Kuliah+1+Perdes+-+RURAL+PLANNING

Djoko Santoso Abi Suroso, Ph.D

Research Group in Regional and Rural Planning

SAPPK-ITB

RURAL PLANNING:Introduction

CURRICULUM

Changes in Curriculum Sarjana:Tata Desa (80s)Perencanaan Pertanian (80s)Kuliah Kerja Nyata (80s)Perencanaan Pertanian dan Perdesaan + KKN

Profesi (90s)Perencanaan Perdesaan (90-now)

Curriculum 2008: from PL 4… to PL 3…Magister:

Pembangunan Perdesaan (80s-now)

Minggu ke Topik Bahasan Tujuan

1 Garis besar struktur kuliah, tugas.Tujuan dn lingkup Cara penilaian Reference

Memahami tujuan, lingkup dan sasaran kuliah.Menyiapkan Bahan bacaan wajib dan tugas2

2 Memahami Pendekatan Perencanaan Pedesaan Pengenalan dasar teori, dan pendekatan perencanaan pembangunan di Pedesaan

3 Pengenalan teori Keterbelakangan dan Ketergantungan Memahami aspek-aspek kemiskinan dan permasalahannya

4 Masalah2 involusi pertanian dalam kehidupan Pedesaan Memahami aspek-aspek pertanian dan perkembangan desa dan pedesaan

5 Peranan Pertanian pangan dan produk lainnya dalam Pembangunan Nasional

Memahami peranan penting desa dalam mendukung pertumbuhan Ekonomi

6 Paradigma Dualistik Ekonomi Pedesaan Memahami Dinamika Keterbelakangan dan Ketergantungan Ekonomi Desa

7 Ekonomi Rumah Tangga Petani dan industrialisasi pedesaan

Memahami dasar-dasar Ekonomi Rumah Tangga Petani, In-Out Farm, Nelayan dan industry pedesaan

8 Konsep-konsep Dasar Rumah Tradisional Permukiman Pedesaan

Memahami Kearifan Lokal dalam membangun rumah tradisional dan typology Desa

9 Ujian Tengah SEMESTER

10 Aspek Sumberdaya Alam Lingkungan Pedesaan Memahami pengetahuan dasar tentang pembentukan tanah, klasifikasi tanah untuk pertanian dan penggunaan tanah lainnya.

11 Konservasi Sumberdaya Lahan Memahami pengetahuan tentang cara-cara konservasi dan pencegahan bencana longsor

12 Infrastruktur Pedesaan dan Infrastruktur Wilayah Memahami infrastruktur sosial-ekonomi Pedesaan (jalan, irigasi, listrik, pasar, sekolah dll)

13 Mitigasi Bencana Kawasan Pedesaan Memahami faktor2 penyebab bencana alam pedesaan

14 Konsep dan Model Perencanaan Desa /Village Plan Membahas kasus Perencanaan Desa pasca Tsunami

15 Design and Modeling Pusat Pertumbuhan Desa Membahas Model PU dlm menetapkan Pusat Pertumbuhan Desa

16 P5D, Pola Desa dan FGD dalam MusrenbangDes Membahas Prosedur Perencanaan Pembangunan Desa

Assessment

UTS = 25%UAS= 40%

Tugas 1 = 10%Tugas 2 = 10%Tugas 3 = 10%

Aktivitas Kelas=

5%

Perencanaan PerdesaanMemberikan pemahaman tentang berbagai pendekatan

dalam perencanaan pembangunan Pedesaan dengan

memberikan kerangka teori dasar Pembangunan Desa dan

Wilayah.

Masalah-masalah dasar sumberdaya alam pedesaan,

sumberdaya manusia dan pergeseran-pergeseran social-

budaya-ekonomi di Pedesaan dengan berbagai tipologi Desa,

secara intensif perlu didiskusikan untuk memahami

persoalan-persoalan dasar pedesaan sebelum merumuskan

pendekatan perencanaan pedesaan itu sendiri.

