KY NÄ.NG THA.NH THAO - MOT QUAN Nli;:M NHÄM THU I_IEP KHOANG CACH GIÜA HAI MAU. LI Lu4.N F. F. WUNEKT. F. W. SCIIKADER & A. Vdi tl1 caeh la nha khoa h()c. neu khöng tv doi minh, nglröi ta phai tinh wo xac ding möt the kl nghien cuu d<;lY nghic m chung chi co tac th)ng döi chut V'd cai thien ft l'li doi vai thvc tien nha tnröng. d dö dä khong 1hieu nhli'ng no I"rc nghien cuu cae tarn Ii hl)C - SI1 ph<;tm cua vicc d<,lY Vcl hoc. va sV dl,mg nhli'ng nhftn thuc thu dl1l,:!'c nham l<;lo C(1 st'1 khoa hoc V<l 16i I1U hoa gi('j h()c. lam cho dien bien d<.lY hl)C thvc sV trö thanh >"11at philt diern v,) d6i tl1(.mg cua c;Je nghien cuu nghi(:rn chL"rng de phan tlch nhli'ng tfnh yuy tiic co kh"l nilng tting YUi.lt höa cun cac yua trinh d<,l Y - nhl1 nhli'ng sV tl(()ng tac giao vien hoc sinh. hOZlC yuan seit V'd danh giei cHe thv nghicm Gii cüch SI1 phiJm dc ce) 1hc mo w cac lien he gili'a m()t thvc tc nha truöng dä doi thay V'd nhU'ng bien dt)i tmng hanh vi, nghicm, h()c va hanh cua hoc sinh. Tuy nhien, ket yua thu du("!c cua cac nl) I"rc If lufm nghit)m chung day an v5n cc'm n1t k.hicm ton, neu ngl1t'ii ta lay 1<,1i fch phu hl,1p vai thl1c tien cöng tae khoa h()e lam thuöe do danh gia. Doi vöi ngl1öi giao vicn, that vqng V'd chi bi xuc khi BLOOM nha t trI vai nhicu nha khoC) hqe khac tang ket. coi ket yua nghien evu tam If h(}e su ph<;lm ha ky la "Cac lap kin. cac nho. giC1 yua vö luycn, cac 463
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KY NÄ.NG GIAN~ D~Y THA.NH THAO - MOT D~NG MAU. LI Lu4
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KY NÄ.NG GIAN~ D~Y THA.NH THAO - MOT QUAN Nli;:M NHÄM THU I_IEP KHOANG CACH
GIÜA HAI D~NG MAU. LI Lu4.N
F. F. WUNEKT. F. W. SCIIKADER & A. HI':LMK!~
Vdi tl1 caeh la nha khoa h()c. neu khöng tv doi minh, nglröi
ta phai tinh wo xac nh~n ding möt the kl nghien cuu d<;lY
nghicm chung chi co tac th)ng döi chut V'd cai thien ft l'li doi
vai thvc tien nha tnröng.
d dö dä khong 1hieu nhli'ng no I"rc nh~rn nghien cuu cae
lu~t tarn Ii hl)C - SI1 ph<;tm cua vicc d<,lY Vcl hoc. va sV dl,mg
cach mlo ma nhÜ'ng nguüi möi VdO ngh6 1~1i cö the hqe tot
nhat tU' cac giao vicn b(lC thfiy - qua quan sat ce') suy xci, qua
t ChUlk, nhe) vil;:c xay dvng cö hl;: thong tri thlic m6 ta va
thu tl,1C hay b~ng sV ket hl1p cac phUl1ng phap h{)c U~p dö
nhau ')
2. Y ni~m ve m()t mö hinh giang d~y chung
Neu nhu trong nghicn cliu ve ngl(l)i thay - b(lc thay, tn,mg tarn cun van de la viQc nguöi giao vien ph;li C{) nhÜ'ng nüng
Ivc de giang d~lY thanh cong, thl nhfrng nghicn cuu ve vil;:c giang d~y cö ket qua cö ml,1c ticu 1.1 phan lIeh nhÜ'ng d~c dicm quan tnmg cua vll;:C giang d<;ly dc t,w rd anh hue'1ng dCli
viQc hC,lC. Trong qua khu, khi phan tfch, nguöi La da luu y tai hang tram hien so ricng 16 thoat nhln, cac kct qU{1 lhu du{.1c duong nhu khong lam cho nwi ngl(öi phan kh<':li (xcm. chäng han BROPHY, 1979, 1986, BROPHY & GOOD, 1986 ;
473
DUNKIN & BIDDLE. 1(74). Dieu d!') dl1<,ic khtwg djnh beii cac sieu phan tfch th{)ng kc, trong dö. cac cu liGu cua nhieu nghien cuu da xuElt h,'m dl1(1C ttlng h(,ip l<;li (FRASER, WALBERD, WELCH & HATTIE, 191:)7 ; xcm WALBERG, 191:)6).
ng 1 chi rö SI1 Lac d()ng cua cac hien s6 giang dav t<'li lhanh tleh hoc t~p yeu nhl1 the nao.
