KS-DK-12-001-EN

ISSN 1725-4566

Pocketbooks

Energy, transport and environment indicators

2012 edition

Pocketbooks


2012 edition

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More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-26596-9 ISSN 1725-4566 doi:10.2785/19616 Cat. No KS-DK-12-001-EN-C Theme: Environment and energy Collection: Pocketbooks European Union, 2012 Reproduction of content other than photos is authorised, provided that the source is acknowledged. Photo credits: Cover: Shutterstock; Chapter 1: Shutterstock/Dr Flash; Chapters 2 to 4: European Union Reproduction of photos is allowed for non-commercial purposes and within the sole context of this publication.

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Introduction

IntroductionThe 2012 edition presents facts and figures from the Energy, Transport and Environment sectors, all in a single volume. With a view of the growing global political importance of issues such as climate change and energy security, the three sectors have become increasingly interconnected. This creates the need for a comprehensive approach, comprising reliable and comparable statistical data, necessary for the better understanding of the complexity of the issues, for sound policy-making and the setting of effective measures. The indicators present national data for the 27 EU Member States, the EFTA and candidate countries. When available, the EU-27 aggregate is also provided. Data are generally available for the period between 2000 and 2010; transport mainly between 2005 and 2010. In the energy chapter, the main data sources are: reporting under Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Energy Statistics and Directive 2008/92/EC concerning transparency of gas and electricity prices. In the transport chapter, the most important data sources are: reporting under the EU legal acts on transport statistics and the Eurostat/UNECE/ITF Common Questionnaire. Regarding environment, data on waste derive from reporting under Regulation 2150/2002 on waste statistics and data on water are collected in cooperation with the OECD by means of a Joint Questionnaire. Environmental accounts are collected by Eurostat and emissions data are taken from the European Environment Agency. The report State of Europes Forests 2011 is the source of data on forest area and wood harvest by ownership whereas imports of wood and wood products come from Eurostat. Data on bird indicators are provided by the European Bird Census Council/The Royal Society for Protection of Birds/ BirdLife International/ Statistics Netherlands. General data offer a first macroscopic overview of the main characteristics of the EU and its position with regard to the main economies worldwide. Energy indicators include supply, final consumption, renewable sources, and the structure of the industry; energy dependency, energy efficiency, and energy prices. The new Directive on renewable energy sources (1), integral part of the Energy Package, defines the share of these sources in gross final energy consumption. This publication presents data on certain indicators, for example biofuels, relevant for the policy on the promotion of renewable energy. Energy prices are presented in accordance with the new methodology. Transport indicators cover equipment, volume of passengers and freight transport, modes of transport and road safety. The Environment chapter includes indicators on climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, waste generation and treatment, water resources, abstraction and use, wastewater treatment, forestry and biodiversity and relevant financial indicators such as environmental protection expenditure and environmental taxes. For detailed data please check: Free data available on the Eurostat website at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat European Environment Agency (EEA) website at http://eea.europa.eu(1) Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (2009/28/EC).


3

Acknowledgements

Project management:Roeland Mertens, Eurostat

For further information: Energy indicators:Roeland Mertens

Transport indicators:Hans Strelow Hubertus Cloodt

Environment indicators:Evangelia Ford-Alexandraki: coordinator Waste Lene Bochaton, Christian Heidorn Forestry and biodiversity Marilise Wolf-Crowther, Csaba Mozes Water Jrgen Frster

Environmental accounts and climate change:Annamaria Szirony: coordinator Greenhouse gas emissions David Biddle, Stephan Moll Material flow accounts Cristina Popescu, Stephan Moll Environmental taxes Stela Stamatova Environmental protection expenditure Annamaria Szirony

Publication management:Stavroula Papagianni and Philip Siakkis, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving

Original language:English

Translations:European Commission Translation Service

4


Table of contents

Table of contentsIntroduction 1 General Data1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 Basic figures Area and population worldwide GDP, GDP share in the world, GDP per head in PPP worldwide Trade in goods worldwide 3

20 22 24

22.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4

Energy indicatorsEnergy dependency Energy dependency all products Energy dependency hard coal and derivatives Energy dependency oil Energy dependency natural gas 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 905

2.2 Energy intensity 2.2.1 Energy intensity 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 Energy supply Primary energy production, by fuel Gross inland consumption, by fuel Imports of energy products, by country of origin Net imports of solid fuels and oil Net imports of natural gas Net imports of electricity Final energy consumption Final energy consumption, by sector Final energy consumption, by industrial sector Final energy consumption in industry, by fuel Final energy consumption by mode of transpor Final energy consumption in transport, by fuel Final energy consumption in households, by fuel Energy industry Installed capacity of electricity generation plants, by type Power station generation, by type Thermal efficiency of power stations Combined heat and power generation Market share of the largest generator in the electricity market Renewable energy sources Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption Installed capacity for electricity generation from renewables Electricity from renewables in total electricity consumption Biofuels production capacity Primary production of biofuels Share of biofuels in fuel consumption of transport

2.7 Energy efficiency 2.7.1 Gross inland consumption per capita 2.7.2 Final electricity consumption per capita 2.8 Energy prices 2.8.1 Electricity prices in households and industry 2.8.2 Natural gas prices in households and industry Energy, transport and environment indicators

Table of contents

33.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6

Transport indicatorsTransport equipment Motorisation rate of passenger cars Passenger cars, by fuel type Renewal rate of passenger cars Motorisation rate of lorries and road tractors Renewal rate of lorries and road tractors Airfleet by operator country 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136

3.2 Vehicle-kilometres 3.2.1 Road traffic volumes on national territory, by type of vehicle 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 3.3.9 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 Freight transport Index of inland freight transport volume relative to GDP Index of inland freight transport growth Modal split of inland freight transport Goods freight transport by rail Goods freight transport by road Goods freight transport by inland waterways Goods freight transport by sea Goods freight transport by air Goods freight transport by oil pipelines Passenger transport Passenger transport by rail Passenger transport by passenger cars Passenger transport by buses and coaches Passenger transport by air Passenger transport by sea

3.5 Transport safety 3.5.1 Persons killed in road accidents

44.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4

Environment indicatorsGreenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions and agreed reduction targets Greenhouse gas emissions, breakdown by inventory sector Carbon (CO2) intensity of energy use Greenhouse gas emissions from a consumption perspective per capita 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158

4.2. Material flow accounts 4.2.1 Domestic material consumption by material 4.2.2 Total imports and exports of materials in the EU-27 4.2.3 Total imports and exports, by stage of manufacturing 4.2.4 Domestic material input and domestic material consumption per capita 4.2.5 Raw material input and raw material consumption per capita 4.3 Waste 4.3.1 Total waste generated (hazardous, non-hazardous)

6


Table of contents

4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11 4.3.12 4.4. 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3

Waste generation by economic activity Total non-mineral waste generation Waste management Municipal waste generated per inhabitant Energy production from municipal waste incineration Greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment Recovery and recycling rate of packaging waste Recovery and recycling rate for end-of-life vehicles Waste shipment hazardous waste Production of environmentally harmful chemicals Production of toxic chemicals, by toxicity class Forestry and biodiversity Forest area by ownership and average size of holdings Wood harvest by ownership Imports of FLEGT-licensed wood products to the EU-27 EU common bird indicators National and EU farmland bird indicators

160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220

Water Total abstraction of fresh water Total abstraction of fresh water per capita, by source Use of water from public and self supply by the domestic sector (households and services) per capita 4.5.4 Self supply water use for energy production (cooling water only) 4.5.5 Population connected to at least secondary wastewater treatment 4.6 Environmental taxes 4.6.1 Environmental tax revenue by type as % of GDP 4.6.2 Environmental tax revenue by type as % of taxes and social contributions 4.6.3 Energy taxes by economic activity 4.6.4 Transport taxes by economic activity 4.6.5 Implicit tax rate on energy 4.7 Environmental protection expenditure 4.7.1 Environmental protection expenditure in the European Union 4.7.2 Environmental protection expenditure by environmental domain 4.7.3 Environmental protection expenditure by sector 4.7.4 Environmental protection investment and current expenditure by sector 4.7.5 Environmental protection expenditure by industry sub-sector

Annex A: Glossary of terms used in the energy section Annex B: Terms and methodology used in the transport section Annex C: Glossary of terms used in the environment section Annex D: Calorific values and conversion factors

222 225 226 233


7

Table des matires

Table des matiresIntroduction 1 Donnes gnrales1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 3

Chiffres de base Superficie et population, au niveau mondial 20 PIB, part du PIB mondial, PIB par habitant en PPA, au niveau mondial 22 Commerce de biens, au niveau mondial 24

22.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2

Indicateurs de l'nergieDpendance nergtique Dpendance nergtique tous produits Dpendance nergtique houille et drivs Dpendance nergtique ptrole Dpendance nergtique gaz naturel Intensit nergtique Intensit nergtique Approvisionnement nergtique Production d'nergie primaire, par combustible Consommation intrieure brute, par combustible Importations de produits nergtiques, par pays d'origine Importations nettes de combustibles solides et de ptrole Importations nettes de gaz naturel Importations nettes d'lectricit Consommation nergtique finale Consommation nergtique finale, par secteur Consommation nergtique finale, par secteur industriel Consommation nergtique finale dans l'industrie, par combustible Consommation nergtique finale, par mode de transport Consommation nergtique finale dans les transports, par combustible Consommation nergtique finale des mnages, par combustible Industrie nergtique Capacit installe de production d'lectricit, par type Production des centrales lectriques, par type Rendement thermique des centrales lectriques Production combine de chaleur et d'lectricit Part de march du plus grand producteur d'lectricit Sources d'nergie renouvelables Part de l'nergie produite partir de sources renouvelables dans la consommation finale brute d'nergie Capacit installe de production d'lectricit partir de sources d'nergie renouvelables Part de l'lectricit produite partir de sources renouvelables dans la consommation totale d'lectricit Capacit de production de biocarburants Production primaire de biocarburants Part des biocarburants dans la consommation de carburant des transports Efficacit nergtique Consommation intrieure brute par habitant Consommation finale d'lectricit par habitant 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

