Kutnar flora and_vegetation

MONITORING OF FLORA AND VEGETATION IN (PERI-)URBAN

FORESTS OF LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA

Lado KUTNAR 1 & Klemen ELER 1,2

1Slovenian Forestry Institute, Dept. of Forest Ecology, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Milano, Italy - June 17, 2014

BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION

• The composition, diversity, and structure of vegetation are important factors for assessing biological diversity of forest ecosystems.

• Vegetation is the source of primary production, controls the atmosphere gas exchanges playing a direct role in water and nutrient cycling, as well as climate and microclimate, influences soil characteristics, and interacts with other biotic components (insects, game, etc.) being a determinant habitat for many species.

• Vegetation has also been identified as a specific target for the calculation of critical loads/levels.

• The composition and structure of vegetation can serve as bio-indicators for environmental changes to ecosystems.

• The long-term study of vegetation dynamics provides information on changes in other forest ecosystem components (soil, microclimate, etc.).

INTRODUCTION


• The main objective of the flora/vegetation assessment is to estimate plant diversity status and changes at the monitoring sites and to contribute to the understanding and evaluation of forest condition in broader sense.

• The aim of the vegetation survey is to obtain information on changes

(i) in species composition and plant species richness, (ii) in the species cover (species abundance), and (iii) in vertical stratification - as a result of changing

site conditions due to anthropogenic impacts and natural factors.

• Flora/vegetation assessment allows plots to be characterized within identifiable vegetation and habitat types.

• Vegetation changes allow describing, explaining and modelling dynamical processes, by analysis of pathways, causes and mechanisms (including natural and anthropogenic environmental factors).

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY


i) Large vegetation plots (LVP) - area of 2500 m2 (50 meters x 50 meters) Aims: - Habitat characterization; - Assessment of changes on stand level.

ii) Medium vegetation plots (MVP) - 400 m2 (20 x 20 meters) - equivalent to ICP Forests monitoring (Canullo et al. 2011).

Aims: - Phytosociological approach (plant community description); - Characterization of forest

vegetation/site; - Assessment of vegetation changes during longer monitoring period.

iii) 10 small vegetation plots (SVP) - 4 m2 (2 x 2 meters) - distributed randomly. Aims: - Dynamical approach (micro-site level characterization); - Small-scale changes assessment; -

Assessment of changes during shorter monitoring period.

VEGETATION PLOT DESIGN

The diversity of vascular plant species and plant invasion has been studied in the (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana. Three forest locations in Ljubljana have been selected:

i) ROŽNIK SITE is in the urban area and it is overgrown by Quercus petraea, Picea abies, Castanea sativa.


VEGETATION PLOTS IN LJUBLJANA AREA

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21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

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426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

4

651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

6

876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

8

10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

10

12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

12

14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

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15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15

16 16

190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

18 18

204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217

20 20

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231

22 22

232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

24 24

246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

26 26

260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273

28 28

274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287

30 30

288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

32 32

302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

34 34

35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35

36 36

38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354

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40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

40

42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404

42

44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429

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46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454

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48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479

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50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504

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Sampling design

ii) GAMELJNE-POPLAR SITE is located in the flood area of the Sava River in the peri-urban area; it is dominated by Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Salix eleagnos and Fraxinus excelsior.



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015 35

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21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2

426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

4

651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

6

876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

8

10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

10

12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

12

14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

14

15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15

16 16

190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

18 18

204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217

20 20

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231

22 22

232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

24 24

246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

26 26

260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273

28 28

274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287

30 30

288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

32 32

302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

34 34

35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35

36 36

38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354

38

40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

40

42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404

42

44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429

44

46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454

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48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479

48

50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

15

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

35

36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

Sampling design

iii) GAMELJNE-PINE SITE is located on the upper-terrace of the Sava River in the peri-urban area; it is secondary pine forest with Pinus sylvestris in the upper tree layer, and Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata in the lower tree layer.