Bang 1 : Tang quan ve 111(>t vai yeu t6 quyet d~nh thanh tich hqc t~p (Theo Fraser va eae tae gia, 1987)
S6 cac~ S6 hiQng Yeu t6 I eöng tdnh eae m6i
nghien eti:u quan M ~~-- ~
254] ~ 6352 hoa pMp hHang dan
.07 Gio hge ed may Hnh ht) trq
467 630 566 .15
Cae M th6ng giao vien 557
,25 ph\! d::t0 ViQc hqe d::tt Ill\1C tieu
125218
,25 Cac bai t~p ve nha
104106 44 110 .21
Cac phltdng tiQn th6ng tin ,14 hl1ang dan Cung co
657 4421
139 .49 HHang dan sl1a sai
76 97 14(,
Olc phl1cl'ng phap gi{lng day noi tieng nhl1 ca thc hoa giö
hqc dl1(W h() ln,i hang m<iy tlnh. sv dvng phl1(1ng tien
thtmg tin hay cac hinh thuc phl1Cl'ng phap giL'mg d<;ly khäc nhau
dä chung t6 la tl1(l'ng doi kh6ng cö hi(;u qua, neu moi quan
h~ cua chung vdi cac lieu chuan ve lMnh lfeh h()c l~p dl1(iC
xcm xct hiGl I~p v(1i hOi c<1nh. TrI1r1c khi danh dic ket qua
v<)y la kh6ng th('m miln ve m~,j t 1I luün va khc)ng thc sv
dvng dl1(W ve mOt thvc tien. thl nguöi ta van phüi suy nghl ki
neu gJao Vlcn ng kicm tra, hl) tn.,) ha nh vi clia hqc sinh nhieu
hon va hu (<;li LrlfC tiep nhÜ'ng thieu hvt ve thanh lieh. Chung
t6 i da ce) thc chung minh m6 t h inh mc1 u ke t qua tl1Cing ung
vdi cac ki wng 1:9 lu~n nüy. Hlnh I minh h()a chocac cu liGu
thu d LfC;ic.
174 475
H.l KM nang dl! doan (H$ so xac R2) thanh tich hQc
sinh qua quan ni$m ve ban thän va SI! 10 Hing tai thanh tlch cua hoc sinh ph\! thuQc vao t{in so nhung liin tiep xuc ca the hoa cua giao vi€m (theo WEINERT & HELMKE, 1987a)
R2
.40
.35 Quan nicm ve ban Ihiin
.30
.25 so va ihClfIh lieh
20
1"
05
Thiip Trung binh Cao
N = 192 N 198 N == 226
Tan s6 nhung lan tiep xuc ca the hoa cua giao vien.
Giuo vlen hC1 ln,1 V\(,:c h()c clla h~lC sinh lhtmg qua nhÜ'ng p xuc d lhc hoa dik biGl lrong khi him vi(:c y[:n l~ng dmg
nhicu lhl thanh tfch hlJC l0p ng fl bj quyel djnh bai nhfrng kh;'ic biCl vc döng (XL Dicu mlY l<lt nhicn chi cö thc dung doi
cac khfa canh dCmg Cl1 quan lrqng d6i v(i'i viec duy tri dic hO~lt dtmg hc.lc t(lp, di.ic bi(':l dtii v(1i h() dang C(1 ve thilnh MOt thünh t6 b(l ph(m quan trong cua hc d(mg co' vc thü lieh, vi0c tl! quan niGm vc nüng Il!e b{m th;) n lü cei s<'1 eho cae ph;) n l fch eua chu ng lt) i. Tra i l<;l i, ehÜe n[J ng bu tru cua SI!
476
giang di:)y, dung nhu mong <.h1i, kh6ng thc hi(:n a SI! 10 lang vc lhilnh lIch, ma tai d(i mU'c dö cua m(ii quan h(: (ticu cl!c)
Tuy nhicn, HELMKE (191')I')b), tmng mt)t nghicn dru tx'1 ph",n khuc, dä co thc chi ra ri:ing ngay C<1 trong tntang hc.1p In S(J
vc thanh lich, müc dö twmg quan tiCOl cl!C vdi thünh tfch tCre la anh hUl'1ng gay tn1 ng~i deii vüi thanh lieh cua sI! 10 lilng vc thanh tich - I~li dlr~1c dicu Liet her i cac d;)c dicm
la khac) cua giö hQc.
Bang 2 : Cac tllong quan giUa sI! 10 hing ve thanh Hch va ket qua tra.c nghi$lll trong cac Idp co lll?t d(J giang d~y thap ho~c cao
d\!ng tri~t de thdi gian d~y hqe) va güi tri kleh thich thap
ho~c cao cua thanh Hch (theo HELMKE, 1988b) --~--------------------
M~t d(J giang d~y
Thap Cao
- 17 -.41Gia trt kleh thich Thap 1-.43 -.54dla thi'mh Hch Cao
Neu nguÖ'i 111 yuan sat tx"in tU'(1ng quan <1 hang 2, thl tat ca dcu chi m mQl lU<ing quan licu cl!c giÜ'a vi0c 10 s(f trac nghii;:m va lhanh lieh trong m<)l trdc nghii;m {j mön tmln. Tuy nhicn mo i quan hi;: na y la thil p Vd khtmg cö y ngh ia thl!C lien <1 nhÜ'ng Iöp ma Wi dö th(1i gian giang d<:lY von co .t dlr~1c SU dt,mg tfeh cl!C, va dang lh/li <'1 do, gi<io vicn khöng danh gia qua eao y nghia th;?mh lfch h(,lc tap. Nhu vay, dö la nhÜ'ng Idp cC> m{/t khong khi thO~li mai. Du (j dö müc da 10 S(1 trac nghil;m khöng ft ht1n nhÜ'ng Idp khac, no vän co tae dang h<:ln
thdi gian gÜ1ng d<;ly, vil do dö. <lnh hv<'ing them, gian liep
tha nh tleh hqc l~ p.