8


Table des matires

2.8 Prix de l'nergie 2.8.1 Prix de l'lectricit pour les mnages et l'industrie 2.8.2 Prix du gaz naturel pour les mnages et l'industrie

88 90

33.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.2 3.2.1 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 3.3.9 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.5 3.5.1

Indicateurs des transportsMatriels de transport Taux de motorisation en vhicules particuliers Vhicules particuliers, par type de carburant Taux de renouvellement des vhicules particuliers Taux de motorisation en camions et tracteurs routiers Taux de renouvellement des camions et tracteurs routiers Flotte arienne, par pays oprateur Vhicules-kilomtres Volume de trafic routier sur le territoire national, par type de vhicule Transport de marchandises Indice de volume du transport intrieur de marchandises par rapport au PIB Indice de croissance du transport intrieur de marchandises Rpartition modale du transport intrieur de marchandises Transport de marchandises par rail Transport de marchandises par route Transport de marchandises par voies navigables intrieures Transport de marchandises par voie maritime Transport de marchandises par voie arienne Transport de marchandises par oloducs Transport de passagers Transport de passagers par rail Transport de passagers en vhicules particuliers Transport de passagers par autobus et autocars Transport arien de passagers Transport maritime de passagers Scurit des transports Nombre de personnes tues dans des accidents de la route 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136

44.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2. 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2

Indicateurs de l'environnementmissions de gaz effet de serre missions de gaz effet de serre et objectifs de rduction adopts missions de gaz effet de serre, ventiles par secteur d'inventaire Intensit en carbone (CO2) de la consommation nergtique missions de gaz effet de serre du point de vue de la consommation, par habitant Comptes des flux de matires Consommation intrieure de matires, par matire Importations et exportations totales de matires dans lUE-27 Importations et exportations totales, par stade de transformation Apport intrieur de matires et consommation intrieure de matires, par habitant Apport de matires premires et consommation de matires premires, par habitant Dchets Production totale de dchets (dangereux, non dangereux) Production de dchets, par activit conomique Energy, transport and environment indicators

140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 1609

Table des matires

Production totale de dchets non minraux 162 Gestion des dchets 164 Production de dchets municipaux, par habitant 166 Production dnergie partir de lincinration des dchets municipaux 168 4.3.7 missions de gaz effet de serre provenant du traitement des dchets 170 4.3.8 Taux de valorisation et de recyclage des dchets demballage 172 4.3.9 Taux de valorisation et de recyclage des vhicules hors dusage 174 4.3.10 Transfert de dchets dchets dangereux 176 4.3.11 Production de substances chimiques nocives pour lenvironnement 178 4.3.12 Production de substances chimiques toxiques, par classe de toxicit 180 4.4 Sylviculture et biodiversit 4.4.1 Zones forestires, par type de propritaire et taille moyenne de lexploitation 182 4.4.2 Rcolte des bois, par type de propritaire 184 4.4.3 Importations dans lUE-27 de produits drivs du bois couverts par une autorisation FLEGT 186 4.4.4 Indicateurs europens des espces doiseaux communs 188 4.4.5 Indicateurs nationaux et europens des espces doiseaux des milieux agricoles 190 4.5 Eau 4.5.1 Prlvements totaux deau douce 192 4.5.2 Prlvements totaux d'eau douce, par habitant et par source 194 4.5.3 Utilisation d'eau d'approvisionnement public et d'autoapprovisionnement par le secteur domestique (mnages et services), par habitant 196 4.5.4 Utilisation d'eau (auto approvisionnement) pour la production d'nergie (eau de refroidissement uniquement) 198 4.5.5 Population raccorde des systmes de traitement au moins secondaire des eaux rsiduaires 200 4.6 cotaxes 4.6.1 Revenu des cotaxes par type, en % du PIB 202 4.6.2 Revenu des cotaxes par type, en % du total des impts et cotisations sociales 204 4.6.3 Taxes sur lnergie, par activit conomique 206 4.6.4 Taxes sur les transports, par activit conomique 208 4.6.5 Taux d'imposition implicite de l'nergie 210 4.7 Dpenses de protection de l'environnement 4.7.1 Dpenses de protection de lenvironnement dans lUnion europenne 212 4.7.2 Dpenses de protection de l'environnement, par domaine environnemental 214 4.7.3 Dpenses de protection de lenvironnement, par secteur 216 4.7.4 Investissements et dpenses courantes pour la protection de lenvironnement, par secteur 218 4.7.5 Dpenses de protection de lenvironnement, par sous-secteur industriel 220 Annex A: Glossaire des termes utilises dans la section nergie Annex B: Section Transport termes et mthodologie Annex C: Glossaire des termes utilises dans la section environnement Annex D: Valeurs calorifiques et facteurs de conversion10 Energy, transport and environment indicators

4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6

222 225 226 233

Inhaltsverzeichnis

InhaltsverzeichnisEinfhrung 1 Allgemeine Daten1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 Eckdaten Flche und Bevlkerung weltweit BIP, BIP-Anteil am globalen BIP, BIP pro Kopf in KKP weltweit Weltweiter Warenverkehr 3

20 22 24

22.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2

EnergieindikatorenEnergieabhngigkeit Energieabhngigkeit alle Erzeugnisse Energieabhngigkeit Steinkohle und Nebenprodukte Energieabhngigkeit l Energieabhngigkeit Erdgas Energieintensitt Energieintensitt Energieversorgung Primrenergieerzeugung nach Brennstoff Bruttoinlandsverbrauch nach Brennstoff Einfuhren von Energieprodukten nach Ursprungsland Nettoeinfuhren von Festbrennstoffen und l Nettoeinfuhren von Erdgas Nettoeinfuhren von Strom Endenergieverbrauch Endenergieverbrauch nach Sektor Endenergieverbrauch nach Industriesektor Endenergieverbrauch der Industrie nach Brennstoff Endenergieverbrauch nach Verkehrszweig Endenergieverbrauch des Verkehrs nach Brennstoff Endenergieverbrauch von privaten Haushalten nach Brennstoff Energieindustrie Installierte Leistung von Stromerzeugungsanlagen nach Anlageart Erzeugung von Kraftwerken nach Anlageart Thermischer Wirkungsgrad von Kraftwerken Kraft-Wrme-Kopplung Anteil des grten Erzeugers am Strommarkt Erneuerbare Energiequellen Anteil erneuerbarer Energie am Bruttoendenergieverbrauch Installierte Leistung fr Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen Strom aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen Gesamtstromverbrauch Kapazitt der Biokraftstofferzeugung Primrerzeugung von Biokraftstoffen Anteil von Biokraftstoffen am Kraftstoffbrauch im Verkehr Energieeffizienz Bruttoinlandsverbrauch pro Kopf Stromendverbrauch pro Kopf Energiepreise Strompreise fr Haushalte und Industrie Erdgaspreise fr Haushalte und Industrie Energy, transport and environment indicators

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60

62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 9011

Inhaltsverzeichnis

33.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6

VerkehrsindikatorenFahrzeuge Motorisierungsgrad bei Personenkraftfahrzeugen 94 Personenkraftfahrzeuge nach Kraftstoffart 96 Erneuerungsrate bei Personenkraftfahrzeugen 98 Motorisierungsgrad bei Lastkraftwagen und Straenzugmaschinen 100 Erneuerungsrate bei Lastkraftwagen und Straenzugmaschinen 102 Flugzeugflotte nach Betreiberland 104

3.2 Fahrzeugkilometer 3.2.1 Straenverkehrsaufkommen im Hoheitsgebiet eines Staates nach Fahrzeugart 3.3 Gterverkehr 3.3.1 Index des innerstaatlichen Gterverkehrsvolumens im Verhltnis zum BIP 3.3.2 Index der Zunahme des innerstaatlichen Gterverkehrs 3.3.3 Aufteilung des innerstaatlichen Gterverkehrs auf die Verkehrszweige 3.3.4 Schienengterverkehr 3.3.5 Straengterverkehr 3.3.6 Gterverkehr der Binnenschifffahrt 3.3.7 Seegterverkehr 3.3.8 Gterluftverkehr 3.3.9 Gterverkehr mittels Erdlfernleitungen 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 Personenverkehr Schienenpersonenverkehr Personenverkehr mit Personenkraftfahrzeugen Personenverkehr mit Linien- und Reisebussen Personenluftverkehr Personenseeverkehr

106

108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136

3.5 Verkehrssicherheit 3.5.1 Straenverkehrstote

44.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.2. 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.212

UmweltindikatorenTreibhausgasemissionen Treibhausgasemissionen und vereinbarte Reduzierungsziele Treibhausgasemissionen, Untergliederung nach Inventarbereich CO2-Intensitt des Energieverbrauchs Treibhausgasemissionen aus der Perspektive des Verbrauchs pro Kopf Materialflussrechnungen Inlandsmaterialverbrauch nach Material Gesamtein- und ausfuhren von Material der EU-27 Gesamtein- und ausfuhren nach Verarbeitungsgrad Inlandsmaterialeinsatz und Inlandsmaterialverbrauch pro Kopf Rohstoffinput und Rohstoffverbrauch pro Kopf Abfall Abfallaufkommen insgesamt (gefhrlich/nicht gefhrlich) Abfallaufkommen nach WirtschaftszweigEnergy, transport and environment indicators

