kuliah 1 - pendahuluan

KULIAH PENDAHULUAN

BIOKIMIA

Apakah BIOKIMIA itu?

• Definisi biokimia: “the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems” (ACS).

• Biokimia dapat dikatakan penggabungan ilmu kimia dan biologi.

• Ilmu dasar untuk memahami berbagai reaksi kimia di dalam sel, mulai dari masuknya nutrisi ke dalam sel, pengolahannya menjadi energi, sampai proses pengolahan dan ekskresi limbah metabolismenya.

Apa yang dipelajari dalam BIOKIMIA?

Struktur kimia dan bentuk tiga dimensi molekul biologi

Interaksi antar biomolekul

Sintesis dan degradasi biomolekul dalam sel

Perolehan dan pemanfaatan energi oleh sel

Mekanisme pengorganisasian biomolekul dan pengkoordinasian aktivitasnya

Penyimpanan, pemindahan dan ekspresi informasi genetik

•Genetika, biologi sel

• Fisiologi dan imunologi

• Farmakologi dan farmasi

• Toksikologi, patologi, mikrobiologi

•Zoologi dan botani

Ilmu yang membutuhkan dasar-dasar BIOKIMIA

What does the Biochemistry discuss?

• structure and function of cellular components proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other

biomolecules

• Metabolism and Regulation

• Gene expression and modulation DNA RNA

Protein

Principles of Biochemistry

• Cells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state.

• All organisms use the same type of molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.

• Living processes contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are required to maintain life.

• Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their DNA.

Cells

• Basic building blocks of life

• Smallest living unit of an organism

• A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (multicellular).

• Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

• Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

• a typical cell size is 10µm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.)

Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

• Prokaryotes (Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus) include various bacteria

• lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles

• Eukaryotes (Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus) include most other cells (plants, fungi, & animals)

• have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

•Cell membrane & cell wall•Nucleoid region contains the DNA •Contain ribosomes (no membrane)

• Cell Membrane• Nucleus• Cytoplasm with organelles

Characteristic of Bio-membranes and Organelles

• Mitochondria- the power generatorsMitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule): Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA.

•Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining boundary Providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems.

•Nucleus – Cell’s information center Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome

•Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes.

•RibosomesProtein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis

•Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – The transport network for molecules

•Cytoplasmenclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles.

•Lysosomes-contain digestive enzymeA membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.

•Golgi apparatus -process and package the macromolecules.A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form.

BIOMOLEKUL

1. Sebagian besar massa sel terbentuk dari unsur:• Hidrogen• Oksigen • Nitrogen• Karbon

2. Sisanya disebut trace element, berperan dalam fungsi spesifik dan jumlahnya sangat kecil

BIOMOLEKUL

Apa itu BIOMOLEKUL?

• Biomolekul: molekul organik yang dibuat oleh organisme hidup (Karbohidrat, Protein, Lemak, DNA, senyawa bahan alam)

• Molekul dalam sistem hidup:

• Dibagi atas

• Makromolekul (Karbohidrat, Protein, Lipid, Asam Nukleat)

• Mikromolekul (as amino, glukosa)

• Dibagi atas

• Metabolit primer ada di semua sistem hidup

• Metabolit sekunder fungsi khusus

Contoh-contoh Biomolekul•Molekul berukuran kecil: • Lipid, fosfolipid, glikolipid, sterol,

• Vitamin

• Hormon, neurotransmitter

•Monomer: • Asam Amino

• Nucleotida

• Monosakarida

•Polimer: • polypeptides, proteins

• Asam Nukleat, yaitu DNA, RNA

• polisakarida

Bagaimana biomolekul dapat membuat makhluk hidup menjadi hidup?

• Serangkaian proses kimia secara berurutan dan terkendali yang mengubah senyawa kompleks menjadi sederhana dan senyawa sederhana menjadi senyawa lebih kompleks

Senyawa penyusun

• gula sederhana

• asam amino

• nukleotida

• asam lemak

Makromolekul

• polisakarida

• Protein (polipeptida)

• RNA atau DNA

• Lipid

Anabolism

Catabolism