVANCES

EDUCATION The Hudson River School The first school to develop arts Focused on painting Followed the Education Reform

ADDITIONAL READINGS

DOCUMENTS http://

www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.html

http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_classroom/documents/WHHA_primary-document-1828.pdf

http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/ http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/doc29.html http://www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/slavery.html http://

www.kentlaw.edu/ilhs/problems.html http://

www.historyteacher.net/AHAP/Readings/reading-CultofDomesticity.pdf