140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160

Inhaltsverzeichnis

4.3.3 Gesamterzeugung nichtmineralischer Abflle 162 4.3.4 Abfallbehandlung 164 4.3.5 Siedlungsabflle in kg je Einwohner 166 4.3.6 Energieerzeugung aus der Verbrennung von Siedlungsabfllen 168 4.3.7 Treibhausgasemissionen aus der Abfallbehandlung 170 4.3.8 Recycling- und Wiederverwertungsrate bei Verpackungsabfllen 172 4.3.9 Recycling- und Wiederverwertungsrate bei Altfahrzeugen 174 4.3.10 Verbringung gefhrlicher Abflle 176 4.3.11 Herstellung umweltschdlicher Chemikalien 178 4.3.12 Produktion toxischer Chemikalien nach Toxizittsklasse 180 4.4 Forstwirtschaft und Artenvielfalt 4.4.1 Waldflchen nach Besitzverhltnis und durchschnittlicher Besitzgre 4.4.2 Holzernte nach Besitzverhltnis 4.4.3 Einfuhren von Holzprodukten mit FLEGT-Genehmigung in die EU-27 4.4.4 Indikatoren weit verbreiteter Vogelarten in der EU 4.4.5 Nationale und EU-weite Feldvogelindikatoren Wasser Swasserentnahme insgesamt Swasserentnahme pro Kopf nach Quelle Verwendung von Wasser in privaten Haushalten (Haushalte und Dienstleistungsbetriebe) pro Kopf 4.5.4 Eigenverbrauch von Wasser zur Energieerzeugung (Khlwasser) 4.5.5 Bevlkerung mit Anschluss an eine Abwasserentsorgung mit zumindest einer Zweitbehandlungsstufe 4.6 Umweltsteuern 4.6.1 Umweltsteuereinnahmen nach Typ in % des BIP 4.6.2 Umweltsteuereinnahmen nach Typ in % der Steuern und Sozialabgaben 4.6.3 Energiesteuern nach Wirtschaftszweig 4.6.4 Verkehrssteuern nach Wirtschaftszweig 4.6.5 Implizierter Energiesteuersatz 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.4 Umweltschutzausgaben Umweltschutzausgaben in der Europischen Union Umweltschutzausgaben nach Umweltbereich Umweltschutzausgaben nach Bereich Umweltschutzinvestitionen und laufende Ausgaben nach Bereich 4.7.5 Umweltschutzausgaben nach Bereich der Industrie 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3

182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220

Anhang A: Glossar der in den Energiekapiteln verwendeten Begriffe Anhang B: Verkehr: Begriffe und Methodik Anhang C: Glossar der in den Umweltkapiteln verwendeten Begriffe Anhang D: Heizwerte und Umrechnungsfaktoren Energy, transport and environment indicators

222 225 226 23313

Symbols and abbreviations

Symbols and abbreviationsSymbols: 0 % 1234 c No data available Figure less than half of the unit used Not applicable or real zero or zero by default Percentage Estimates are printed in italic Confidential

14



Units of measurementECU EUR GJ GW GWh ha kg kgoe km km2 ktoe kWh m3 mio Mt Mtoe MW PJ pkm tkm t toe TWh vkm European currency unit, data up to 31.12.1998 Euro, data from 1.1.1999 on Giga Joule Giga Watt Gigawatt hour Hectare Kilogram Kilograms of oil equivalent Kilometre Square kilometre Thousand tonnes of oil equivalent Kilo Watt hour Cubic metre illion (106) Million tonnes illion tonnes of oil equivalent Mega Watt Peta Joule Passenger-kilometre Tonne-kilometre Tonne Tonne of oil equivalent Terawatt hour Vehicle-kilometre


15

1


AbbreviationsCARE CH4 CHP CMR CO2 DEU DMC DMI EBCC ECE EEA EPE FAWS FEC FLEGT GDP GHG GIC GNI GVA GWP IEA IPCC ITF NACE N2O OECD OJ OPEC OWL PPP RES RMC RME RMI RSPB UIC UN UNECE UNFCCC VPA Community Road Accident Database Methane Combined heat and power Carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic Carbon dioxide Domestic Extraction Used Domestic Material Consumption Direct Material Input European Bird Census Council United Nations Economic Commission for Europe European Environment Agency Environmental protection expenditure Forests available for wood supply Final Energy Consumption Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Gross Domestic Product Greenhouse gases Gross Inland Consumption Gross National Income Gross Value Added Global warming potential International Energy Agency Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Transport Forum Statistical Classification of economic activities in the European Community Nitrous oxide Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Official Journal of the European Union Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Other wooded land Purchasing Power Parity Renewable Energy Sources Raw Material Consumption Raw Material Equivalents Raw Material Input The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Union International des Chemins de fer United Nations United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Voluntary Partnership Agreements

16


Abbreviations of countries

Abbreviations of countriesEU-27 The 27 Member States of the European Union from 1 January 2007 (BE, BG, CZ, DK, DE, EE, IE, EL, ES, FR, IT, CY, LV, LT, LU, HU, MT, NL, AT, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, FI, SE, UK) The 15 Member States of the European Union from 1 January 1995 to 30 April 2004 (BE, DK, DE, IE, EL, ES, FR, IT, LU, NL, AT, PT, FI, SE, UK) European Free Trade Association Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Serbia Turkey

EU-15

EFTA BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS(1) LI NO CH ME HR MK(2) RS TR

(1) Also a candidate country. (2) Provisional code which does not prejudge in any way the definitive nomenclature for this country, which will be agreed following the conclusion of negotiations currently taking place on this subject at the United Nations.


17

General Data

1

General DataTable 1.1.1: Area and population worldwide, 2010Land area (1 000 km2) EU-27 China Japan Russia United States World 4 304 9 597 378 17 098 9 629 136 127 Population (thousand) 501 104 1 341 335 126 536 142 958 310 384 6 895 889 Population density (inhabitants/km2) 116 140 335 8 32 51

Source: Population: World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision United Nations Population Division; EU-27: Eurostat (online data code: demo_pjan), Land area: United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2009-2010; EU-27: Eurostat The EU in the world - A statistical portrait

20


General DataFigure 1.1.1: Population index worldwide (1995 = 100)125

1

120

115

110

105

100

95

90 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

EU-27 United States Japan

World China Russian Federation

Source: EU-27: Eurostat (online data code: demo_pjan); World Population Prospects The 2010 Revision United Nations Population Division

In 2010, the world population was 6 896 million. China was the most populous country with 1 341 million inhabitants. EUs population reached 501 million, while the population of the United States was 310 million and Russia and Japan followed at some distance with 143 and 127 million inhabitants respectively. Compared to 1995, in 2010 the world population presented a 20 % increase. At country level, the population in the United States increased by 17 %, in China by 10 %, while in the EU-27 the increase was 5 % and in Japan 2 %. In Russia between 1995 and 2010 the population fell by 4 %. In terms of population density, Japan presented a very high density (335 inhabitants/km2 in 2010). High densities were also recorded in China (140) and the EU (116). World density was 51 inhabitants/km2. The United States and Russia presented densities below the world average (32 and 8 respectively).


21

1

General DataTable 1.1.2: GDP, GDP share in the world, GDP per head in PPP worldwide, 2011GDP at current prices (million US $) EU-27 China Japan Russia United States WorldSource: The World Bank

Share of world GDP (%) 25.1 10.4 8.4 2.7 21.6 100.0

GNI per capita in PPP (world = 100) 283.0 72.8 306.8 173.2 422.4 100.0

17 552 216 7 298 097 5 867 154 1 857 770 15 094 000 69 971 508

22


General DataFigure 1.1.2: GDP (1995 = 100)1 040

1

840

640

440

240

40 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

EU-27 Russian Federation United StatesSource: The World Bank

China World Japan

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the EU-27 amounted to 17 552 billion $ in 2011, a 25.1 % share of world GDP. The United States made up 21.6 % of world GDP, followed by China (10.4 %), Japan (8.4 %) and Russia (2.7 %). Compared to 1995, all major economies increased their GDPs in 2011. China presented a tenfold increase over this period and Russia followed with an almost fivefold increase. Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of gross primary incomes receivable by resident institutional units/sectors. Therefore, it is GDP less primary income payable to non-residents plus primary income receivable from non-residents. With the use of GNI per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) the relative position of individual countries can be expressed through a comparison with the world value (100). The highest value among the major world economies was recorded for the United States of America (422.4 compared to world average), followed by Japan (306.8), EU-27 (283.0) and Russia (173.2); while for China it was 72.8. Real GDP growth, between 2008 and 2009, recorded declines in all major economies, except for China, which presented a 9.1 % increase.


23

1

24Imports 2010 1 530 844 26 103 107 802 74 937 - 665 526 114 737 114 204 - 520 018 63 560 58 248 81 988 138 790 111 346 : 138 845 - 562 396 1 713 544 - 142 955 - 125 649 -174 160 - 159 621 2011 2000 2005 2010 2011 Net exports

Table 1.1.3: Trade in goods worldwide (million EUR)

Exports

General Data

2000

2005

2010

2011

2000

2005

EU-27

849 740

1 057 561

1 356 684

1 553 923

992 695

1 183 210

China 522 456 187 599 204 552 :

269 813

612 454

1 190 460

1 363 785

243 710

530 466 1 051 670 1 252 439

Japan

518 914

478 210

580 704

:

411 112

414 650

Russia

111 619

194 077

301 803

343 397

36 682

79 340

United States

844 869

726 903

963 347

1 063 025 1 362 129 1 392 429 1 483 365 1 625 421 - 517 260


Source: Eurostat (online data code: ext_lt_introle)

General DataFigure 1.1.3: Net exports, 2010 (billion EUR)

1

EU-27

China

Japan

Russia

United States- 600 - 500 - 400 - 300 - 200 - 100 0 100 200

Source: Eurostat (online data code: ext_lt_introle)

In 2011, the EU-27 presented the highest absolute values of imports (1 714 billion EUR) and exports (1 554). As far as net exports (exports minus imports) are concerned, in 2011 the net exporting countries were Russia (139 billion EUR), China (111) and Japan (58 in 2010), while the United States and the EU-27 were net importers with 562 and 160 billion EUR respectively. For the period between 2000 and 2011, all countries presented increased exports and imports. The highest increases in exports were recorded in China (fivefold) and Russia (threefold); while in imports the highest increase was recorded in Russia (sixfold), followed by China (fivefold).