Trong mai quan hi; nüy, dicu ng<)c nhien 1<1 :mh hV('mg cua
cae liep xuc h() In."! ca nhan cun giao vien tdi lhünh lfch l<;li tV(1ng doi fl.
Dicu nüy ding dung vÖ'i so lv(.mg cac chi dlln cau lrUe. ma qua dö, eac hO<;l! d(mg hl)e t~p eun h~)c sinh dV<.1c dicu khicn va llW dicu ki(:n de dAng tu ocn ngmli. Cac kct qu:\ lieu elfe nüy mü tho<;!l lien chug lai khang lin lam. dä d<) 1 m m()l gi{I
lhuyel lhu vi : Tae döng lfch ClfC cua hünh vi h() lr<."! va dicu eua möl giao vien phl) lhuöc vüo vii;c chi ddn dung dia
chi. tUc la giao vicn c() giup dü V<10 düng lhöi dicm vü thco caeh thue dung tLln hay khöng, khi eö m()l h()e sinh can
Nhvng de 1,Iin uV(5e vi(:c nüy, khöng chi can cö c,3c ki nang vc ly lu~n d<;ly hqc mü ca Slf nh<;ly cam vc chan doan nÜ'a. VI v~y, c(} lhc phtmg dmin rang anh hvang cun clic dicm U<;ly hqc neu phu thu6c VÜ() näng llfc chan doan cua gi1~() vien. Hlnh 3 chi m r.:Jng. dl./ doan nüy da dv(.1c kh{ing dinh nIELMKE & SCHRADER. 1987).
1l.2 : Anh hUdng tlfc1ng d6i cüa trlnh dQ kien thuc v6n co tu truck va cua chat luong gid h9C d6i vai th~:lllh tich trac nghi~m !an sau. (Mb hinh nhän qua trEm dip dQ löp, theo HELMKE. 1986)
IClnCj
CUCl
glo d:)y
/1 ~
'/ / I .- -- / I
( /.Kien tIlU)'~
co trube
-/ .1 (I ; I
! \.25
.55 .. 1 nam
I \
\
H.2
478 479
H.3 .' Kfit qua hQc t~p cua hQc sinh trong s1.f. ph1,l thuQc vao nang 11.f.C chan doan va cau trtic heia cua !?:iao vii'm (theo HELMKE & SCHRADER, 1987)
Ti l~ tang thanh tich tinh theo phan tram
20
15
10
5
o
~-
Cau truc held it
cao
Nnng lue chAn doiln
480
MOl kel qua lLMng tl! xual hi~n neu thay vi cac chi dan quan t[(mg dC,i vöi vii;c hqc t~p, nguoi ta xct nhÜ'ng Hin tiep
xUC ht) tn.1 ca nhan. Nhu vcTly. chi ce) Sl! kct hr1p nflng Il!C chan
doan cau vöi näng Il!c Ii lu~n d:;ly h(,)c cau l1 cac giao vicn
dän den nhÜ'ng lien I:x) lhanh lich rii 1 cao cua hoc sinh
trong nhicu trLfong h(.1p. Ngoai m, cac 'kcl qua cün chi rd mOL
xu the thu vi : Neu lhicu mc)t trong hai nflng Il!C can lhie1
nay, thi cac ket qua cua giö hoc sc 1hap hon so vdi khi ca nang Il!c nay cung 1hap. Neu nhu xu the kc1 qua nay dV<;1C
khlmg djnh Vd hfw dam trong cac nghicn cli'u tiep theo, thi
dicu dö chac phäi dem Iq.i nhÜ'ng ket lucTln quan trong doi vdi
vicc d<'10 t,lo giao vicn.
c) Tac clla mOl bitn s6 gicing d(IY thay dai phlJ, thuoc
velo cae muc tieu Sll ph(lm
Trong nhÜ'ng nüm gan day, cac nghien cli'u nghicm chli'ng
chli'ng minh rll. ng viec kiem 1m chO t che cac hO<;l t dOng h,)c t(lp lh6ng qua giao vicn dlln töi nhÜ'ng thi'mh tieh hoc töp
lrcn mli'c lrung hinh cua hoc sinh. Hinh mau cua viec giang dq.y tfl/C tiep nay khöng chi cö nhÜ'ng anh hvc'1ng dang ke tdi thanh tfch chuycn mön. ma n cö nhÜ'ng hieu qufl lich Cl!C
vdi mot sC) hien SC) d()ng ceL Trung binh, (1 nhÜ'ng Idp nay,
viec tl! quan niem vc Sl! cham chi cua Mn than dV<;1c tang len Vd mli'c dO 10 S<.j cho tlianh tfch bi giam di. Bang 3 chi m
nhÜ'ng hieu qua cua viec giäng dq.y tfl/C tiep doi vdi Sl! pha1 trien d(mg c(;.
