Kuching | Jan-15 | Off-grid Solution for Provisioning Energy Access

Off-grid Solution for

Provisioning Energy Access

Jeevan Prakash Mohanty

Fellow, Social Transformation Division

• The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI)

• Formally established in 1974

• “We will work towards global sustainable development, creating innovative solutions for a better tomorrow”

• Focus: Environment, Energy and Sustainable Development.

• Headquarters in New Delhi, 5 regional centers

• Over 1000 research professionals

• Headed by Dr. R K Pachauri

Where does energy fit in?

Energy is an ‘enabler’: essential for achieving human development goals

Energy Poverty: “inability to cook with modern cooking fuels and the lack of a bare minimum of electric lighting to read or for other household & productive activities at sunset” (UNDP 2005)

Lack of access to energy can directly influence livelihood, education, health, and overall quality of life – measurable in the HDI

Where does energy fit in?

What are its dimensions?

ENERGY ACCESS ENERGY EFFICIENCY RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Access to modern

cooking fuels

• Access to electricity

• Beyond access:

affordability, availability

and reliability

• Access most limited at

the bottom of the

pyramid

• Minimize losses in BAU

scenario

• Focus on energy

efficiency technology

• Reduce gap between

energy production and

consumption

• Save money and

reduce emissions

• Enhance share of RE in

energy production

• Create favorable policy

environment for RE

production and use

• Develop efficient RE

technology

• Finance RE projects to

create a viable market

What does this translate to?

Energy poverty and economic poverty form an

interconnected vicious cycle – one leads to the other

Lack of access to electricity has a direct impact on education

outcomes (performance, interest, attendance) of children

Energy access is gender biased – with women facing the

most severe problems due to lack of access to energy e.g.

traditional biomass cookstoves

Access to electricity is directly linked to provision of quality

healthcare to children. Household air pollution kills several children every year

What does this translate to?

Household air pollution from inefficient stoves kills more

than 10 lakh women and children each year

Access to energy helps in better provision of health facilities

in hospitals and dispensaries

Inefficient energy devices use large amounts of fuel and

produce large quantities of wastes which pollute the

environment

Tackling the problem of access to energy requires

partnership of governments, corporate firms and the civil society

Energy development index

Key Energy Related Issues in ASEAN

• South East Asia’s primary energy demand growing at more than twice the global average

• The region’s energy demand rising by 83% between 2011 and 2035 • Share of Coal in primary energy mix rising from 16% in 2011 to 28% in

2035 • Demand for oil rising from 4.3 mb/d to 6.8 mb/d

• Higher dependence on biomass for cooking leading to fall in share of renewables in the primary energy mix

• Electricity demand to increase by half by 2020 and to almost 1900 Terawatt Hours (Twh) in 2035

• The region’s energy related CO2 emissions almost double, reaching 2.3 Gigatonnes (Gt) in 2035

• Carbon intensity – the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of GDP – improving significantly, but falling by 33% over 2011-2035

• Balancing the Supply and Demand in the region depend on interplay of multiple factors

• Government policies, demographics, urbanization • Economic trends – shifts in structure of economic activity, energy pricing

and technological developments

Key Energy Indicators for ASEAN

Indicators Units 1990 2000 2011 2000-2011

GDP (Market Exchange Rate (MER)

$ billion 788 1 261 2 185 5.1%

GDP (PPP) $ billion 1 225 1 966 3 413 5.1%

Population million 444 522 597 1.2%

Primary energy demand Mtoe 223 373 549 3.6%

Primary energy demand per capita

toe 0.5 0.7 0.9 2.3%

Primary demand/GDP (MER)

toe/$1 000 0.28 0.30 0.25 -1.5%

Net oil trade** mb/d 0.7 -0.3 -1.9 18.7%

Net gas trade bcm 46.8 68.7 62.1 -0.9%

Net coal trade Mtce 0.4 37.8 219.6 17.4%

Energy-related CO2 emissions

Mt 368 715 1 166 4.5%

* Compound average annual growth rate. ** Negative values indicate imports. Notes: MER = market exchange rate; PPP = purchasing power parity, Mtoe=Million tonne equivalent Mtce=Metric tonne carbon equivalent.

The ASEAN Energy System, 2011 (Mtoe)

*Transformation of fossil fuels from primary energy into a form that can be used in the final consuming sectors. ** Includes losses and fuel consumed in oil and gas production, transformation losses and own use, generation lost or consumed in the process of electricity production, and transmission and distribution losses.

ASEAN Electricity Generation by Source (Twh)

1990 2011 2020 2035 2011-2035** Share

2011 2035

Fossil fuels 120 596 880 1 470 3.8% 86% 78%

Coal 28 217 439 914 6.2% 31% 49%

Gas 26 307 394 523 2.2% 44% 28%

Oil 66 72 47 34 -3.1% 10% 2%

Nuclear - - - 31 n.a. 0% 2%

Renewables 34 100 184 378 5.7% 14% 20%

Hydro 27 73 122 214 4.6% 10% 11%

Geothermal 7 19 28 51 4.1% 3% 3%

Bioenergy 1 8 23 63 9.2% 1% 3%

Other 0 0 11 50 24.0% 0% 3%

Total 154 696 1 063 1 879 4.2% 100% 100%

* Inter-regional trade in electricity (i.e. from the ASEAN region to/from other regions) is assumed to be zero. ** Compound average annual growth rate.