25

Energy indicators


27

2

EnergyTable 2.1.1: Energy dependency all products (%)2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 46.7 78.1 46.5 23.0 - 35.3 59.5 32.0 84.4 69.5 76.6 51.5 86.5 98.6 59.7 59.8 99.6 55.2 100.3 38.7 65.6 10.6 84.9 22.0 52.6 65.0 55.3 39.2 - 17.0 : - 731.0 53.2 : 53.1 40.5 : 66.3 2006 53.7 79.7 46.2 27.8 - 35.9 60.7 28.5 90.5 71.8 81.2 51.5 87.0 102.5 65.7 62.4 98.2 62.7 100.0 37.4 72.4 20.0 83.0 29.2 52.1 63.9 53.8 37.8 21.2 : - 664.8 57.0 : 54.0 45.0 : 72.6 2007 53.0 77.1 51.3 25.0 - 24.7 58.1 23.8 87.9 71.2 79.6 50.4 85.1 95.9 61.5 61.3 96.7 61.3 100.0 38.9 68.9 25.6 82.0 31.5 52.5 68.4 53.1 36.3 20.4 : - 654.4 52.3 : 56.6 48.0 : 74.4 2008 54.6 79.9 52.1 27.9 - 22.9 60.5 24.0 89.5 73.3 81.3 50.8 85.3 97.6 57.9 58.2 97.5 63.4 100.0 34.4 68.9 30.6 82.8 27.7 55.1 64.6 54.2 37.9 26.2 : - 612.3 54.9 : 60.0 46.2 : 72.2 2009 53.7 74.3 45.3 27.0 - 20.6 61.5 21.2 87.6 67.8 79.3 51.0 82.7 96.4 58.8 50.2 97.6 58.7 98.3 36.5 65.4 31.7 81.0 20.2 48.2 66.4 54.0 37.1 26.2 : - 639.1 55.4 : 51.1 44.8 : 70.4 2010 52.7 76.8 40.3 25.6 - 18.2 59.8 12.9 85.6 69.1 76.7 49.3 83.8 100.9 41.6 81.9 96.8 58.3 100.8 30.7 61.8 31.5 75.4 21.7 49.3 63.1 48.1 36.5 28.3 : - 517.4 54.2 : 52.2 43.7 : 69.3

Source: Eurostat (online data code: nrg_100a)

28


EnergyFigure 2.1.1: Energy dependency all products, 2010 (%)EU-27 Cyprus Malta Luxembourg Ireland Italy Lithuania Belgium Spain Portugal Greece Slovakia Austria Germany Hungary France Slovenia Finland Latvia Bulgaria Sweden Poland Netherlands United Kingdom Czech Republic Romania Estonia Denmark - 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2


Table 2.1.1a: Energy dependency all products, EU-27 (%)EU-27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 46.7 47.4 47.6 49.0 50.2 52.5 53.7 53.0 54.6 2009 2010 53.7 52.7


The quantities of fuels delivered to sea-going ships of all flags, including warships, are included. Negative dependency rate indicates a net exporter country. Positive values over 100 % indicate stocks build-up during the reference year.

EU-27 dependency on energy imports increased from 46.7 % in 2000 to 52.7 % in 2010, an increase of 6 percentage points. As a net exporter, Denmark was the only EU-27 Member State with a negative dependency rate in 2010 (- 18.2 %). Among the other Member States, the lowest dependency rates in 2010 were recorded in Estonia (12.9 %), Romania (21.7 %), the Czech Republic (25.6 %) and the United Kingdom (28.3 %). Between 2009 and 2010, the highest decreases in dependency rates were recorded in Latvia (41.6 % in 2010 from 58.8 % in 2009) and Estonia (12.9 % in 2010 from 21.2 % in 2009). On the contrary, Lithuania presented the highest increase with a dependency rate of 81.9 % in 2010 compared to 50.2 % in 2009.


29

2

EnergyTable 2.1.2: Energy dependency hard coal and derivatives (%)2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 43.2 91.0 100.3 - 61.6 94.9 44.4 125.0 91.6 105.8 66.0 87.1 104.7 102.0 84.3 101.6 100.0 97.4 101.9 91.9 - 37.0 102.9 94.4 100.5 103.5 97.7 105.3 39.6 : 57.1 138.2 : 111.8 91.7 : 89.3 2006 58.3 95.8 92.7 - 43.8 93.6 65.9 170.7 97.8 80.7 79.5 104.8 99.6 116.7 122.0 99.6 100.0 95.6 102.2 96.1 - 27.8 105.6 97.2 98.9 92.1 88.5 93.1 76.0 : - 126.2 105.6 : 109.5 100.0 : 89.1 2007 58.8 96.0 99.2 - 40.8 100.3 67.4 152.3 92.5 83.0 71.4 92.3 99.3 67.3 92.1 93.8 100.0 101.4 104.1 104.8 - 19.7 100.5 97.4 96.5 110.7 95.2 98.3 69.5 : - 192.9 120.6 : 101.9 99.7 : 91.4 2008 64.7 106.8 113.8 - 40.7 108.5 71.7 100.3 107.7 126.5 79.2 109.9 101.8 102.5 99.9 114.2 100.0 103.2 105.9 103.3 - 8.7 91.2 99.5 124.9 101.2 112.5 104.5 74.9 : - 175.2 94.6 : 112.7 114.1 : 88.7 2009 62.2 81.6 94.0 - 73.2 98.0 74.1 4.0 104.6 78.7 85.5 91.7 97.4 123.8 94.1 82.3 100.0 93.5 124.5 95.5 - 6.9 106.7 90.1 86.3 99.1 108.2 77.0 77.7 : - 202.1 113.0 : 89.3 72.7 : 91.3 2010 58.4 98.2 88.3 - 50.1 69.4 79.0 132.6 79.8 100.5 86.0 101.0 100.9 65.4 106.5 93.5 100.0 97.7 121.6 87.6 - 6.5 98.3 104.6 98.8 89.5 86.3 113.7 51.7 : - 42.3 80.5 : 102.5 125.4 : 82.9


30


EnergyFigure 2.1.2: Energy dependency hard coal and derivatives, 2010 (%)EU-27 Estonia Netherlands Sweden Latvia Romania France Italy Greece Luxembourg Slovenia Portugal Belgium Hungary Lithuania Slovakia Bulgaria Austria Finland Spain Ireland Germany Denmark Cyprus United Kingdom Poland Czech Republic - 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Source: Eurostat (online data code: nrg_101a)

2

Table 2.1.2a: Energy dependency hard coal and derivatives, EU-27 (%)EU-27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 43.2 48.2 48.0 50.1 54.6 56.4 58.3 58.8 64.7 2009 2010 62.2 58.4


Negative dependency rate indicates a net exporter country. Positive values over 100 % indicate stocks build-up during the reference year.

Between 2000 and 2008, EU-27 dependency on imported hard coal and derivatives grew from 43.2 % to 64.7 %. From 2008 to 2010, it presented a decrease of approximately 6 percentage points and it reached 58.4 % in 2010. The Czech Republic and Poland were the only net exporters of hard coal and derivatives among the EU Member States. In 2010, their dependency rates were - 50.1 % and - 6.5 % respectively. Among the net importers, in 2010 the lowest dependency rate was recorded in the United Kingdom (51.7 %). Between 2009 and 2010, Estonia presented a significant increase in its dependency (132.6 % in 2010 from 4 % in 2009).


31

2

EnergyTable 2.1.3: Energy dependency oil (%)2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 75.7 100.2 95.6 95.3 - 81.1 94.5 77.2 98.8 100.2 101.0 99.5 96.0 100.3 94.3 100.1 102.2 76.0 100.3 99.8 89.1 98.7 99.3 34.6 101.5 89.7 101.9 100.8 - 54.6 : - 1 551.2 96.3 : 61.2 97.1 : 93.3 2006 83.5 100.8 98.6 96.8 - 86.5 95.3 75.2 101.1 101.2 100.8 98.5 92.9 104.2 102.4 97.0 101.0 78.9 100.0 95.7 95.3 99.5 97.8 43.7 97.8 94.6 97.7 99.4 8.6 : 100.4 : 76.6 100.2 : 94.0 2007 82.4 97.4 100.0 96.2 - 66.4 94.0 73.0 97.0 100.9 99.7 97.8 92.0 98.6 98.1 94.4 98.8 82.3 100.0 92.4 91.4 104.4 98.8 51.2 98.9 90.4 96.3 99.1 1.9 : 97.4 : 81.6 96.6 : 96.4 2008 84.2 98.8 98.7 97.5 - 55.1 95.2 64.1 99.7 101.2 100.4 97.6 91.3 100.1 99.0 92.5 100.2 80.7 100.0 97.6 92.9 96.0 102.1 51.5 101.7 90.9 98.9 102.6 9.0 : - 811.1 100.5 : 84.2 97.4 : 93.4 2009 83.1 95.4 101.3 96.6 - 58.9 95.2 64.3 99.2 96.7 98.9 97.6 91.2 98.9 99.4 90.1 100.1 77.6 98.3 97.1 91.2 98.3 99.0 51.1 98.3 88.0 96.5 101.8 7.8 : - 852.9 100.7 : 77.8 106.5 : 90.9 2010 84.3 98.0 101.4 96.3 - 52.3 95.8 55.8 97.5 98.5 99.9 97.7 92.7 104.2 93.6 98.7 99.4 84.2 100.8 93.4 88.9 96.7 98.0 51.3 100.5 89.0 87.3 93.8 14.9 : - 622.9 99.9 : 80.6 97.8 : 92.4

- 972.9 - 1 021.7


32


EnergyFigure 2.1.3: Energy dependency oil, 2010 (%)EU-27 Cyprus Bulgaria Malta Slovenia Spain Luxembourg Lithuania Greece Portugal Belgium France Ireland Poland Czech Republic Germany Sweden Latvia Netherlands Italy Slovakia Austria Finland Hungary Estonia Romania United Kingdom Denmark - 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Source: Eurostat (online data code: nrg_102a)

2

Table 2.1.3a: Energy dependency oil, EU-27 (%)EU-27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 75.7 77.3 75.9 78.5 79.8 82.3 83.5 82.4 84.2 2009 2010 83.1 84.3



Between 2000 and 2010, EU-27 dependency on oil imports grew by 8.6 percentage points. Compared to hard coal and natural gas, EU-27 oil dependency was higher (84.3 % in 2010). Between 2009 and 2010, oil dependency presented a slight increase of 1.2 %. On the contrary, for the same period dependency on hard coal and natural gas decreased by 4 and 2 percentage points respectively. Nineteen Member States presented oil dependency rates over 90 % in 2010. The lowest rates were recorded in the United Kingdom (14.9 %), Romania (51.3 %) and Estonia (55.8 %). Denmark was the only net exporter of oil among EU-27 Member States.