Bang 3 : Cac ttwng quan giUa nhung d<).c diem dUQc quan sat cua vi(lc giang d:;ty tr1.f.c tiep va nhung Mt qua cua gicr hQc ve d<)ng co sau m(it nam (Hngan h:;tn") va hai nam (Hdai h:;tn") dt:ly hQc ; N == 39 lap hQc (theo WEINERT & HELMKE, 1988).
nang l1je Lo sc;! ve thanh tfch -.55 -.39 .00 -.19 Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i .12 -.08 -.29 .05 vai nha tnlang Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i .01 .11 -.18 .27 vai mon toan
DiLi hqn T1j quan ni~m ve .19 .35 .00 .41 nang l1je Lo sc;! ve thanh Heh .03 -.52 .04 -.28 Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i -.39 -.32 -.35 .17 vai nha trtlang Thai d<? Heh e1je d6i -.27 .04 -.22 .08 vai mon toan
-
Neu nhv cac hi(:u qua llch cl/c cua vi(:c giang d<,lY lrvc liep doi vöi Sl/ phat tricn cua hoc sinh gay an lV()ng m<,lnh mc han nhicu, lhl nhÜ'ng Sl/ khai queit khong phein hoa l<,li khong thc chap nh~n dvqc hay nhicu. Cl,l lhc la neu ngvöi ta xcm xct mot so thai dö lien quan löi giC1 hqc cua h()c sinh, thl nhÜ'ng Mu qua lau dai cua hinh lhvc giang d<,ly nay co thc cüng la tieu elfe. (HELMKE, 1986) : NhÜ'ng thai dö lfch cl/C doi vöi nha tnrdng V.l mon toan eüng nhv nhi(:t Unh tv pha t cua hQc sinh giam di Ci cac Idp co Sl/ hvÖ'ng dän lnrc tiep (Hinh 4).
Nhv hlnh 4 chi ro, möt phong cach d<,ly hqc hinh thvC1ng co cac tac dong tleh Cl/C cüng co thc co cac hi~u vng phl,l tieu cl/C. Neu ngvöi ta tlnh den ccfc hf!,u qU~l lhl/c tien cua cV li(:u nay lhi dicu dvöng nhv hicn nhicn la mQl giao vicn gioi phai nam wng V.l thl/c hiGn dv()c cac phong cach d<,ly h(,1C khac nhau dc d<,lt dVt,1C nhÜ'ng muc licu sV ph<,lm khac nhau.
H. 4 : Nhi'ing hau qua ve cam xue trung h~n va lau dai eua viee giang d~y tr1je tiep (Mo hlnh nhan qua a dip d<? lap, theo
HELMKE, 1986)
Ba VI dl,l vc cac hlnh mau phvc h(ip cua viGc giang d<,ly V.l
cac tac dong phvc typ cua chung deli vÖ'i vi(:c h~)c t;Ttp chvng
no, tot hein la vi thC' hi~n t<,l i dang thc hiGn cua no khi dl/a
tren cac mo hlnh lf lu;Ttn ma trong d6, cac hi~u qua tlch lüy,
cac hi~u qua tV(ing tac, cac hi(:u qua hu tni V.l hi~u qua hoan
canh dVQc quan tarn mot cach co h~ thong.
482 483
3. Khäi ni~m ky nang giang d~y thanh th~)o
Trong Ccle khai niGm vc ngvÖ'i thay - b~c thay thay mifiu mt!c mang tfnh ca nhan, va vc mt> hinh cl<;iy hoc chung ngvdi La tim dch tra löi cau h6i vc cac dicu kii;n d<;iy thanh cong theo hai hvong khac nhau, Quan diem chuyen
gia xuat phat tU' St! phan biet cö tfnh toan Cl,lC giua vien thanh cong nhieu hay It hon Vd tha phän tlch m()t cach
voi St! hieu biet mo t<L ma chfnh trong ph<;1m vi gid hoc phan ldn phäi dV(1c xem nhv la st! hicu hiet ve thu tl,lC (thöi qucn,
ki xao, khä nang). Trong kIli ngve'ji La nhin thay (1 d<mg m:1u nha chuyen gia c;k hi; thong tri thLtc dV(1c t6 chLtc va phän nhanh cao do nhv la co' s('1 cua hanh dang giilOg d(~y cö hiQU
qua Vd tim cach phän tieh st! hicu biet ca nhan dö m()t cach th~l hao quat, thi quan dicm cua möl Iy thuyet chung d(~y
hoc 1<;1 i ba t dau trcn binh dien cac bien sC) dV<.IC dinh dv6i mLtc ca nhän. Dicu da co ngh13 la nhü'ng St! khac giUa c.k giao vicn dien m trcn co' st'1 mot t~p h,lp c:k di;ic dicm co läp, ma trong lnt(1ng h(JP Iy tvt'1ng, phat huy tac dl,lng khong phl,l lhuOc VdO St! lien ket cua chung vdi toan
bQ co cau di;lc dicm cua gid hoc va cua ngvÖ'i d~lY. X6,t mOl cach chi;it ehe, mOl quan dicm vc hien so nhv v<)y d<.li dien
mot cach may moc dong co ban,
y thU'c, xtt Iy
484
lac dong
nh dong cö näng cO suy xct va cO nang lt!c quyet
13 khöng phu h f :1p doi nöi Ja phan lön - bien so vc giö hoc.
