Gahunda yo guteza imbere imibereho y’abaturage ku buryo burambye “Imfashanyigisho yateguwe hifashishijwe inkunga ya Guverinoma ya Ecosse binyuze ku bufatanye hagati ya Trócaire na SCIAF” Kigali, Nzeri 2016 KUBAKA, GUFATA NEZA NO KWITA KU BYOBO BIFATA AMAZI Y’IMVURA
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KUBAKA, GUFATA NEZA NO KWITA KU BYOBO BIFATA AMAZI … · 2017-05-08 · Indiba y’umuyoboro usohora amazi igomba kuba iri kuri 30cm uvuye ku rugara rw’icyobo. Akenshi biba byiza
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Gahunda yo guteza imbere imibereho y’abaturage ku buryo burambye
“Imfashanyigisho yateguwe hifashishijwe inkunga ya Guverinoma ya Ecosse binyuze ku bufatanye hagati ya Trócaire na SCIAF”
Kigali, Nzeri 2016
KUBAKA, GUFATA NEZA NO KWITA KU BYOBO BIFATA
AMAZI Y’IMVURA
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Kubaka, gufata neza no kwita ku byobo bifata amazi y’imvura Imfashanyigisho Yateguwe na Trócaire, umuryango Gaturika wo muri Ireland uharanira iterambere hirya no hino ku Isi. Ifashijwe na: SOCOSE Ltd Tel: 0788642042Kigali, Nzeri 2016 Amafoto abanza yafashwe na SOCOSE Ltd na Trócaire Rwanda
Muri iki gihe imihindagurikire y’ibihe ni ikintu kitagishinyikanywaho ku isi hose kandi igaragara nk’imbogamizi ikomeye ku iterambere ry’u Rwanda. Kumenya uko imihindagurukire y’ibihe igenda yigaragaza ndetse n’uko ingaruka zayo zigenda ziboneka mu Rwanda niyo ntwaro y’ibanze yadufasha guhangana n’iyo mihindagurikire y’ibihe. Ingaruka ziragaragara kandi ziri kwibasira ubukungu bw’igihugu mu turere dutandukanye, usanga zibasira cyane abaturage bakennye. Usanga abagore, abanyantege nkeya, n’abandi basigaye inyuma mu iterambere bo mu miryango ikennye aribo bazahazwa cyane n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ku buryo bw’umwihariko kuko akenshi babura ubushobozi, ingufu n’uburyo bukenewe mu guhangana n’iyo mihindagurikire y’ibihe. Imiryango itandukanye ndetse na za Minisiteri batangiye gushaka uburyo bwo guhangana n’izo ngaruka hibandwa cyane mu bice bigize icyaro. Ni muri urwo rwego Trócaire, umuryango mpuzamahanga uharanira iterambere ukorera mu Rwanda kuva mu w’1994, yashyize mu bikorwa umushinga w’igerageza ugamije guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe binyuze mu gufasha abaturage kubyaza amazi y’imvura ndetse n’amazi yakoreshejwe mu ngo umusaruro bayakoresha mu buhinzi cyane cyane ubuhinzi bw’imboga. Uyu mushinga ukaba waratewe inkunga na Leta ya Scottland binyujijwe mu bufatanye na SCIAF.
Bumwe mu buryo bwakoreshejwe muri uyu mushinga ni ibyobo bifata amazi y’imvura mu rwego rwo gufasha abaturage gufata amazi atemba mu mirima yabo no hafi yayo, kuyabika neza maze agakoreshwa mu buhinzi. Ibi byobo bifata amazi y’imvura byubakwa n’abantu ku giti cyabo, ibigo, cyangwa se amatsinda y’abantu bishyize hamwe nk’uko byakozwe ku byobo byashyizwe mu mirima ya koperative z’abaturage mu karere ka Nyamagabe binyujijwe ku mufatanyabikorwa UNICOOPAGI akaba ari nawe washyize umushinga mu bikorwa hagamijwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’imboga mu baturage bakennye kugira ngo umusaruro utazahungabanywa n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Aka gatabo gasobanura mu nshamake uko ibyobo bifata amazi y’imvura byubakwa ndetse n’uburyo bwo kubyitaho no kubifata neza. Iyi mfashanyigisho yagenewe kwifashishwa n’abagenerwabikorwa b’uyu mushinga ariko ikaba ishobora no gukoreshwa n’undi wese wakenera kwiga uko ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyangwa mu gukora umushinga wo gufata amazi y’imvura.