33

2

EnergyTable 2.1.4: Energy dependency natural gas (%)2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 48.9 99.3 93.5 99.8 - 64.8 79.1 100.0 72.1 99.1 101.6 100.0 81.1 101.9 100.0 100.0 75.4 - 49.1 80.6 66.3 100.3 19.8 99.3 98.8 100.0 100.0 - 10.7 100.0 : 41.0 99.3 : 95.4 2006 60.8 100.2 89.9 104.5 - 103.3 83.6 100.0 89.8 99.1 101.3 99.6 91.2 108.8 101.0 100.0 82.2 - 61.6 87.2 70.7 100.6 33.2 99.6 96.6 100.0 100.0 11.8 100.0 : 8.0 100.4 : 96.9 2007 60.3 99.8 91.5 93.4 - 99.7 80.3 100.0 91.4 99.1 99.1 96.5 87.0 96.8 102.9 100.0 79.9 - 63.5 81.6 66.0 98.7 29.8 99.7 97.9 100.0 100.0 20.3 100.0 : 9.2 100.1 : 97.8 2008 62.3 100.4 96.2 98.7 - 121.1 84.5 100.0 92.1 100.0 100.9 97.8 90.3 82.2 96.3 100.0 88.1 - 72.7 87.5 72.6 100.1 28.4 99.7 96.3 100.0 100.0 26.1 99.9 : 16.6 100.0 : 100.2 2009 64.3 99.0 98.6 104.4 - 91.9 87.9 100.0 92.5 99.7 98.9 100.9 88.6 114.1 100.4 100.0 85.6 - 61.2 85.8 67.3 101.2 15.1 99.7 108.6 100.0 100.0 31.6 99.9 : 8.1 99.9 : 100.1 2010 62.4 99.0 95.1 85.4 - 68.3 81.9 100.0 93.4 99.9 99.2 93.0 90.5 61.8 99.7 100.0 78.7 - 61.6 74.4 69.3 100.4 16.8 99.3 99.9 100.0 100.0 37.7 99.8 : 18.1 100.1 : 98.1

- 1 016.7 - 1 801.8 - 1 504.3 - 1 693.2 - 1 551.3 - 1 402.0


34


EnergyFigure 2.1.4: Energy dependency natural gas, 2010 (%)EU-27 Portugal Finland Luxembourg Estonia Sweden Slovakia Greece Lithuania Slovenia Spain Belgium Bulgaria Ireland France Italy Czech Republic Germany Hungary Austria Poland Latvia United Kingdom Romania Netherlands Denmark - 75 - 50 - 25 0 25 50 75 100 125

2


Table 2.1.4a: Energy dependency natural gas, EU-27 (%)EU-27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 48.9 47.2 51.1 52.4 54.0 57.7 60.8 60.3 62.3 2009 2010 64.3 62.4



From 2000 to 2010, EU-27 dependency on natural gas grew by 13 percentage points (from 48.9 % in 2000 to 62.4 % in 2010). Among Member States, only Denmark and the Netherlands presented exporting activity. In 2010, their natural gas dependency rates were - 68.3 % and - 61.6 % respectively. The United Kingdom, a net exporter until 2003, became an importer since 2004. In 2010, the lowest dependency rate was recorded in Romania (16.8 %). Over the last year (2009-2010), Latvia presented a significant decrease in its natural gas dependency rate (61.8 % in 2010 compared to 114.1 % in 2009). The Czech Republic also recorded a significant decrease (from 104.4 % in 2009 to 85.4 % in 2010).


35

2

EnergyTable 2.2.1: Energy intensity(kgoe/1 000 EUR) 2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 187 235 1 333 671 114 167 806 136 205 197 179 148 237 440 578 165 492 189 183 141 484 198 906 300 815 249 178 145 : 144 98 : 337 736 : 265 2005 181 216 1 096 613 107 163 616 111 187 195 177 151 213 356 488 183 445 215 185 153 431 207 733 284 682 233 169 129 : 134 94 : 309 686 : 237 2010 168 213 854 532 104 150 679 112 165 168 167 144 204 373 362 157 420 180 182 143 374 180 589 259 509 234 157 115 : 158 87 : 283 554 : 253 Index (2000 = 100) 2000 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : 100.0 100.0 : 100.0 100.0 : 100.0 2005 96.8 92.1 82.2 91.3 93.8 97.7 76.5 82.0 91.1 99.2 99.1 102.6 89.7 80.8 84.4 111.2 90.4 113.8 100.9 108.9 89.0 104.8 80.9 94.8 83.6 93.6 95.1 89.0 : 93.1 95.8 : 91.8 93.1 : 89.4 2010 89.7 90.6 64.1 79.3 91.2 89.7 84.2 82.8 80.7 85.6 93.1 97.4 85.9 84.7 62.5 95.0 85.2 95.2 99.3 101.9 77.3 90.9 65.0 86.5 62.4 93.9 88.2 79.8 : 109.4 88.7 : 84.0 75.2 : 95.4

N.B: Gross Domestic Product: chain-linked volumes, reference year 2000 (at 2000 exchange rates). Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsien020)

36


EnergyFigure 2.2.1: Energy intensity, 2010 (kgoe/1 000 EUR)EU-27 Bulgaria Estonia Romania Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Poland Latvia Lithuania Slovenia Finland Belgium Cyprus Netherlands Malta Portugal Spain France Greece Luxembourg Sweden Germany Italy Austria United Kingdom Ireland Denmark 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsien020)

2

Table 2.2.1a: Energy intensity, EU-27 (kgoe/1 000 EUR)EU-27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 187 188 185 187 184 181 176 169 168 2009 2010 166 168

Table 2.2.1b: Index of energy intensity, EU-27 (2000 = 100)EU-27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 100.0 100.3 98.7 99.7 98.4 96.8 93.8 90.3 89.5 2009 2010 88.5 89.7

Source: Eurostat (online data code: tsien020)

Energy intensity in the EU-27 recorded a decrease of 12 % between 2000 and 2009. However, from 2009 to 2010 it grew by 1.4 % and reached 168 kgoe/1 000 EUR. In the last decade (2000-2010) all Member States but Austria decreased their energy intensities. The highest decreases were observed in Slovakia (- 38 %), Lithuania (- 37 %), Bulgaria (- 36 %) and Romania (- 35 %). In spite of the decrease, in 2010 in all four countries the amount of energy required to produce a unit of economic output remained high. Bulgaria remained the most energy intensive economy (854), five times above EU average, followed by Estonia (679), 4 times above EU average. The lowest levels of energy intensity were observed in Denmark (104) and Ireland (112).


37

2

EnergyTable 2.3.1: Primary energy production, by fuelTotal production (ktoe) 2000 EU-27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH ME HR MK RS TR 940 616 13 401 9 845 30 628 27 704 135 383 3 181 2 190 10 011 31 506 129 426 28 307 44 1 409 3 241 64 11 598 57 556 9 777 78 985 3 846 28 551 3 085 6 284 14 802 30 012 269 780 : 225 668 11 954 : 3 590 1 535 : 25 900 2005 896 868 13 654 10 601 32 868 31 293 136 410 3 868 1 671 10 323 29 961 135 545 28 041 51 1 861 3 854 107 10 321 62 214 9 961 78 239 3 615 28 182 3 492 6 336 16 556 34 189 203 653 : 225 398 10 947 : 3 808 1 578 : 23 974 2010 830 868 15 115 10 381 31 523 23 321 131 505 4 930 1 984 9 456 34 072 134 400 30 192 84 2 114 1 310 130 10 997 69 916 11 755 67 098 5 581 27 674 3 726 5 969 16 989 33 078 147 567 : 209 191 12 565 : 4 216 1 616 : 32 298 Share of each fuel to total production, 2010 (%) Hard coal Nuclear 28 82 38 23 28 47 82 37 1 11 39 64 35 45 11 : 54 : : Lignite

9 0 23 6 2 9 0 65 0 7 : 1 : : 6

11 47 42 28 80 50 77 0 1 14 0 17 21 32 10 11 1 : : 74 : 48

12 1 54 3 1 0 1 20 9 10 3 9 1 16 0 1 43 : 49 : 18 : 8

19 1 31 7 16 0 0 0 23 20 91 13 6 31 0 1 35 : 45 : 53 : 2

20 13 14 9 13 25 20 31 21 43 15 54 91 99 90 71 17 4 73 10 97 21 28 23 53 53 4 : 6 40 : 29 26 : 36

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_100a, nrg_101a, nrg_102a, nrg_103a, nrg_104a and nrg_1071a)

Figures do not sum to 100 % due to other fuels.

38


RES

Gas

Oil

EnergyFigure 2.3.1: Primary energy production, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

2

Nuclear RES

Gas Hard coal

Oil Lignite


Table 2.3.1a: Primary energy production, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Oil Gas Nuclear Hard coal Lignite RES 941 173 208 244 119 94 97 941 161 208 253 114 97 100 940 166 204 256 111 99 98 932 156 200 257 108 99 104 928 145 203 260 103 98 112 897 133 189 258 99 96 116 878 121 179 255 94 97 124 857 120 167 241 89 96 134 850 112 168 242 83 94 142 814 105 153 231 74 91 149 831 97 156 237 73 90 167 Change (%) - 12 - 44 - 25 -3 - 39 -4 72


Total primary energy production in the EU-27 has been declining continuously between 2000 and 2009 (- 13 %). However, in 2010 it marked a 2 % increase compared to 2009 and reached 831 Mtoe. Out of this amount 28 % came from nuclear energy, followed by renewables (20 %), solid fuels (20 %), gas (19 %) and oil (12 %). In 2000, the production mix in the EU-27 was significantly different. The main source of primary energy production was still nuclear energy (26 %), followed by solid fuels (23 %), gas (22 %) and oil (18 %), while renewables only made up 10 % of the total. Between 2000 and 2010, the production of RES grew by 72 %. On the contrary, there were reductions in the production of all other fuels. The highest reduction was recorded in oil production (- 44 %), followed by gas (- 25 %), solid fuels (- 23 %) and nuclear (- 3 %).