Access to Modern Energy Services in ASEAN

Population without Access to Electricity

Population relying on traditional use of biomass

cooking

Name of Counties Million Share Percentage

Million Share Percentage

Brunei Darussalam 0 0% 0 0%

Cambodia 9 66% 13 88%

Indonesia 66 27% 103 42%

Lao PDR 1 22% 4 65%

Malaysia 0 1% 1 3%

Myanmar 25 51% 44 92%

Philippines 28 30% 47 50%

Singapore 0 0% 0 0%

Thailand 1 1% 18 26%

Vietnam 3 4% 49 56%

Total ASEAN 134 22% 279 47%

* Preliminary estimates based on IEA and World Health Organization (WHO) databases

TERI has been working on developing practical,

cost-effective and sustainable solutions to tackle

the problem of lack of access to energy

• Energy efficient & clean technology

• Pro-poor delivery model

• Enabling business environment

• Rigorous monitoring

• Adaptive action research

• Policy advocacy

Energy delivery model

Enabling business environment

TERI adopts phased approach

Catalyzing access to menu of technology options

Identifying the Technology

Project Surya, a scientific intervention, created evidence for IAP from traditional cookstoves

Established forced draft ICS as solution to mitigate BC

Development/Promotion of technology options

Developed/Promoted 7 plus forced draft ICS models in India alone

Market value chain at last mile:

Facilitated over 20 business models for ICS in India alone during last 18 months

Nurtured chain of 100 plus micro-social enterprises for after-sales-service and retail

Addressing affordability and monitoring adoption

Climate Credit Pilot Project (C2P2): an innovative approach

C2P2 deploys “SootSwap”, an IT application that enables remote

monitoring of ICS usage & facilitates data capture for direct climate credit remittance to HHs

for BC mitigation

Harnessing a network of Micro Social Entrepreneurs @TERI

Over 2500 VLEs in 22 states (India)

200 plus Energy Enterprises or

Uttam Urja Kendras

Forced draft Improved Biomass Cookstove based on evidence from “Project Surya”

TERI advances access to customized technology solution for lighting and cooking

Facilitated market based value chain for ICS

20,000 plus ICS

disseminated in India through social enterprise

networks

Solar Charging Station (SCS)– A

community based lighting option

with mobile lanterns

Solar Micro Grid:

(SMG)

A wired electricity supply system designed

based on the community feedback

Solar Home Light Systems (SHLS)–

Individual system with luminaries

and mobile phone charging

option

Integrated Domestic Energy

System (IDES): Modern lighting,

mobile phone charging and to

operate improved

cookstoves

Solar Multi Utility (SMU): Energy to

operate village enterprises like spices grinding unit and power

households

Designed/Developed specification for cost-effective solutions SCS/SMG and SMU are operated and managed by VLEs on fee-for-service model SHLS and IDES meet needs of individual HHs/shops

Menu of technology options for lighting and

cooking

Global “Lighting a Billion Lives Campaign”: Clean lighting in 400,000 plus households

Introduced cost effective: Solar Charging Station(SCS) model: Over 2000 villages (including LWE and forest villages)

Instrumental in driving Micro and Pico grids: 200 plus SMGs installed/ commissioned

Lab to field: Glimpse

A: Clean Lighting

Early advocators for integrated approach (Clean Lighting+ Improved Cookstove + Mobile Charging) Introduced IDES as a customizable technology product to policy makers manufacturers, retailers, and rural consumers in India Customization and design of technology specification for IDES 5000 plus IDES commissioned in Bihar alone

Starting while India had only 4 models of forced draft ICS: TERI has already introduced 7 models

1 Patent granted, 5 models already approved by India’s premier Institution: IIT Delhi

Introduced in field

Brought onboard 2 plus new ICS manufacturers in India

Partnership with existing manufacturers: NDMI, Alpha-renewables

20,000 ICS already disseminated through social enterprise networks

B: Clean Cooking

C: Integrated Approach

Consumer Education • Provide Choice

– All clean cooking technologies ON THE SHELF

• Partner with NGOs for IEC

• Demand+ dissemination= 1,00,000

Our Footprints

Lighting in 22 States of India

105,000+ Solar Lanterns

disseminated

3,000+ SHLS installed

5,000+ IDES installed

200+ SMGs commissioned

20,000 ICS disseminated in 15

states

Addressing barriers!!

Effective delivery & service provision

Addressing technical barriers

Addressing non-economic barriers

Financial support

ü TP Networks ü Value chain creation

– distributor & EE

ü Incentives ü Credit – network with

RRB/MFI

ü Customization ü Technical inputs to

manufactures

ü Information Education and Communication

(IEC)

I.

II.

III.

IV.

1. 2. Value proposition Customer segment 3. Channels

5. Key activities 4. Customer relationship

6. 7. Key partners Financial Flows

Local Grass root organizations

Community based organizations

SHG Federations

Energy Enterprise

a.

b.

v Establishment of EE & Distributor network v Setting up benchmarks for manufacturing v Developing a network of TP

v Networking with Financial Institutions – Commercial bank/ RRB/ MFI

v Developing and implementing a framework of

incentives

v Customization of technology v Technical support to manufacturers v Policy advocacy

v Awareness generation within end users, manufacturers and policy makers

v Policy advocacy

v Networking with knowledge institutions for research & development

Sustainability Approach

Building of capacities at local levels for operation and maintenance of

technology

Dovetailing with existing and proposed government

programmes

Awareness generation amongst policy makers

Impact on national priorities

Setting up of networks for continuous O&M e.g.

encourage entrepreneurship

Setting up networks in the region to track and

subsequently incorporate latest technical advances

Customization of technology

Sustainability

Thank you for your kind

attention

[email protected]

[email protected]