La kh6 cö thc hinh dung vii;c cö thc Iy giä i nhü'ng quan
he quan sat dV(Jc giUa cac dOc dicm d(iy h(.>c nhat djnh va kct
qua hoc ti;ip cua hoc sinh ma khöng gan vdi cac ooi cänh, cac hinh thU'c dien hien nao do cua gilj. hoc va vdi cac don vi hanh dong cua ngvdi d<;1y,
Vi the, cac hien s6 vc gid hoc trong dic u)i lieu nghien cuu tltong U'ng phan nhicu dV(1c lu~n giai ve mt;lt ca nhän, co nghla
la dvoc xcm nhv nhü'ng chi s6 hoa cua cac kct cau tvong doi toan Cl,lC cua ngvdi d<;1y va cua giao vicn. Nöi mOt cach khac :
cac hieu qua cua gib hoc trong cac nghien cuu dva tren co
sc1 quan dicm xet c.k bien so phän tfch - chLtc nang duoc thfch It hay nhicu mot cach cO he thong xuat phat W mot phv<:1ng thU'c xcm xet toan thc cau truc d~c tntng cho quan
dicm tiep c<)n chuycn gia.
Neu nguoi La xuat phat W chtJ cho rling chi cö st! thiet kc
day du cac co Sd nh;ln thLtc cua hanh dong d<.lY hoc (xem LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1986) dän tdi viec giai thfch th6a man vc mi;i t )f lu~n c.lc tac dOng cua Wng phvcmg thLtc hanh
d<.lY hoc thi, rCl rdng la phäi tim ra cac kha nang ket hop moL cach co he thong quan dicm x6t bien so voi d<.lng mäu
chuycn gia. Ta da thu dvoc nhung gi voi cach lam nhv thc ? Neu nhin trong thai h<;1n ngan h<;1n thi vi<:c ch:)n It!a co ml,lC tii~u ht1n va co co s0 If lu;ln tot hon cac bien so cho viec dv
bao ket qua d<.lY hoc, gan vdi nhU'ng khä nang tot hem cua vi<:c giai thfch dv<,1c 1I lu(l.O dän da t doi vdi cac hieu qua d<.lY h()c dV\iC kinh nghii;m chLtng minh la cO thu;ln loi ; con neu
xem xet dai h(in, sv kct hop co he thong quan dicm gia vdi quan dicm bien so co the df.tn tdi sv hicu biet day du hein va sau hon cac di6u kien cua nhU'ng hieu qua duy hoc.
485
Trong c6ng trinh nghien cau ve Lai nang cua gülo vien - nhtl da neu 6 tren - nglt<'1i La phan Ion phan hi~t hai he th6ng tri thuc vdi nhau : Sl! hieu biet chuyen mon vc nhung n<)i dung giang d<;ty (LEINHARDT & SMITH, 1985) Vd sl! hieu biet ve cau truc gi<'1 hoc (Lesson structurc knowledge ; LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1986), viec to chac gib hoc Vd qU3n If lap (BERLINER, 1986). Tuy v~y, chung toi thay ra t co y nghia neu co Sl! phan bi~t giua sl! hieu biet gan vai viec quan If ldp va Sl! hieu biet ve phuling phap giang d<;ty phu h<,ip vai cl hai chuc nang trung tarn d6i vdi vi~c hü tn; thanh
co hieu qua cua hanh d<)ng giang d<;ty (xem BURNS, 1984). Ngoai rd, dl!a tren cac C(ing ldnh cua ban than (HELMKE & SCHRADER, 1987; SCHRADER, 1989 ; SCHRADER & HELMKE, 1987) Vd nghien cau 00 chu de tuong tl! (xem CLARK & PETERSON, 1986) chung töi thay sc Ja phu hl;1p, neu chu y tdi tri thac chan doan thubng du(j'c xem Ja thanh phan cua co S(1 nh<)n thuc cua hanh d<)ng giang (LEINHARDT, 1983a ; LEINHARDT & GREENO, 1986 ; SHULMAN, 1987) vdi tu cuch la mOt IInh Vl!c tri thac dOc Ic)p. Nhu v~y, La co thc phan biet b6n linh Vl!C tri thac sau day nhu la cac thanh phan nh~n tht1'c trung tarn cua ki nang cua giao vien.