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II. IMITERERE N’IMIKORERE Y’ICYOBO GIFATA AMAZI Y’IMVURA
Ifoto1: Icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura cyubakwa ku gasozi
Icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura cyubakwa mu butaka, kikayoborwamo amazi y’imvura atemba mu miferege n’imiyoboro iri mu mirima cyangwa se hafi yayo. Mu kuyobora mu cyobo amazi y’imvura abanza kunyuzwa mu gahagarika-myanda (silttrap) kaba kubatse ku muyoboro winjiza amazi kugira ngo kagabanye imyanda minini iboneka mu mazi atemba ku gasozi. Kugira ngo icyobo cyacukuwe kibashe kubika amazi yacyoherejwemo, gisaswamo ihema (HDPE) rituma amazi adacengera mu butaka. Icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura cyubakirwa uruzitiro rufite urugi rufungwa kugira ngo hirindwe umwanda ndetse n’impanuka ku bantu no ku matungo.
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Icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura cyubakwa mu butaka, kikayoborwamo amazi y’imvura atemba mu miferege n’imiyoboro iri mu mirima cyangwa se hafi yayo. Mu kuyobora mu cyobo amazi y’imvura abanza kunyuzwa mu gahagarika-myanda (silttrap) kaba kubatse ku muyoboro winjiza amazi kugira ngo kagabanye imyanda minini iboneka mu mazi atemba ku gasozi. Kugira ngo icyobo cyacukuwe kibashe kubika amazi yacyoherejwemo, gisaswamo ihema (HDPE) rituma amazi adacengera mu butaka. Icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura cyubakirwa uruzitiro rufite urugi rufungwa kugira ngo hirindwe umwanda ndetse n’impanuka ku bantu no ku matungo.
Igishuhanyo 1: bimwe mu bice bigize icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura Amazi y’imvura yafashwe mu cyobo ashobora gukoreshwa mu kuhira imyaka cyangwa se mu mirimo y’ubworozi mu gihe atanduye cyane (yarakusanyijwe aturuka ku butaka bufashwe neza, ubutaka budafite isuri).
Urugara/ Igice cyo hejuru cy’icyobo
Indiba y’icyobo
Inkuta z’itaka/ imikingo
Igishuhanyo 1: bimwe mu bice bigize icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura
Amazi y’imvura yafashwe mu cyobo ashobora gukoreshwa mu kuhira imyaka cyangwa se mu mirimo y’ubworozi mu gihe atanduye cyane (yarakusanyijwe aturuka ku butaka bufashwe neza, ubutaka budafite isuri).
III. IMYUBAKIRE Y’ICYOBO GIFATA AMAZI
1. Guhitamo ikibanza no gufata ibipimo by’icyoboIkibanza cyo kubakaho gitoranywa ahantu hafi y’imiyoboro n’imiferege itembamo amazi y’imvura kugira ngo amazi azaboneke ku buryo buhagije. Ahantu hatoranywa hagomba kuba hatateza impanuka ku zindi nyubako mu gihe icyobo gifashe amazi gisenyutse; ntihagomba kwegera cyangwa se ngo habe munsi y’ibiraro by’amatungo, ingarani nini cyangwa se ahacukurwa amabuye y’agaciro mu rwego rwo kwirinda guhumanya amazi.
Nk’uko tubibona ku gishushanyo gikurikira (igishushanyo 2), icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura kiba gikozwe n’urugara rwo hejuru rw’ubuso A1 rushobora kuba kare cyangwa se urukiramende rw’uburebure L1 n’ubugari W1; indiba yo hasi y’ubuso A2 ishobora kuba kare cyangwa se urukiramende rw’uburebure L2 n’ubugari W2; ndetse n’ubuhagarike bwerekanwa n’ubujyakuzimu d.
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III. IMYUBAKIRE Y’ICYOBO GIFATA AMAZI
1. Guhitamo ikibanza no gufata ibipimo by’icyobo
Ikibanza cyo kubakaho gitoranywa ahantu hafi y’imiyoboro n’imiferege itembamo amazi y’imvura kugira ngo amazi azaboneke ku buryo buhagije. Ahantu hatoranywa hagomba kuba hatateza impanuka ku zindi nyubako mu gihe icyobo gifashe amazi gisenyutse; ntihagomba kwegera cyangwa se ngo habe munsi y’ibiraro by’amatungo, ingarani nini cyangwa se ahacukurwa amabuye y’agaciro mu rwego rwo kwirinda guhumanya amazi. Nk’uko tubibona ku gishushanyo gikurikira (igishushanyo 2), icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura kiba gikozwe n’urugara rwo hejuru rw’ubuso A1 rushobora kuba kare cyangwa se urukiramende rw’uburebure L1 n’ubugari W1; indiba yo hasi y’ubuso A2 ishobora kuba kare cyangwa se urukiramende rw’uburebure L2 n’ubugari W2; ndetse n’ubuhagarike bwerekanwa n’ubujyakuzimu d.