39

2

EnergyTable 2.3.2: Gross inland consumption, by fuelTotal consumption (ktoe) 2000 EU-27 BE BU CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH ME HR MK RS TR 2005 2010 Share of each fuel to total production, 2010 (%) Hard coal Nuclear 13 20 22 16 11 12 41 16 1 8 20 21 16 29 8 : 25 : : Lignite

1 724 905 1 824 343 1 759 015 59 212 18 707 41 267 19 795 343 622 4 965 14 249 28 265 123 962 257 826 175 798 2 393 3 742 7 160 3 627 25 300 799 76 571 29 179 89 818 25 107 36 832 6 426 17 977 32 917 47 660 231 729 : 26 291 26 440 : 7 847 2 688 : 76 721 58 981 20 077 45 276 19 769 345 995 5 562 15 235 31 387 144 336 276 591 188 523 2 518 4 484 8 790 4 810 27 704 969 82 525 34 398 93 076 27 402 39 346 7 301 19 094 35 057 51 739 233 400 : 27 305 27 043 : 8 961 2 855 : 85 679 61 503 17 831 44 771 19 321 336 095 6 101 15 100 28 841 130 224 268 576 175 515 2 717 4 538 6 864 4 658 25 978 911 86 924 34 618 101 704 24 374 35 708 7 264 17 922 36 978 51 352 212 629 : 33 511 27 545 : 8 575 2 869 : 106 907

11 5 11 12 20 12 0 9 1 6 4 8 1 2 3 1 4 9 10 42 7 3 4 17 12 4 14 : 3 0 : 8 3 : 16

5 0 28 30 0 11 64 5 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 11 16 16 5 6 1 : 0 : 0 42 : 14

35 42 23 21 36 34 17 50 52 47 31 40 95 28 38 62 26 100 40 38 26 51 26 35 21 28 28 35 : 41 43 : 43 32 : 30

25 28 13 18 23 22 9 31 11 24 16 39 32 36 26 38 45 24 13 18 30 12 28 10 3 40 : 19 11 : 31 3 : 29

10 4 8 6 20 10 14 4 7 12 8 10 4 35 16 3 8 3 26 7 22 16 15 8 25 34 3 : 35 18 : 13 15 : 11


40


RES

Gas

Oil

EnergyFigure 2.3.2: Gross inland consumption, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

2

Oil Hard coal

Gas Lignite

Nuclear RES


Table 2.3.2a: Gross inland consumption, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total 1 725 1 763 1 758 1 799 1 820 1 824 1 826 1 809 1 800 1 703 1 759 Oil 661 676 671 675 679 679 675 661 657 623 617 Gas 394 404 405 425 435 446 438 433 441 417 442 Nuclear 244 253 256 257 260 258 255 241 242 231 237 Hard coal 225 225 221 230 228 222 229 231 212 178 190 Lignite 95 98 98 101 99 96 96 97 94 90 90 RES 97 100 98 104 112 116 123 134 144 153 172Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_100a, nrg_101a, nrg_102a, nrg_103a, nrg_104a and nrg_1071a)

Change (%) 2 -7 12 -3 - 16 -5 78

Gross inland consumption (GIC) in the EU-27 presented a rising trend from 2000 to 2004, followed by signs of stabilisation until 2006. Since then it has gradually declined and between 2008 and 2009 it recorded the highest annual reduction rate of the decade (- 5 %). In 2009, EU-27 GIC amounted to 1 703 Mtoe, the lowest levels of the decade; yet from 2009 to 2010, it grew again by 3 % and in 2010 it reached 1 759 Mtoe. Contrary to primary energy production, the fuel mix of GIC in the EU-27 has not changed significantly over the past decade. In 2010, oil accounted for 35 % of total GIC, followed by gas (25 %), solid fuels (16 %), nuclear (13 %) and renewables (10 %). Between 2000 and 2010, the highest reduction was recorded in solid fuel consumption (- 13 %), followed by oil (- 7 %) and nuclear (- 3 %). In contrast, RES consumption in the EU-27 grew by 78 % and gas consumption grew by 12 %.


41

2

EnergyTables 2.3.3: Imports of energy products, by country of origin Table 2.3.3a: Imports of natural gas, by country of origin (PJ)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Russia Norway Algeria Nigeria Qatar Libya Other countries Total 4 540 4 396 4 534 4 872 4 922 5 100 5 097 4 856 5 108 4 528 4 384 1 921 2 104 2 644 2 758 2 802 3 064 3 307 3 566 3 924 4 052 3 892 2 203 1 957 2 132 2 159 2 042 2 257 2 132 1 946 2 000 1 867 1 986 172 12 33 418 216 27 33 509 218 88 26 433 336 80 30 576 410 160 48 436 196 209 564 233 321 588 275 384 540 299 398 313 380 503 382 602 1 183

847 1 288 1 316 1 018 1 308 1 453 1 475

9 299 9 243 10 075 10 812 11 231 12 550 12 971 12 633 13 576 13 195 13 805

Table 2.3.3b: Imports of crude oil, by country of origin (Mt)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Russia Norway Saudi Arabia Libya Kazakhstan Iran Other countries Total 118 115 65 46 10 35 145 533 136 107 57 44 9 31 148 532 153 102 53 39 13 26 138 524 169 105 62 46 15 35 115 545 183 107 64 50 19 36 109 568 186 97 61 50 26 35 118 573 188 87 51 52 26 35 124 564 185 84 40 54 26 35 133 557 178 86 39 56 27 30 151 568 173 79 30 47 28 25 140 522 179 72 31 53 29 30 127 520

Table 2.3.3c: Imports of hard coal, by country of origin (Mt)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 South Africa Russia Australia Colombia USA Indonesia Other countries Total 42 15 29 23 21 9 21 158 49 21 29 23 20 10 29 181 54 23 29 22 14 12 19 172 57 25 31 23 13 13 21 181 54 38 31 24 15 14 26 202 52 48 27 24 16 15 19 201 53 55 27 26 17 21 18 219 46 56 30 29 21 18 23 223 37 57 26 27 31 16 23 219 29 55 14 32 25 13 14 182 18 48 19 36 30 10 17 177

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_122a, nrg_123a and nrg_124a)

42


EnergyFigure 2.3.3a: Imports of natural gas, by country of origin (PJ)14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2

Russia Norway Algeria Nigeria Qatar Libya Other countries

Figure 2.3.3b: Imports of crude oil, by country of origin (Mt)600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Russia Norway Saudi Arabia Libya Kazakhstan Iran Other countries

Figure 2.3.3c: Imports of hard coal, by country of origin (Mt)240 200 160 120 80 40 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_122a, nrg_123a and nrg_124a)

South Africa Russia Australia Colombia USA Indonesia Other countries

EU-27 imports of natural gas grew by 48 % between 2000 and 2010. Russia was the principal EU supplier with a 32 % share of total natural gas imports in 2010. From 2000 to 2010, natural gas imports from Qatar presented a 95-fold increase. EU-27 imports of crude oil recorded a 3 % decline in the last decade. In 2010, imports from Russia accounted for 35 % of total imports compared to a 22 % share in 2000. Imports of hard coal in the EU-27 recorded a 12 % increase from 2000 to 2010. Over this period, imports from Russia presented a 3-fold increase. In 2010, its share of the total was 27 % compared to 9 % in 2000.


43

2

EnergyTable 2.3.4: Net imports of solid fuels and oil (thousand tonnes)Solid fuels 2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 10 959 3 451 - 8 025 6 340 34 917 1 330 2 756 1 166 21 042 19 748 19 408 50 87 140 186 1 720 13 033 4 493 6 287 3 040 519 5 750 5 515 3 624 22 823 : 886 284 : 797 146 : 13 723 2005 7 926 4 181 - 5 510 5 971 39 855 147 3 040 583 24 282 20 592 24 777 64 120 320 131 1 904 13 152 5 884 5 278 4 763 629 6 064 5 191 3 867 44 213 : - 619 159 : 1 064 307 : 17 774 2010 4 921 2 756 - 4 907 4 523 48 790 - 95 1 560 652 11 163 18 701 21 822 18 175 297 113 1 706 14 794 4 422 - 3 065 2 660 1 998 604 4 683 6 346 3 863 25 411 : - 535 214 : 1 227 230 : 21 506 2000 29 555 4 066 7 470 - 7 785 764 7 932 19 694 70 972 89 953 88 911 2 572 1 102 2 278 2 278 5 224 1 484 41 602 10 815 19 369 15 827 3 570 2 369 2 726 10 405 15 453 - 44 996 : 11 722 : 2 425 934 : 28 942 154 882 196 616 173 911 Oil 2005 32 843 5 199 9 656 - 9 075 842 8 457 20 421 79 518 93 983 79 545 2 828 1 642 2 651 3 075 5 893 1 664 48 201 13 083 21 434 16 812 3 992 2 574 3 246 10 799 17 106 - 2 567 : 12 484 : 3 646 940 : 27 889 2010 32 577 4 176 8 840 - 3 807 702 7 346 17 529 68 966 82 972 67 578 2 937 1 423 2 654 2 785 5 612 2 453 44 778 11 434 25 039 12 461 4 696 2 550 3 373 8 889 15 165 10 533 : 11 430 : 3 005 912 : 28 940 527 647 594 093 553 905

124 037 120 271 110 244

- 25 477 - 20 808

- 150 750 - 121 220 - 85 752

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_101a and nrg_102a)

44


EnergyFigure 2.3.4: Net imports of solid fuels and oil, 2010 (mio tonnes)DE FR ES IT NL BE PL EL SE PT AT UK FI CZ IE HU RO BG SK CY LU LT SI MT LV EE DK - 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

2

Solid fuelsSource: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_101a and nrg_102a)

Oil

Table 2.3.4a: Net imports of solid fuels and oil, EU-27 (mio tonnes)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Solid fuels 155 172 167 183 198 197 212 217 218 Oil 528 551 538 559 574 594 602 582 592Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_101a and nrg_102a)

2009 2010 178 174 552 554

In the last decade, EU-27 net imports of solid fuels grew by 12 %. Specifically, from 2000 to 2008, net solid fuels imports presented a 41 % increase; from 2008 to 2009, they declined by 18 % and between 2009 and 2010 they presented a further decline of 2 %. Among Member States, in 2010 the only net exporters were the Czech Republic, Poland and Estonia. The main solid fuel importers were Germany (28 % of the EU total in 2010), the United Kingdom (15 %) and Italy (13 %). EU-27 net imports of oil grew by 5 % in the last decade. In 2010, the only exporting Member State was Denmark, while the main oil importing Member States were Germany (20 %), France (15 %), Spain (12 %) and Italy (12 %).


