FRACTURES • Fracture : a break in rock due to brittle behavior to stress • Joint : A fracture with no displacement – Joint Sets : multiple joints oriented parallel to one another, in response to regional stress – Groundwater flow, hydrothermal ore deposits • Fault : A fracture with displacement FRACTURES AND JOINTS FRACTURES AND JOINTS
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Kuliah Fracture 19 09 2007 - · PDF fileFRACTURES • Fracture : a break in rock due to brittle behavior to stress • Joint : A fracture with no displacement –Joint Sets : multiple
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FRACTURES• Fracture : a break in rock due to brittle
behavior to stress• Joint : A fracture with no displacement
– Joint Sets : multiple joints oriented parallel to one another, in response to regional stress
– Groundwater flow, hydrothermal ore deposits
• Fault : A fracture with displacement
FRACTURES AND JOINTSFRACTURES AND JOINTS
FRACTURED ROCKSFRACTURED ROCKS
Rekahan dan Sesar• Rekahan (fractures) adalah suatu bidang diskontinuitas dalam
– Joint atau kekar (sistematik dan non-sistematik)• Kekar kolom• Kekar release dan kekar pembebanan (loading)• Kekar yang terbentuk akibat perlipatan
(cross-joint, longitudinal joint dan stretching joint)– Veins (tension gash)
• Sesar (fault) adalah rekahan yang memperlihatkan adanya buktipergerakan (shear displacement) atau off-set
• Sesar (fault) dapat berbentuk satu bidang diskrit yang planar ataumembentuk suatu zona (fault zone) yang terdiri dari banyak bidang-bidang sesar yang sejajar dan saling berhubungan (net-work)
• Rekahan (fractures) adalah suatu bidangdiskontinuitas dalam batuan
• Jenis-jenis fractures :extension fractures dan shear fractures
Relationship between Differential Relationship between Differential Stress and Shear DisplacementStress and Shear Displacement
((TwissTwiss and Moore, 1992)and Moore, 1992)
Mohr diagram showing Mohr diagram showing variation of fracture condition variation of fracture condition
resulting from the effect of resulting from the effect of differential stress and predifferential stress and pre--
existing fracturesexisting fractures
Slip and Fracture ConditionSlip and Fracture Condition
A
T0
σs
σn
Von Mises ductlefailure criterionBrittle-ductile
transition
B
CD
E
Coulumbfracturecriterion
Yield stress
Parabolicfractureenvelope
σ3
n αfθf
σ1
Failure Envelope and Development of Fracture at Different Condition
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)
Griffith Crack
I. Pre-existing crackII. Crack closed III. Crack propagationIV. Crack begin to interactV. Fault forms
Twiss and Moores (1992)
τ2 = 4σt(σt+σ)
σt = tensile strength
The Development of Through Going Fracture (Fault)
TWO TYPES OF FRACTURE MECHANISM
• Fracture strongly dependent on: Confining pressure (σ3) and Fluid Pressure (Pf)
FRACTURES AND FAULTSFRACTURES AND FAULTS
FRACTURES MECHANICS
FRACTURES AND FAULTSFRACTURES AND FAULTSFRACTURES AND FAULTSFRACTURES AND FAULTS
Sesar dan Rekahan Sesar dan Rekahan
• Sesar (fault) adalah rekahan yang memperlihatkan adanya bukti pergerakan(shear displacement) atau off-set
• Sesar dapat berbentuk satu bidangdiskrit yang planar atau membentuksuatu zona (fault zone) yang terdiri daribanyak bidang-bidang sesar yang sejajardan saling berhubungan (net-work)
B. Thrust D. Left-lateral, or sinistralA. Normal C. Right-lateral, or dextral
Classification of Fault RocksClassification of Fault Rocks
(Sibson, 1977)
Model of a Shear Zone Model of a Shear Zone
(Scholtz, 1990)
Brittle Brittle –– Ductile Deformation in The Earth CrustDuctile Deformation in The Earth Crust
OceanicOceanic ContinentalContinental
CataclasisCataclasis DeformationDeformation
The strength of brittle rocks increases with The strength of brittle rocks increases with confining pressureconfining pressure, but , but decreases with decreases with temperaturestemperatures. .