Igishushanyo 2 : icyobo gifata amazi ukirebeye hejuru Ku cyobo cya 120m3, urugara rugira 10.5m kuri 9m, indiba igira
6.5m kuri 5m, n’ubujyakuzimu bukagira 2m ; Ku cyobo cya 250m3, urugara rugira 11m kuri 11m, indiba igira
Inkuta ziterwaho igishahuro cy’umubyimba wa santimetero 2 za sima ivanze ku gipimo cy’umufuka 1 ku ngorofani 4 z’umucanga n’ibiro bibiri (2kg) bya idorofije (hydrofuge) ; naho indiba ikoze muri beto (beton), hejuru ku kunta, no ku gakuta ko hagati biterwaho sima y’umubyimba wa 5mm ivanze ku gipimo cy’umufuka 1 ku ngorofani 2.5 z’umucanga n’ibiro bibiri(2kg) bya idorofije (hydrofuge).
Mu gihe cyo kubaka, amabuye agomba kubobezwa mbere y’uko akoreshwa, inkuta zubatswe zigomba kuvomererwa neza mu gihe cy’iminsi ine nyuma yo kubakwa.
Igihe bishobotse agahagarika-myanda gashobora gupfundikirwa n’imipfundikizo ikozwe na ferabeto (fer à béton) zinyuranamo (grillage), cyangwa se kakubakirwa uruzitiro kugira ngo amatungo n’abana batazagwamo igihe kuzuye amazi.
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Ifoto 3 : Agahagarika-myanda
4. Kubaka umwobo ufata amazi
a. Gukuraho ibyatsi no gusiza ikibanzaImirimo yo guharura ibyatsi no gusiza ikibanza ikorwa n’abantu bifashishije ibikoresho bisanzwe nk’amasuka, amapiki, ingorofani n’ibindi. Ingorofani ni igikoresho cy’ingenzi cyane mu gutwara itaka ryaharuwe ndetse n’iryacukuwe.
b. Gucukura icyobo gifata amaziImirimo yo gucukura icyobo ikorwa n’abantu bifashishije ibikoresho bisanzwe nk’amasuka, amapiki, ingorofani n’ibindi. Umwobo ucukurwa hagendewe ku bushobozi bugambiriwe mu gufata amazi, ni ukuvuga120m3, 250m3 cyangwa se 480 m3.
Ubutaka bwacukuwe bunyanyagizwa hafi y’ahubakwa umwobo ufata amazi, ibyo bigakorwa hirindwa kwangiza imirima yegereye hafi aho, cyangwa se hirindwa ko isuri yazatembana ubwo butaka ibushyira muri icyo cyobo gifata amazi y’mvura.
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c. Gushyira ihema rya HPDE mu mwobo wacukuwe
Ihema rya HPDE rishyirwa mu cyobo ni ihema ryirabura, rigomba kuba rikomeye ku buryo ryabasha kumara byibuze imyaka 15 ritarasaza. Rigomba kuba rifite umubyimba uri hagati ya milimetero 0.8mm na 1mm. Mbere yo gushyira ihema mu cyobo, ubutaka bw’impande enye zose z’icyobo hamwe n’indiba yacyo bugomba kuba bukomeye kandi butunganyije (busennye) ku buryo buringanira. Imirimo yo gushyira ihema mu cyobo ikorwa n’abantu 10. Ihema risaswa neza kuri ya ndiba na za mpande enye by’icyobo, ibi bigakorwa rikururwa ku mpande zombi kugira ngo rijye mu mwobo riringaniye neza. Nyuma yo kurisasa mu mwobo, inkengero z’ihema ziratabwa ku mpande enye zose z’urugara rw’icyobo kugira ngo ihema rifatwe n’ubutaka. Ingano y’ihema iterwa n’ingano y’amazi agambiriwe gufatwa, aho 120m3 zifatwa n’ihema rya 14mx15m ni ukuvuga 210m2; 250m3 zigafatwa n’ihema rya 16mx16m ni ukuvuga 256m2; naho 480m3zigafatwa na 21mX21m ni ukuvuga ihema rya 441m2.
Ifoto 4: ihema rishyirwa ku ndiba n’impande enye z’icyobo
6. Ipompo ya nyonganyonga (treadle pump)Ipompo ya yonganyonga ni ipompo ikoreshwa n’imbaraga za muntu, aho yifashisha amaguru anyonga maze igatanga imbaraga zikurura amazi ziyavana ahantu hasi (mu cyobo gifata amazi) ziyajyana mu murima cyangwa mu kigega giherereye ahirengeye hifashishijwe uruhombo. Iyi pompo iba ifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura litiro 1.3 ku isegonda, ikaba ishobora kugeza amazi ku bujyejuru bwa metero 6 mu gihe ahantu hahanamye, cyangwa se ku ntera ya metero 200 mu gihe ahantu hatambitse.