1. Sv hie'u biet gän Yüi yi~c quan li liJp
Viec quan If lap lien quan tdi to chac gib hl)C, nghia la ..dam bao nhung dieu kien khung cho viec truycn thl,l n(li dung c6 hieu qua, 0 day, van de d<)c hiet la phai t<;to rd m<)t khong khf d<;ty hoc khong bj quay nhieu va viec güli quyet mau ch6ng cac nhieu xuat hi~n. Tri thac quan If can thiet cho vi~c da thc la cac khoi IUl;1ng tri thac da dul;1C thu tl,lC hoa cao dQ, trC1 nen thfch hOp vai hanh dQng qua cac so da kfch thfch nhi;tn thuc d6i vai cac Sl! ki~n Vd dien bien Sl! kien tieu bieu trong Idp hoc (DOYLE, 1979). Tri thuc mo tä tudng minh 6
1 day c6 thc mang m()t y nghia tha yeu. CI,I thc, da la sI.! hicu biet dl.! doan nhung SI)' ki~n thuc day va gay tr6 ng<;ti sc xay ra 6 nhung hlnh thac va dien bien d<;iy h~lC nao d6 vdi xac suat nao d6, nhung he qua ma chung c6 thc co, nhung dau hi~u gay nhieu trong d6 va cach giai quyet tOt nhat nhung van de c6 lien quan (xem DOYLE, 1986 ; KOUNIN, 1976)
2. Sv hie'n biet phtwng phäp d~y hQc
Hieu biet nay lien quan tdi khfa C<;Inh phuong phap truyen thl,l rni li~u. Trong so nay 00 tri thac tiem an Vd tubng minh cua ngubi giao vien ve cach thac x<1.y dt!ng va to chac gi<'1 hoc dc dl;lt du(.Ic nhli'ng ml,lC tieu nhill djnh. Theo LEIN HARDT & GREENO (1986) can hieu cau truc tri thac cel sC1 nhu la m<)t t~p htJp cac sei da vc nhung hO<;lt d<)ng d<;iy h(,lC chung khac nhau. Gi<l thiet la, vi~c thl!c hien thanh cfmg m<)t gid hoc dien rd tren cu sb m<)t k6 hO<;ich 00 suy nghi. Ke ho<;tch nay dU(,iC hl;1p thanh tu nhieu cau truc hO<;lt d<)ng hot;ic phan do~m khac nhau, thc hien cac phan trung tarn cua gi<'1 h(,lC. Viec to chac thco sei da cac ycu t6 hanh d<)ng nay cung cO nghia la cau truc tri thac cei sC1 chi ra nhli'ng khoang trong phäi dul;1C b6 sung dc thl)'c hien m<)t dien tdnh hanh d<)ng L1,l
thc (VI dl,l qua sI)' hicu biet chuyen m6n va ca nhan thfch hl;1p). oday, nhung th6i quen d<;l.y hoc d6ng m<)t vai tro quan trong d(1i vdi hanh dÖng co hi~u qua. Nhli'ng thai quen nay cho phep 00 the giai quyct co hi(;u qua nhli'ng tinh huong va yeu cau thubng hay xua t hi~n Vd gia i t6a ve m<) t tinh tnan cho ngudi hanh d<)ng. (BROMME, 1985).
3. Sv hie'n biet chnyen mon
Sl! hieu biet chuyen mon lien quan tai kien thac u)i li~u can truyen thl,l va nhu v~y, tuong ling vdi tri thac di;lc trung cho m(Jt Unh Vl!c ma chuyen gia cua mÖi ph<;l.m vi n<)i dung
00. Nö bao g6m cac thanh phfin mo tä cung nhu thu tl,lc,
486 487
tuc la ca kien thuc ve khi:l i ni&m va Sl/ ki&n, cüng nhv vc cck thu~t toan va phvong phap tti tim giai phrip (LEINHARDT &
SMITH, 1985). Ngnai ra, Sl/ hicu biel nay con ham ehua ec1c gia Jjnh ve nhÜ'ng ml,!C ticu giäng day, muc dQ kho cua täi
li~u va vi~c xay dl/ng chvang trinh giang d<;ly cho cac nOi dung ean truycn thl.) (SHULMAN, 1986 ; TAMIR, 1988). Sl/ hieu biet chuycn man cua ngvCfi giao vien thang thv0ng khclc Vlii Sl/ hieu biet chuyen mon cua mot ehuycn gia thanh th<;lo thl/e sv (chäng h~m cua nha khoa hoc) Ci cho n6 chi the hi&n mOl phan tri thuc von cO Ci d<;lng tiem nang, bi thu hGP nhieu nhvng bu vao d6, l<;li duae to ehue mOL cach rat cO y nghfa ve m;:i t lf lui;ln d<;ly hoc.
4. SI} hi€u biet v~ ehrtn doan
Sl/ hicu biet gun vai ca nhan ho;;..c chan doan lien quan tai
nhÜ'ng hieu biet cua gi<.lo vicn vc h,)c sinh cua mlnh. N6 ban
g6m ca hieu biet chung ve h()c sinh thu<)c nhÜ'ng do tutij V<1 rup lap nhat dinh, cac nang Il/c h01;lt J(mg ticu bieu cua hc)
Vd nhÜ'ng kh6 khan c6 thC' thay ä h(), lan Sl/ hieu biet ve
de truycn thl) c6 ket qua tai li<)u gi"l'ng day cho mOl Idp h~)c, khöng chi dn C() Slf hieu hiet chfnh xac tri thuc can truycn
dl;lt, ma can ca Sl/ num wng vc nguycn va tiep ci)n ci;lp
nh~t doi vdj cac hinh thuc to chuc va phvong phap truyen
thl,! phu h<.5p ma viec sä dl)ng chung mot cach hii;:u qua I;:;ti
döi h~i phai v(ln dl)ng Sl/ hieu biet day du vc chan dmln.