Dengan demikian diharapkan mhs mampu merumuskan

pendekatan perencanaan pembangunan Desa

AIMS

Memahami Aspek-aspek penting untuk Typologi PedesaanMemahami Teori-teori Sosial, Ekonomi dan Administrasi

Desa Pendekatan Komprehensif dalam Perencanaan DesaAn introduction to:

Rural development perspectivesRural problemsRural changesPlanning for rural areas

Approach:Integrated, holistic, regional approach rural is part of

regional systems

References/Bibliography 1. Chambers, R., 1988 :Pembangunan Desa Mulai Dari

Belakang (terj). LP3ES, Jakarta 2. Geertz, C., 1983: Involusi Pertanian :Proses Perubahan

Ecologi di Indonesia (terj. Bhatara Karya Aksara, Jakarta. 3. Hansen, D.E.: Agriculture and Rural Development in

Indonesia.” Westview, Boulder 4..Hayami, Y dan M Kikuck, 1987: Dilemna Ekonomi Desa.

Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. 5. ESCAP.1978, Guideline for Rural Center Planning.

Bangkok. 6. Herington, J., “Planning Process: An Introduction for

Geographer”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 7. Johnston, RJ., “ City and Society: An Outline for Urban

Geography”, Unwin Hyman, Boston, 1989. 8. Lipton, 1974, “Why the Poor People stay Poor”, John

Willey, London

DEFINITION

Rural = non-urban area (residual approach)UU 26/2007: Kawasan Perdesaan: wilayah yang mempunyai

kegiatan utama pertanian, termasuk pengelolaan sumber daya alam dengan susunan fungsi kawasan sebagai tempat permukiman perdesaan, pelayanan jasa pemerintahan, pelayanan sosial, dan kegiatan ekonomi.

Kawasan perkotaan: wilayah yang mempunyai kegiatan utama bukan pertanian, dengan susunan fungsi kawasan sebagai tempat permukiman perkotaan, pemusatan dan distribusi pelayanan jasa pemerintahan, pelayanan sosial, dan kegiatan ekonomi

continuedUrban is defined based on:

PopulationEconomic structureUrban facilities

Rural is not similar with villages (desa) or hamlets (dusun) lower order settlement units

RURAL CHARACTERISTICS

‘Rural’ in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) is not similar with ‘rural’ in Developed Countries

Characteristics:Physical attributesSocial aspectsEconomic aspects

WHY BOTHER

Rural an important spatial element, despite urbanization

Rural problems national concerns:Poverty and backwardnessRural-urban inequalitiesInternal rural inequalitiesFunctions of rural areas:

CommunityAgricultural productionRecreationEcological functions

STRUCTURAL CHANGES

Incomes

Output

Industry & Services

Agriculture

RURAL PLANNING

Planning for developmentDevelopment:

Acceleration of changesExpansion of productive capacityImprovement of rural situationsCoping with macro changesRealization of social/community capacity

participationRural development = modernization?Rural development = rural transformation?Rural development = accelerated

urbanization?

Rural Development (World Bank, 1975)Strategy designed to improve the economic

and social life of…the rural poor…Since rural development is intended to reduce poverty, it must be clearly designed to increase production and raise productivity…it is concerned with the modernation and monetization of rural society, and with its transition from traditional isolation to integration with the national economy.

MODERNIZATION

Traditional vs modern societyRural backwardness lacks of modern elementsModernization transformation of various aspects

(accelerated changes): Economy industrySocial value systems, life stylePhysical adequate housing, infrastructure and facilities

Inducement of modernity (via technology, education etc)

Critiques: Similar path of changes in society?Convergence vs divergence thesisDisappearing traditionalism?

RURAL TRANSFORMATIONEconomic elements/activities/workSocial elements/people/folkPhysical elements/space/place

Transformation means changes, not preservation!!

INCLUSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT (ADB)

Rural Planning (Escap, 1979)Rural Planning entails more than planning

for agriculture development, the landless and near-landless, for instance, are more likely to become victims rather than recipients of increased agricultural productivity

RURAL PROBLEMS

POVERTY: The Biggest Challenge

It includes many aspects of incapacity (economically, socially, politically)

It is in tandem with inadequate living conditions

It brings about impacts on the environmentIt creates social and political problemsIt is a persistent problem

It Contradicts with Humanity!!

Inequalities: The Next ChallengeRural-urbanInternal rural areas

Poverty Defined

Based on absolute measures (income) basic living requirements

Based on relative terms socially constructed

Children of Rural Nepal

Children of Rural Papua

Children of Sumba

Poor or Friendly to the Environment?

Poverty Map

The Biggest Challenge: Poverty

Rural Problems

Population growth

Limited resources

Limited infrastructure and facilities

Low Productivity Rural Poverty

Urban bias policy

Inadequate knowledge & skills

Factors of Poverty

Internal to rural areas:Population/peopleActivitiesProductive assetsResources (natural and man-made)

External to rural areas:National policiesGlobal factors

Levels of Explanation

Individual:Less productive attitude and behavior

Community:Local cultureLocal resources/assets

Macro:Policy of local governmentImpeding national and global factors

Is Globalization Good?

Asymmetric relations between LDCs and DCs neo colonialism

It increases competitionIt creates opportunity (for whom)

Is Rural-urban Migration Good?Relies on urban industrializationUrban capacity to cope with the influx of

rural peopleThe capacity of rural-urban migrantsImpacts on food/agricultural production?

Is Agrarian Reform Necessary?Availability of landEconomic and political consequences

Rural Problems:The National Government Says

Limited employment Limited economic linkages sectorally and spatially Barriers to interregional trade Risk and vulnerability of farmers and business actors Limited assets of rural people Low services Low quality of human resources Conversion of fertile-irrigated land Environmental degradation Institution and community organization weaknesses Problems of coordination

PERSPECTIVES ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rancabali, Southern Bandung

Damai dan Sehat (tapi Capai?)

Real Gotong Royong

BIG QUESTIONS

Do we need (rural) development?:Planning (developmentalism) vs market

mechanism Ethical issues

If YES, how should (rural) development be undertaken?:Many theories and approachesVarious experiences

WHAT PERSPECTIVE

Paradigms or theoretical orientations to guide development actions

Theories of development mostly are empirically constructed

Development may result from ‘trial and error’

Universal vs specific, particular, local approach

Universal principles of rural development has to be adjusted to the local context

PERSPECTIVES

ModernizationDependency, the world systemsIndustry led development/growth strategyAgriculture led developmentEquitable development/basic needs approachBalanced developmentRural-regional developmentSustainable developmentPeople centered developmentLocally based, indigenous development and

others

DEPENDENCY & WORLD SYSTEMS

(Rural) underdevelopment is caused by structural impediments

Division of labor among nations sustaining colonialism

Exploitation of ‘peripheries’ by ‘cores’ (international and national) supported by elites

Rural-urban linkages intensify exploitationWorld systems:

Cores, semi-peripheries, peripheriesChances to move up-ward in the hierarchy of

nations

INDUSTRY LED/GROWTH STRATEGYPart of the modernization approachIndustry is a leading and dynamic sector

urban industrialization, growth stFor LDCs: import substitution

industrializationSpatially growth pole (centers) strategyUrban biasCritiques:

Rural-urban inequalities, persistence of rural poverty

Urban problems

What?!

Over-urbanization

AGRICULTURE LEDUnder modernization approachAgriculture is a dynamic sector (Johnston

and Mellor)Increasing agricultural productivity is

important (neo classic views: land, labor, capital, technology)

The next stage: agro-industry

EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT/BASIC NEEDS

Dissatisfaction with industrialization led/urban bias

Mainstreaming rural issuesAttacking rural poverty directly through basic

needs: food, clothes, shelter, health, educationFor rural: appropriate technology, labor

intensive programs

BALANCED DEVELOPMENT

Growth and equityAcknowledging the positive role of urban

areasIncreasing rural productivity + the provision of

infrastructure and facilitiesUrban and rural linkages