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015 35

0

21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2

426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

4

651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

6

876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

8

10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

10

12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

12

14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

14

15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15

16 16

190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

18 18

204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217

20 20

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231

22 22

232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

24 24

246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

26 26

260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273

28 28

274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287

30 30

288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

32 32

302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

34 34

35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35

36 36

38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354

38

40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

40

42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404

42

44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429

44

46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454

46

48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479

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50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504

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36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

Sampling design

8


0.5m<S<5m

H<0.5m

5m<T1 in T2

On medium (MVP) and on small (SVP) vegetation plots, the visual estimation of cover using modified ICP-Forests protocol (Canullo et al. 2011) of following vertical vegetation-layers has been done: • moss layer (i.e. bryophytes and lichens), • herb layer (all non-ligneous, and ligneous, including eventual seedling and browsed trees,

under 0.5 m height) • shrub layer (only ligneous and all climbers of a height between 0.5 m and 5 m), • tree layer (only ligneous and all climbers with a height over 5 m).

METHODOLOGY FOR VEGETATION ASESSMENT

9


Cover-abundance estimation:

BARKMAN et al. (1964)

Scale Cover (%) Quantity

r

<5.0%

sporadic (1-2 indiv./plot)

+ few

1 numerous (20-100 indiv.)

2m very numerous (>100 indiv.)

2a 5.0 - 12.5%

2b 12.5 - 25.0%

3 25.0 - 50.0%

4 50.0 - 75.0%

5 75.0 - 100.0%

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

015 35

0

21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2

426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

4

651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

6

876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

8

10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

10

12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

12

14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

14

15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15

16 16

190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

18 18

204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217

20 20

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231

22 22

232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

24 24

246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

26 26

260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273

28 28

274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287

30 30

288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

32 32

302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

34 34

35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35

36 36

38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354

38

40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

40

42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404

42

44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429

44

46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454

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48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479

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50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504

50

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Cover-abundance

estimation: LONDO

(1975)

Scale Cover (%)

0.1 <1

0.2 1 - 3%

0.4 3 - 5%

1 5 - 15%

2 15 - 25%

3 25 - 35%

4 35 - 45%

5 45 - 55%

6 55 - 65%

7 65 - 75%

8 75 - 85%

9 85 - 95%

10 95 - 100%

All vascular plant species were recorded in herb, shrub, and tree layer separately. At the medium vegetation plots, the estimation of plant species cover has been done by Barkman et al. (1964) method, and the estimation of plant species cover at small plots has been done by Londo (1975) method.

METHODOLOGY FOR VEGETATION ASESSMENT

G1-MVP

R-MVP

G2-MVP

G2-S-70

G2-S-95

G2-S-226

G2-S-274

G2-S-290

G2-S-297

G2-S-366G2-S-430

G2-S-432

G2-S-468

G1-S-63

G1-S-90G1-S-284

G1-S-353G1-S-368

G1-S-385G1-S-404

G1-S-432

G1-S-442

G1-S-479

R-S-6

R-S-23

R-S-49

R-S-222

R-S-273 R-S-250

R-S-275

R-S-322R-S-347

R-S-456

DCA

Axis 1

Axis

2

EEnter text and then drag to position


RESULTS: ORDINATION OF PLOTS

DRY

GAMELJNE-PINE SITE

GAMELJNE-POPLAR SITE

WET

ROŽNIK SITE

Salici-Populetum s. lat.

Querco-Carpinetum s. lat.

In total, 161 vascular plant species were recorded at three monitoring sites. The number of vascular species varied between 61 (Rožnik site) and 85 (Gameljne-poplar site) per site.


RESULTS: SPECIES RICHNESS

ALL LOCATIONS

ROŽNIK GAMELJNE - poplar

GAMELJNE - pine

ALL PLOTS n=3 n=1 n=1 n=1 N VASCULAR SPECIES 161 61 85 69 TREE SPECIES 36 22 14 21 SHRUB SPECIES (with climbers) 21 7 15 14 HERB SPECIES 104 32 56 34 MEDIUM VEG. PLOTS (400 m2) n=3 n=1 n=1 n=1 MEAN N – MVP 63.3 56 68 66

SHANNON H INDEX - MVP 3.39 3.48 3.51 3.172

SMALL VEG. PLOTS (4 m2) n=30 n=10 n=10 n=10

MEAN N – SVP 19.3 18.1 22.1 17.7

SHANNON H INDEX - SVP 2.24 2.09 2.34 2.26

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

015 35

0

21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2

426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

4

651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

6

876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

8

10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

10

12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

12

14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

14

15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15

16 16

190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

18 18

204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217

20 20

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22 22

232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

24 24

246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

26 26

260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273

28 28

274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287

30 30

288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

32 32

302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

34 34

35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35

36 36

38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354

38

40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

40

42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404

42

44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429

44

46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454

46

48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479

48

50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

15

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35

36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

MEDIUM VEGETATION PLOT (MVP)

SMALL VEGETATION PLOT (SVP)

Based on Raunkiær’s life-form system, hemicryptophytes (40%) and phanerophytes (34%) prevail among identified vascular species in Slovenia.