Cilc nghicn cuu vc täi nang cua giao vicn di den giä thiet la vi<)c gi,'mg d<;! y tha nh c6 ng d ö i h6 i phä i xa y dlfng Vd cf} p nhflt höa licn tl,!C mö hinh trf tUG thco hoan canh vc trlnh d<') kien thuc hi<)n cö va can d<;lt tdi cüa hqc sinh. cac bi<)n phap can ap dl.,mg cho viGc nay va nhÜ'ng khö khän c() the g~ p pha i lmng qua trinh dö. La cac S(1 da truu tV(fng ft hay nhicu nhÜ'ng mt) hlnh tri tu<) nay lhe_hi0n möt "d(,lng kC't cau" c6 tac dl,!ng hvüng dan ma tU dö. cö lhe rut ra nhÜ'ng ki vong vc dien bien giö hl)C dicu khicn hanh dlmg lf lufln d<.lY hoc vü dva ra cac qUyCt djnh can thict cö Unh c~p nh~t. Chi xin neu them ding vi<)c xay dl/ng l(,li vc lf Iwln m\y doi vaj cac dieu ki<)n Vd quu trinh nhf}n thuc vc phf<l giuo vicn dv(l'c giai h~m (j SIr phot Imy tlulnll lieh nhv IJ:l ml,!C tieu d1;ly hoc trung tam va kh6ng de')i h(li phü i ce) hiGu Il/C tNc tiep dai vai cac nhiem VI,! va. vfin de SV ph~lm
DVc1i da y, chung La sc kiem nghi~m xcm cac bien so vc gi30 vlcn ve gio hoc c6 thc dv(l'c xcm nhv la nhÜ'ng Sl/ chi s6 höa cua oon h<) th6ng tri thuc cua giao vien co göp phfin hay khlmg Vd bang cach nao VdO viec dlf bao ket qua h(,)c tf\p cua hoc sinh. Ö day, chung t6i trCi li;li Cck li~u cua cöng trlnh nghien CU'U Munich (xcm HELMKE, SCHNEIDER & WEINERT,
488 489
!<)H6, WEIN1:<~RT & tfch 12
vien va mCm toan.
m{, hlnh
Oic d ieu ki~n
HELMKE, J<)H7b). C{1 S{'j cua phän
n qu<i. g(lm c() hai düc dicm dflLl V<10 gic'lng day. nhvng bien s() khac nhClU
nhvng thanh lfch cua Idp
V~lO hi(:n bang thiet ke
bien tiem an), cv thc 1,1 lrinlt d(j kiihz (lure F(rn crJ tä lrutlc
ehi so höa nhu la däe diem tri thue uieh kh(Ji hünh vi e() hieu
ljuLl tha p nha t. Anh hu(1ng hi;l n ehe cua vi<;e qu<i n 1f lüp la de
hieu. bc1i VI Jö khöng ph;'1 i la m(lt n;mg Il/e giflng di;ly truc tiep
thuc day thünh lieh. ma chu yeu la mÖl lien de giup eho giö
h(,lc kfch thleh vie i ' h(lC t(l p. Anh hlt<'ing cu<! Sl/ hieu bie L chuyen
m(ln. m()t ket quü th()ng nhat vt'fi nhÜ'ng cu liGu dl(<;ic lrlnh
bay lrong e<1C lüi li(:u. la tWing d6i ljuan Ln,mg.
Nhu vüy. nhin chung. heln h(: thong tri thuc khac nhau cua ngLfc'1i giüo vien g(~)P m(Jt ph':in cO bim V;l() vi du bü() kel h()e lflp. Tu}' nhien. tlt gi<lc dt) li Iwln. nhÜ'ng mCii quan h(: dü
thay phil; duc,1e Ir gi<'li. Bieu dln thiet ce) le lü l'hui c() si/ n biet chfnh xüe giÜ'a C(1 M1 tri thuc C('J chr<.1e va vi(:c sl't
dvng tri thue nay trong h~mh vi day hoc thuc l',li. Ngoüi ra,
trong nhÜ'ng G1ch chi SC) höa tri thuc du(1C ehung l()i sl't d~mg, it r(1 trnng tnJüng IWp qu{m Ii h"p h(,lc v{J nfmg Il/e sl't dvng
phLftmg phap gi{mg di;lY li<'J. khöng ph<'! i la nhÜ'ng d.:,ic diem näng thU<ln tuy m{l la clc d;,ic diem hünh vi. luy lien ljuan tri lhuc, nhung cüng phv LhutJc vilo hoan dnh V<1 Unh hu(lng.
Nguüi ra. den ng la c() h(iP bOn
h<; th()ng tri thuc Lhi nh d(mg gi;'tng day cua gwo Vlcn m(1,
d ut,1C thie t I~ p. Be C<l kiem Lnl kh{1 nüng düng vÜ'ng eU,l
suy ngnt nü y. fl ra lil thco cuch ljuan ni(:m bUt1c d i'i u. ngt1t1i La kiem Lra th0m mt)t m(l hlnh nhc1n ljU{l nÜ'a. Mt) htnh nay Lrung h(.1p vc1i m{) hlnh Lhu nhat. ngoi;li tn::r m(JL diem : sau 11<)n d~h:
diem ClW ngl(üi giuo vien lien quan t(ii tri thuc ngln'1i La et'm dua thcm möl ket d'iu day hoc nÜ'a thc hi(:n su h(il' nhaL thc() ehung ttll quan ni0m V;l SL( sl't d~ng thich h(1P !)()n h(: thting tri thuc cho du chu<l houn lhi(:n vü thc'JeI man vi': 11 luün. Ket cdU mil c'-l d,IY dLf(,1e gCli lü hieu qw; du<.1c ehi s<) h(')(\ bting hili
bien SC) bieu hi(:n (tiin so ljuan S<1t du<.1c eLW nhÜ'ng Irin hC,JC philn ung vÖ'i dlu h(J; cun giu() vien btmg "khtmg biet .
va tiin SC) cua nhÜ'ng Itin giuo vien chi I(\p lai G1C cuu tn'l !<'1i
cua hoc sinh, dlt,,1e gC,li I~l "d6ng dau X<lC nh~tn").