45

2

EnergyTable 2.3.5: Net imports of natural gas (PJ)2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 8 957 618 128 348 - 134 2 645 31 115 79 720 1 664 2 187 52 96 31 339 - 800 244 307 95 126 38 265 159 36 - 433 - 1 960 113 : 42 2 : 561 2006 12 401 699 121 368 - 218 3 091 38 168 127 1 472 1 836 2 935 71 115 57 438 - 983 311 414 170 223 42 242 180 41 444 - 3 372 126 : 9 3 : 1 171 2007 12 141 693 128 312 - 188 2 873 37 182 155 1 466 1 727 2 815 61 138 53 398 - 986 274 384 175 180 42 232 173 42 774 - 3 406 123 : 12 4 : 1 385 2008 12 777 693 130 327 - 229 3 009 36 192 163 1 639 1 814 2 921 51 116 51 433 - 1 176 311 424 193 164 41 231 179 38 1 024 - 3 827 131 : 20 5 : 1 407 2009 12 463 696 99 327 - 167 3 130 24 184 138 1 437 1 805 2 634 65 102 52 365 - 999 298 378 198 74 39 223 162 51 1 147 - 3 963 125 : 9 3 : 1 346 2010 12 818 781 99 318 - 141 2 796 26 204 150 1 440 1 840 2 866 42 116 56 359 - 1 126 284 413 210 84 40 233 179 61 1 487 - 4 063 140 : 22 4 : 1 432


46


EnergyFigure 2.3.5: Net imports of natural gas, 2010 (PJ)Italy Germany France United Kingdom Spain Belgium Poland Hungary Czech Republic Austria Slovakia Portugal Ireland Finland Greece Lithuania Bulgaria Romania Sweden Luxembourg Latvia Slovenia Estonia Denmark Netherlands - 1 500 - 1 000 - 500 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000

2


Table 2.3.5a: Net imports of natural gas, EU-27 (PJ)EU-27 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 8 957 8 872 9 635 10 376 10 928 11 969 12 401 12 141 12 777 12 463 12 818


The net imports of natural gas in the EU-27 presented a 43 % increase between 2000 and 2010. The highest annual increase rates were recorded between 2001 and 2006. From 2006 to 2010, EU-27 net imports of natural gas were relatively stabilised. In 2010, the only Member States that exported natural gas were the Netherlands and Denmark. In the last decade, significant decreases were observed in natural gas imports in Romania (- 33 %) and Bulgaria (- 22 %).


47

2

EnergyTable 2.3.6: Net imports of electricity (GWh)2000 EU-27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom Iceland Norway Switzerland Montenegro Croatia FYR of Macedonia Serbia Turkey 19 600 4 326 - 4 620 665 - 929 98 - 11 4 441 44 347 1 786 - 1 336 5 708 3 440 18 915 - 1 368 931 - 696 - 1 321 - 2 696 11 880 4 678 14 174 - 19 055 - 7 070 : 4 000 112 : 3 354 2006 3 471 10 157 - 7 743 - 6 935 - 750 1 778 4 202 - 3 280 44 985 2 508 - 428 3 557 7 207 21 459 6 850 5 441 - 4 273 44 - 2 331 11 401 6 040 7 517 2 703 : 5 622 1 795 : - 1 663 2007 10 489 6 779 - 4 475 - 950 - 2 420 1 330 4 355 2008 17 064 10 597 - 5 344 1 455 - 941 450 5 613 2009 15 141 - 1 835 - 5 073 334 82 764 4 367 - 8 104 44 959 1 654 - 2 932 3 418 5 513 4 891 780 - 2 191 4 776 - 2 295 - 3 059 1 312 12 085 4 685 2 861 - 8 983 - 2 157 : 5 682 1 438 : - 734 2010 3 455 551 - 8 446 - 1 135 - 3 254 470 5 706 - 8 333 44 160 873 5 990 4 064 5 195 2 776 2 331 - 1 354 2 623 - 2 274 - 2 119 1 041 10 501 2 078 2 663 7 549 520 : 4 765 1 420 : - 774

- 10 017 - 12 631 - 16 153 - 11 469 - 13 644 - 14 948 3 057 - 16 977 - 16 555 - 20 100 - 12 273 - 14 955

- 5 751 - 11 039 46 283 3 000 - 1 372 3 960 3 986 17 574 6 619 - 5 348 7 488 - 2 090 229 1 725 12 557 1 316 5 215 - 2 062 : 6 361 2 491 : - 1 558 40 035 2 520 - 957 4 346 3 903 15 851 4 863 - 669 9 431 - 4 248 - 1 599 521 12 772 - 1 961 11 022 - 1 135 : 6 577 2 733 : - 333

- 69 479 - 63 341 - 56 813 - 47 988 - 25 934 - 30 749

- 6 373 - 10 986

854 - 10 035 - 13 863


48


EnergyFigure 2.3.6: Net imports of electricity, 2010 (TWh)EU-27 Italy Finland Lithuania Greece Hungary Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom Portugal Austria Sweden Slovakia Latvia Belgium Ireland Denmark Poland Slovenia Romania Estonia Spain Bulgaria Czech Republic Germany France - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50

2


Table 2.3.6a: Net imports of electricity, EU-27 & top-5 importers & exporters (TWh)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 EU-27 19.6 4.5 12.5 - 3.2 - 7.3 11.3 3.5 10.5 17.1 15.1 3.5 Top-5 exporters - 76.6 - 77.7 - 79.4 - 90.1 - 89.2 - 86.5 - 104.0 - 99.7 - 95.9 - 65.0 - 77.4 Top-5 importers 90.2 86.3 89.2 77.8 80.7 99.6 90.8 89.1 89.1 69.6 62.7Source: Eurostat (online data code: nrg_105a)

Top 5 EU-27 exporters and importers are drawn according to average activity levels of the last three years. Top 5 exporting countries are France, Germany, the Czech Republic, Spain and Bulgaria. Top 5 importing countries are Italy, Finland, the Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

EU-27 net imports of electricity reached 3 455 GWh in 2010. In the last decade, electricity imports in the EU fluctuated between 7 325 GWh in 2004 to 19 600 GWh in 2000. Among Member States, in the last decade Italy remained the top net importer of electricity. In 2010, its imports were 44 160 GWh, 4 times above the imports of the second top importer, Finland (10 501 GWh). In contrast, France was the main net exporting Member State in the last decade. In 2010, its exports reached 30 749 GWh, two times above the exports of the second Germany (- 14 955 GWh). Energy, transport and environment indicators 49

2

EnergyTable 2.4.1: Final energy consumption, by sector (Mtoe)Total EU-27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH ME HR MK RS TR 1 121 37.36 8.64 24.71 14.72 2.42 10.69 18.56 79.55 1 153 36.43 8.84 25.62 15.54 2.91 11.79 19.03 90.60 Industry 330 14.06 3.52 10.12 2.93 57.55 0.57 2.50 4.45 25.37 37.17 39.74 0.44 0.58 0.78 0.71 3.51 0.04 14.83 7.24 18.98 6.29 9.29 1.42 4.10 12.33 14.26 36.87 : 6.94 3.88 : 1.39 0.53 : 20.98 292 11.18 2.54 8.76 2.43 60.54 0.57 1.92 3.47 23.36 31.24 31.06 0.24 0.77 0.90 0.75 2.91 0.05 14.31 8.84 15.38 5.39 6.88 1.28 4.35 11.60 12.60 28.25 : 6.12 3.94 : 1.38 0.52 : 24.02 Transport 341 9.66 1.99 4.40 4.82 65.94 0.58 4.02 7.21 32.93 50.68 42.52 0.85 0.75 1.05 1.93 3.27 0.28 14.26 7.05 9.79 6.54 3.42 1.24 1.46 4.35 8.09 52.31 : 4.42 7.37 : 1.53 0.36 : 12.28 365 10.30 2.88 6.29 5.17 61.89 0.79 4.67 8.18 37.24 50.32 41.96 1.04 1.21 1.55 2.62 4.40 0.28 15.04 8.80 17.59 7.37 5.00 1.79 2.65 4.97 8.65 52.56 : 5.30 7.44 : 2.06 0.46 : 15.85 Residential 292 9.47 2.15 6.02 4.16 65.19 0.93 2.50 4.49 11.99 45.25 27.46 0.17 1.33 1.37 0.47 5.60 0.08 10.30 6.32 17.19 2.80 8.41 1.12 2.59 4.55 7.29 43.03 : 3.82 5.58 : 1.66 0.48 : 17.59 307 8.97 2.25 6.62 4.90 1.03 3.24 4.63 16.48 Services 115 3.44 0.65 2.98 1.83 0.29 1.36 1.31 152 5.03 0.99 3.13 2.15 0.43 1.69 1.95

2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010

219.08 217.36

62.04 25.07 32.11

6.70 10.12

154.49 158.77 124.72 124.77 1.63 3.26 3.77 3.52 16.10 0.44 50.48 23.67 55.59 17.74 22.73 4.43 10.55 24.63 34.85 : 18.07 20.55 : 5.35 1.59 : 56.09 1.92 4.27 4.75 4.30 16.66 0.45 53.98 27.93 66.32 18.16 22.47 4.97 11.59 26.48 34.44 : 19.68 21.91 : 6.33 1.78 : 73.06