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Ifoto 6: ipompo ya nyonganyonga
7. Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kuhira imyakaUburyo bwo kuhira imyaka hafi y’icyobo gifata amazi y’ imvura bushobora gukorwa mu buryo bubiri ; aho kuhira imyaka bishobora guhita bikorwa ako kanya cyangwa se bigakorwa amazi abanje kunyuzwa mu kigega gito.
Kuhira by’ako kanya bikorwa hifashishijwe ipompo ya nyonganyonga, aho iyi pompo ikurura amazi mu cyobo, maze ya mazi akoherezwa mu murima hifashishijwe uruhombo ruvomerera (horse pipe). Ubu buryo bwo kuhira bukorwa n’abantu babiri, ukoresha ipompo anyonganyonga n’uwuhira akoresheje uruhombo ruvomerera.
Uburyo bwa kabiri bwo kuhira bukorwa ipompo ya nyonganyoga ikurura amazi mu cyobo, ikayohereza mu kagega gato kaba kubakiye ku musingi w’ubuhagarike bwa 1.5m, bityo amazi akava muri ako kagega yerekeza mu murima hakoreshejwe uruhombo ruvomerera(horse pipe). Ubu buryo bwo kuhira bukorwa n’umuntu umwe, aho abanza agapompa amazi ayohereza mu kagega yarangiza agafungura igifunguzo kirekura amazi ku kigega (vanes) maze akuhira imyaka akoresheje uruhombo ruvomerera (horse pipe).
Akagega gakunze gukoreshwa ni akagega ka pulasitiki kubakirwa hafi y’icyobo gifata amazi, kakubakwa ahantu hirengeye kugira ngo kazabashe kohereza amazi mu murima ku buryo bworoshye. Aka kagega kubakwa ku musingi w’amabuye ufite metero 1 y’umurambararo.
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Ifoto 7 :Uruhombo ruvomerera (horse pipe)
IV. UBURYO BWO GUFATA NEZA ICYOBO GIFATA AMAZI Y’IMVURA
1. Ni ngombwa kwita ku isuku y’amazi no kwirinda impanuka zishobora kuba ku bantu n’inyamaswa hirindwa ko buri wese avogera icyobo, hakingwa urugi ruri ku ruzitiro rw’icyobo kandi buri gihe;
2. Ni byiza ko habaho umuntu umwe ushinzwe gukoresha ibikoresho byo kuhira (ipompo n’ibindi) mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko byakoreshwa na benshi bikangirika vuba;
3. Imirimo yo gusukura no gusana icyobo igomba guhora ikorwa ku buryo buhoraho, cyane cyane mbere y’igihe cy’imvura;
Icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura gifite umwihariko wo kuba gifata amazi atemba ku gasozi bitagombeye ko aturuka ku bisenge by’amazu nk’uko bigenda ku bindi bigega by’amazi. Iki cyobo gifata amazi menshi cyane bityo kikagira uruhare mu kuyabuza guteza isuri, inkangu, imyuzure n’ibindi biza, ahubwo agahinduka igisubizo ku bahinzi borozi mu gihe cy’izuba.
Ugereranije ubwinshi bw’ingano y’amazi iki cyobo gifata, uguhenduka kw’ibikoresho bikigize na tekiniki isabwa mu kucyubaka, uburyo ibisabwa mu kucyitaho byoroshye kubibona no kubikora, usanga iki cyobo ari bumwe mu buryo buhendutse cyane bwo gufata amazi y’imvura.
VII. IGICIRO CY’ICYOBO GIFATA AMAZI Y’IMVURA
Igiciro cy’icyobo gifata amazi y’imvura giterwa n’ingano y’icyo cyobo ndetse n’ibiciro biba bigezweho ku isoko ry’ubwubatsi haba mu bikoresho cyangwa se ku bubatsi (abafundi n’abayede). Tugereranyije, icyobo gifata amazi cya 120m3 gishobora kubakwa ku mafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni eshatu n’ibihumbi ijana (3,100,000 Rwf), icyobo cya 250m3 gishobora kubakwa ku ku mafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni eshatu n’ibihumbi magana ane (3,400,000), n’ icyobo cya 480m3 gishobora kubakwa ku mafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni enye n’ibihumbi magana atatu (4,300,000 Rwf)
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ABAGENERWABIKORWA BA UNICOOPAGI BAVOMERA UMURIMA W’ INGANO MU MUDUGUDU WA NYARUGETI, AKAGARI KA
NYAMIGINA, UMURENGE WA TARE, AKARERE KA NYAMAGABE
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Trócaire ni umuryango Gaturika wo muri Ireland uharanira iterambere hirya no hino ku IsiCharity No. CHY5883 (ROI) / XR10431 (NI)