Khi dua vuo ket cdU truyi':n th~ nilY ngUt1i ta thF1Y ce) su lhay deii lil 7H%. Hlnh 6 cho lhay ünh hut'mg cua cclc bien so hmln dmh dCii vO'i die d;1c d g5n gi()ng vdi dic
ket llU;~ cua mö hlnh dil tc'l luc lLlu (ve cüc lien ttidng
ljwtn cua c<1c cau va mt) hinh do. xcm b{mg 5).
494 495
--
(2) (1) . (~) I (5) I (6) I (7) I (8)
H.6 : Anh huCing cua cac d~c dielll cua tai nang cua glao Vlen _._-----_.
va cua hoan canh 10p hQc d6i voi thanh tich trac nghi~lll Ifin sau (1)
lien quan den lll<)t ket cau trung gian (mo hlnh nhan qua Ci cap d<) 10p hQc)
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5)
(6) (7) (8)
(I)
(2)
(3 )
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
196
Trinh d() kien thllc v6n cö tU lnük
S(j khClng d(mg dcu vc lhimh lich Qu;'m li 1(lp
Nang l(jc chÄn doan
Nang l(jc su dung phu(1ng ph~lp
gi'lng d<;!y lIiC'U biet chuyen mon lIi{'u qua Th;'-Inh tich trik nghicm lfin sau
Trinh dc) ki~n thllc vcin co IU lruc1c
Cac phep tinh ccl b;'m Ciic bili toan cö l(ji van Su khcing d6ng dcu v~ lhimh lich
Cac phcp tinh Cll ban Cac bili tDan cö lili vi"in Qu;'m Iy hip V(in di,mg quy ti'ic Ti) chllc day h()c
phl1cmg phap da hicn co. Nhl1ng ngnai ra, La cüng Lhay r6 vdi ket cau trung gian 13 "hieu qua", khong the phan anh dung
mvc sl/ h<;1p nhat theo gj,l dinh vc If Ju~n va Sl/ ket hc.1p cua
tx')n hc thong tri thvc trong hoan dmh dien bien thl/c Sl/ cua gia hoc. Co the', nguyen nhan In vicc thao tac hoa chl1a day
du. Trong truÖ'ng h(1P n::10 thl moL trong hai bien so bieu hien (ciic phan vng "khöng biet" cua hoc sinh) cüng c6 the dl1<.1c xcm nhl1 Ja ket qU{l cua ca tx')n hC Lh6ng tri thvc, bien sC;
bie u hi0n kia (nhiing la n I~i p I;:.li ca u tdl I(Ji cua tha y giao) Cl' Je la mot chi so n6i ICn stJ It kheo len vc If lu~n d<;ly h()c.
Vicc tim hicu phu h<;1p dtii vöi m6t ket cau trung gian theu kieu hii;u qUfl nhl1 the can dl1<;1c chu y tMt nhicu hdn niia trong cac nghicn cVu tl1dng
4. Thao lu(in va giai thieh
NhLi'ng phan tfeh nhan qua dä trlnh buy Ja tht't nghiem dau
ticn cua viGc st't dvng nlc gia thict La nhLi'ng nghien CU'u v6 ki näng cua güio vien d6i vai viec nghicn CVu d<;Iy hQc truy6n
thong ; Oie ket quti cho thay rö ding, neu ket h<;1p quan nicm
nghicn cuu theo ben so thöng thl1ang cua vicc nghien cuu d<;ly h()c vÖ'i khai nicm tu i näng cua giüo vicn thi cö the c6 ket quä. Tuy nhicn. c() le can thay hai h<;ln che :
- Phl1c1ng ph<~ p phan lieh nhan qua dl1(.1C chung t6i chon
khöng cho phcp kiem tra Lrl/c tiep slj täc di')ng qua 1(;1. i dia
cac bien sei khac nhau thm nghIa eile hicu qua tl1dng tac.
Nhl1ng gÜl thiet Lrung tarn cua chung töi 1<;1 i la hanh dc')ng
giang d<;ly co hi~u qua chi hlnh thanh qua sl/ ket h<;1p cac h~
d~ng thtlC ti0n, can c6 Sl! ket hC,lp dl hai quan dicm. Kha
nang h(,1P nhift hai quan diem trong kh<ii ni(:m tai nang giang
d~y dVtic minh chlrng qua Sl! phfm tfch hai m6 hlnh nhän
ma t<;li dö, nhÜ'ng thanh phan tri thÜ'c khac nhau trong khu6n
khC:i nghien cÜ'u d~ng milu chuycn gia dv(,iC ket hop vdi cac
bien sci Slt dung lrong Ü'u git'f h()c theo truyen lh6ng.
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