KTH Energy Consumption Central Europe 2014

1

KTH Byggvetenskap

Energy situation in central Europe

By

Galyna Venzhego Tord af Klintberg Folke Bjoumlrk

2

1 Summary

This study highlights energy consumption in 10 countries in central Europe and compares this with

the context of Sweden Some facts may be highlighted

The total primary energy consumption in Sweden per capita is 2 to 4 times higher than for any

of the central Europe countries in the study

It can be noted that about 26 of the final energy use in EU-28 is related to the households

In Sweden the share is about 40 which may be explained both by climate and rather big

apartment space per capita in Sweden

Taxes on gas in Sweden are 10 - 20 times higher compared with the other countries

considered This high tax policy on gas especially is probably one reason for the transition to

use of biofuels and also waste for heating It is also one factor motivating for making

buildings energy efficient

There are differences in type of energy sources for the countries which is related to both

economic and political factors However all the countries except Sweden are deeply

dependent on fossil fuels in the residential sector such as natural gas for their residential

sector The origin of the electrical power is not clearly shown in the data available but many

central European countries relies on fossil fuels for the electrical power plants which makes

this dependence even bigger

When it comes to energy consumption in district heating Sweden and Estonia are the biggest

consumers

By comparing the number of citizens served by district heating (line 8 in the table in

Appendix 2) with floor space per person it can be noted that for the same amount of energy a

Swedish household serves an apartment twice as big as the household in Estonia

Sweden consumes 6 koesqm this is only a third of the consumption in Romania and only

half of the consumption in most of the other countries in the study Still Romania has the

same amount of Heating Degree Days as Denmark and Germany

When citizens in Ukraine install additional thermal insulation outside their own part of the

facade on an apartment building this exhibits a will to have warmer interior climate improve

the technical statue of the building and also to reduce energy consumption

CO2-emissions per capita in residential sector are considerable lower in Sweden comparing

to other countries in this report despite colder climate and larger apartments This is due to

hydro and nuclear powered electricity but also to heat production by alternative fuels

The data compiled in this study shows the big dependence on fossil fuels such as coal oil and gas in

central Europe It also shows that Sweden has experience and knowledge about energy saving and

that Sweden can contribute to a process of more efficient use of energy and a transition towards use

of renewable resources

In this context the universities and technical high schools may play an important role These

institutions work in the educationalresearch fields but they are also excellent meeting places if you

would get in serious contact with rest of society in each country Therefore technical high school as

KTH should play an important role of the coming energy transition of central Europe KTH has

already built a network to different high school in the considered countries aiming at organization in

each country as real estate companies communes energy companies etc

The energy transition of central Europe is also a big possibility for Swedish export Sweden has

knowledge and there are customers in central Europe

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2 Content

Summaryhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Contenthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Introduction and European Union objectiveshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Methods helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Climate helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Energy taxes and prices helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Energy consumptionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

CO2 Emissions from fuel combustion in residential sectorhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Example of insulation in Ukrainehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Conclusions helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

References helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix 1 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix 2 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix 3 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix 4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Appendix 5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

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3 Introduction and European Union objectives

According to the European Union objectives 20-20-20 by the 2020 the energy consumption

of primary energy have to be reduced by 20 and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20 In

the same time the energy consumption produced from renewable resources have to be increased to

20 comparing with year 2005

There is a special need to perform energy saving matters in central Europe both regarding the

CO2-emissions and the dependence of oil and gas The environmental matter could be compared with

the Swedish situation during the 20th century when most of the heating was performed in small

stoves and with fossil fuels often oil The housing sector in Sweden has during the last 20 years

succeeded in saving energy and the energy consumption per square meter is now heading down

Sweden has also managed to move the heating of apartment buildings to district heating system

fueled by biomass garbage and waste heat Only a small fuel fraction comes now from fossil fuels

such as coal and oil The small houses in Sweden are mostly heated by ground source heat pumps or

by modern biomass pellet stoves

This report presents an overview and comparative analysis of energy consumption in the

residential sector for the countries of Europe such as Bulgaria (BG) Estonia EE Croatia (HR)

Hungary (HU) Lithuania (LT) Latvia (LV) Romania (RO) Slovenia (Sl) Slovakia (SK) Sweden

(SE) and Ukraine (Ukr) Aim of this work is to make the review of the energy consumption of

residential buildings in particular the energy consumption for heating

4 Methods

The comparative analyses of energy consumption in residential sectors were made on the base

of

Balance tables that are available on the websites of International Energy Agency (IEA) France

httpwwwieaorgstatistics

The base of statistical data that is available on the website of the US Energy Information

Administration (EIA) Washingtonhttpwwweiagovcountries

Statistical information for district heating from EUROHEAT amp POWER Association

BelgiumhttpwwweuroheatorgComparison-164aspx

Information on prices for electricity and gas was getting from Eurostat ndash statistical office of the

European Unionhttpeppeurostateceuropaeu

International Energy Agency publishes comparable statistics of OECD and non- OECD countries

OECD is the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

Data from the considered countries non-OECD countries isBulgaria Croatia Latvia Lithuania

Romania and Ukraine

This review was prepared also accounting main principals used in IEA reports [1-6 8 10] reports of

European Commission [7] and other institutions [9]

41 Definitions

Energy balance ndash is a presentation of the annual energy flows in each country showing

production trade transformation and consumption of energy products The unit of account adopted by the IEA is the ton of oil equivalent (toe) which is defined as 107 kilocalories (41868 gigajoules)

5

The energy balance presents an overall view of the energy supplies of the country and consists

from three parts

1 - flows representing energy entering and leaving the national territory as well as stock

change to provide information on supply of energy on the national territory during the reference

period

2 ndash Flows showing how energy is transformed transferred used by energy industries and lost

in distribution and transmission

3 ndash Flows reflecting final energy consumption and non-energy use of energy products

All tables of the energy balance for selected countries are also represented in Appendix 1

Final energy consumption in residential sector refers to the energy that is supplied to the

consumer for all final energy uses such as heating cooling lighting and electrical appliances

Primary energy consumption is the direct use of energy at the source or the crude energy

supplied to the user which has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process

GDP ndash Gross domestic product is an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the

gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes and minus

any subsidies on products not included in the value of their outputs)1

5 Climate

European countries which are considered in the report have different climates Calculations of

country energy need for heating carry out accounting Heating Degree Days1 Heating Degree Days

indicate the temporal temperature difference between the average daily outdoor temperature and

assumed indoor temperature Eurostat calculates Heating Degree Days as (18 degC - Tmean)days

Where Tmean is the mean daily outdoor temperature calculated as Tmean = (Tmin + Tmax ) 2 If Tmean is

lower than 15 degC (heating threshold) and are zero if Tmean is greater than or equal 15 degC

Hereby Heating Degree Days for considered countries varies from 1500 in Croatia to 7000 in

northern Sweden For comparative analysis of energy consumption for heating it is important to take

in account the climate condition (Figure 1) of each country

1 ldquodefined by OECDrdquo httpstatsoecdorgglossarydetailaspID=1163