The relatively high number of geophytes (15%) suggests that studied forests are in the late succession stage (mature forests).

Plant life-forms (Raunkiær) in EMoNFUr locations in Slovenia (left) and in Italy (right)


34%

5% 40%

15% 6%

Phanerophytes

Chamaephytes

Hemicryptophytes

Geophytes

Therophytes

Red colour indicate the positions of dormant buds. A, B - CHAMAEPHYTES; C – PHANEROPHYTES; D, E, F – HEMICRYPTOPHYTES; G, H – GEOPHYTES; I - THEROPHYTES

RESULTS: LIFE-FORMS

• In the studied (peri-)urban forests, numerous non-indigenous plant species were recorded. The majority of them have been declared to be invasive species in Slovenia, which adversely affect the forest habitats and outcompete native plant species.

• Presumably, these invasive species, which represent 6% of the flora recorded, come from the Sava River or from urban areas, i.e. gardens and parks. The majority of these invasive species are of the North American or Asian origin.


RESULTS: INVASIVE SPECIES

92%

6% 2%

NATIVE species

NON-NATIVE & INVASIVE species

NON-NATIVE & NON-INVASIVE species

• Among three studied locations, the level of plant invasion is the highest at Gameljne-poplar site (8 species). The most abundant invasive species at this site are Solidago gigantea and Fallopia japonica. Other invasive species are Rudbeckia laciniata, Erigeron annuus, Helianthus tuberosus, Impatiens glandulifera, Impatiens parviflora, and Physocarpus opulifolius.

Solidago gigantea

Rudbeckia laciniata

Fallopia japonica

Impatiens glandulifera


RESULTS: INVASIVE SPECIES

de Vries, W. et. Al. 2003. Intensive Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems in Europe. Technical Report 2003. UN/ECE EC, Brussels, Geneva, 161 s.

19 IM plots 148 IM plots 16 IM plots


RESULTS: EMONFUR vs. ICP-FORESTS

EMONFUR ICP N PLOTS 3 11 TOTAL N of VASCULAR SPECIES (γ) 161 295 MEAN N of VASCULAR SPECIES (α) 63 61

ICP-FORESTS plots in Slovenia

16

• In monitoring sites of Ljubljana forest area, the high level of plant species diversity was established.

• The (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana are under the significant impact of invasive plant species. The dynamics of expansion of invasive species should be carefully monitored, and appropriate measures for its limitation need to be established in the near future.

• More forest management and silvicultural activities should be engaged with regard to the invasive species that already disturb forest development (e.g. forest natural regeneration) in some (peri-)urban forests.

• In this study, it has been proved that the modified ICP-Forests monitoring methodology may be appropriate for assessment of flora and vegetation in urban and peri-urban forests.

• In the monitoring of these forest, we should pay special attention to invasive plant species and disturbances caused by human.


CONCLUSIONS

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015 35

0

21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2

426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

4

651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

6

876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

8

10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

10

12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

12

14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

14

15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15

16 16

190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

18 18

204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217

20 20

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231

22 22

232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

24 24

246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

26 26

260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273

28 28

274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287

30 30

288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301

32 32

302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

34 34

35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35

36 36

38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354

38

40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

40

42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404

42

44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429

44

46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454

46

48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479

48

50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

15

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

35

36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

17

FLORA/VEGETATION STUDIES OF (PERI-)URBAN FORESTS IN PERSPECTIVE

• Vegetation changing (succession) in longer period (e.g. impact of climate changes, direct human impacts);

• Small scale studies – e.g. influences of different disturbances and site factors to plant species diversity;

• Game grazing impacts to vegetation (fenced vs. unfenced);

• Interactions of plants with other organisms (e.g. insects, mycorrhiza);

• Nature-conservation aspects, e.g. NATURA 2000 habitat types and key species.


THANK YOU!!


Kutnar flora and_vegetation

Environment

vegetation changes

structure of vegetation

identifiable vegetation

vegetation survey

vegetation plot design

small vegetation plots

medium vegetation plots

changes i