44.05 13.62 23.40 31.39 11.40 16.96 0.30 1.51 1.58 0.49 5.72 0.06 11.52 6.90 21.01 2.98 8.10 1.28 2.31 5.79 7.56 : 4.33 6.46 : 1.57 0.54 : 22.46 0.11 0.47 0.47 0.38 3.03 0.04 7.22 2.54 4.96 1.39 0.67 0.52 2.20 1.55 4.40 : 2.12 3.32 : 0.47 0.14 : 2.31 0.24 0.62 0.60 0.42 3.14 0.05 9.69 2.82 8.55 1.95 1.88 0.51 2.14 1.95 4.94 : 3.02 3.66 : 1.08 0.22 : 5.69

152.58 142.95

44.63 16.85 14.96


50


EnergyFigure 2.4.1: Final energy consumption, by sector, EU-27 (Mtoe)400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

2

Transport Services

Industry Other

Households


Table 2.4.1a: Final energy consumption, by sector, EU-27 (Mtoe)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total 1 121 1 145 1 132 1 171 1 186 1 191 1 192 1 165 1 174 1 112 1 153 Industry 330 329 325 338 336 331 324 323 313 268 292 Transport 341 345 348 353 363 367 374 380 378 367 365 Residential 292 302 293 298 302 303 300 285 297 294 307 Services 115 127 125 131 134 136 139 136 144 143 152 Other 42 43 41 51 51 54 54 42 43 40 37Source: Eurostat (online data code: nrg_100a)

Change (%) 3 - 12 7 5 32 - 13

Final energy consumption in the EU-27 recorded slight annual deviations between 2000 and 2010. In 2009, all sectors presented decreased consumptions compared to the previous year, but in 2010 an increase was recorded in total consumption. At sector level, from 2000 to 2010 the largest growth was observed in services (32 %), followed by transport (7 %) and the residential sector (5 %); whereas energy consumption by the industrial sector declined by 12 %. In 2010, the transport sector consumed almost a third (32 %) of EU-27 final energy, followed by the residential sector (27 %), industry (25 %) and services (13 %). Among Member States, in the last decade all but five Member States increased their final energy consumption. The highest increases were recorded in Latvia (31 %) and Lithuania (26 %).


51

2

EnergyTable 2.4.2: Final energy consumption, by industrial sector (Mtoe)Total industry EU-27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH ME HR MK RS TR 330 3.52 10.12 2.93 0.57 2.50 4.45 292 Iron and steel 67 52 Chemical and Non metallic petrochemical minerals 57 3.19 1.07 1.58 0.26 0.09 0.35 0.27 3.75 5.85 6.16 0.00 0.01 0.16 0.04 0.83 5.63 0.81 4.12 0.47 2.15 0.12 0.61 0.75 2.03 6.95 : 1.17 0.62 : 0.27 0.01 : 1.34 54 4.08 0.65 1.64 0.23 13.13 0.05 0.25 0.19 3.25 5.92 4.16 0.00 0.03 0.30 0.03 0.51 6.15 0.96 3.59 0.55 2.03 0.17 0.34 1.02 0.56 4.20 : 1.42 0.72 : 0.22 0.01 : 1.43 44 1.42 0.51 1.15 0.62 7.07 0.11 0.38 1.29 6.37 3.70 8.23 0.22 0.07 0.15 0.20 0.58 0.86 0.74 2.60 2.11 0.98 0.22 0.72 0.37 0.50 2.77 : 0.29 0.51 : 0.44 0.11 : 1.05 37 0.91 0.61 1.04 0.41 6.43 0.11 0.23 0.97 4.77 3.58 5.93 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.44 0.72 0.94 2.72 1.59 0.57 0.17 0.38 0.32 0.42 2.67 : 0.29 0.49 : 0.39 0.08 : 2.21 Food and tobacco 31 0.73 0.31 0.78 0.74 4.50 0.09 0.59 0.65 2.56 5.03 3.49 0.01 0.14 0.17 0.02 0.47 2.36 0.45 1.98 0.51 0.64 0.09 0.20 0.28 0.52 3.36 : 0.40 0.47 : 0.21 0.08 : 1.17 29 1.10 0.25 0.57 0.72 4.92 0.07 0.39 0.58 2.43 5.05 2.77 0.02 0.09 0.17 0.01 0.41 1.95 0.57 1.78 0.55 0.56 0.07 0.12 0.40 0.41 2.99 : 0.36 0.51 : 0.25 0.04 : 1.48 Paper, pulp and printing 35 0.53 0.10 0.48 0.14 4.57 0.04 0.06 0.17 2.09 3.57 2.64 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.16 1.00 1.44 1.12 1.24 0.32 0.21 0.23 6.59 5.99 2.34 : 1.17 0.55 : 0.08 0.01 : 0.47 37 0.83 0.19 0.63 0.15 6.24 0.07 0.02 0.12 2.22 2.36 2.41 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.16 0.75 1.70 1.26 1.27 0.17 0.18 0.53 6.32 6.72 2.26 : 0.81 0.49 : 0.09 0.00 : 0.35

2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 14.06 11.18 4.91 2.14 2.54 0.84 0.15 8.76 3.08 2.37 2.43 0.13 0.03 0.57 0.00 0.00 1.92 0.05 0.00 3.47 0.19 0.18

2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010

57.55 60.54 14.81 13.41 10.25

25.37 23.36 3.98 3.00 37.17 31.24 6.72 5.52 39.74 31.06 7.09 5.94 0.44 0.58 0.78 0.71 3.51 0.04 7.24 6.29 9.29 1.42 4.10 0.24 - 0.00 0.77 0.14 0.13 0.90 0.01 0.00 0.75 0.36 0.45 2.91 0.70 0.57 0.05 -

14.83 14.31 2.17 2.18 8.84 2.15 2.23 5.39 0.29 0.14 6.88 2.88 2.00 1.28 0.17 0.15 4.35 1.61 2.14 18.98 15.38 4.91 2.43

12.33 11.60 1.50 1.51 14.26 12.60 1.76 1.59 36.87 28.25 6.22 3.45 : 6.94 3.88 : 1.39 0.53 : : : : 6.12 1.32 0.74 3.94 0.14 0.22 : : : 1.38 0.05 0.04 0.52 0.17 0.32 : : :

20.98 24.02 3.53 5.36


52


EnergyFigure 2.4.2: Final energy consumption, by industrial sector, EU-27 (Mtoe)80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

2

Iron and steel Non metallic minerals Food and tobacco Non ferrous metalsSource: Eurostat (online data code: nrg_100a)

Chemical and petrochemical Paper, pulp and printing Machinery Other

Table 2.4.2a: Final energy consumption, by industrial sector, EU-27 (Mtoe)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Iron and steel Chemical and petrochemical Non-metallic minerals Food and tobacco Paper, pulp and printing Machinery Non-ferrous metals Other Change (%) 330 329 325 338 336 331 324 323 313 268 292 - 12 67 64 62 64 66 63 64 64 60 43 52 - 22 57 44 31 35 20 12 64 58 44 31 34 20 12 65 58 43 32 35 20 12 64 59 44 32 36 20 12 72 56 44 31 35 20 12 72 56 45 30 35 20 12 70 53 43 29 37 20 11 67 55 45 30 38 20 12 60 54 44 29 37 20 11 58 50 36 28 33 17 9 51 54 37 29 37 21 10 53 -6 - 17 -6 4 6 - 13 - 18


Final energy consumption by the industrial sector in the EU-27 presented slight fluctuations between 2000 and 2008; between 2008 and 2009, it experienced the most striking decrease of the last decade and in 2010 it increased again. At industry sector level, from 2000 to 2010, energy consumption by the iron and steel industry fell by 22 %, followed by non metallic minerals (- 17 %), non ferrous metals (- 13 %), chemical and petrochemical (- 6 %) and food and tobacco (- 6 %). On the contrary, consumption by machinery grew by 6 % and by paper, pulp and print by 4 %. In 2010, both the chemical and petrochemical industry and the iron and steel sector accounted for an 18 % share of the total energy consumed by the EU-27 industry.


53

2

EnergyTable 2.4.3: Final energy consumption in industry, by fuelShare to total final energy consumption in industry (%) Solid fuels 12 9 11 28 4 14 13 5 9 4 13 9 8 6 9 9 11 9 12 27 1 13 4 30 7 10 12 : 10 4 : 10 20 : 34 Oil products 16 11 24 7 26 10 16 46 44 23 15 17 84 27 22 6 8 10 11 10 38 15 19 5 14 22 17 : 11 23 : 33 35 : 23 12 5 13 5 23 5 11 32 39 21 17 11 65 11 5 2 5 21 19 10 7 19 10 10 2 13 9 17 : 16 17 : 22 33 : 5 Gases Electricity Renewable energies 5 2 1 1 4 1 14 4 5 5 4 1 0 10 4 2 0 10 3 20 3 5 2 27 30 1 : 9 6 : 4 0 : 0 7 5 6 5 7 6 17 7 7 7 6 0 4 29 8 4 3 1 12 6 27 4 5 9 26 37 1 : 6 6 : 4 1 : Derived heat 3 3 8 8 6 2 8 3 21 15 12 2 8 2 5 2 0 11 2 3 : 0 4 : 4 19 : 2 5 5 19 7 5 6 8 10 1 20 10 8 3 9 6 4 4 2 16 4 3 : 1 4 : 3 8 : 5

All products (Mtoe)

2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 EU-27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH ME HR MK RS TR 330 292 15 34 37 30 31 27 39 21 19 5 37 36 43 36 26 39 43 45 36 18 11 47 35 36 9 4 41 : 3 19 : 36 1 : 12 32 44 24 31 29 37 20 24 11 37 32 33 31 32 43 41 40 32 24 19 43 38 35 8 4 35 : 5 22 : 37 6 : 28 28 24 21 16 29 32 28 27 26 29 31 31 9 21 25 39 22 24 25 18 22 18 33 20 30 34 27 : 64 40 : 19 25 : 19 31 29 26 23 31 32 32 31 35 31 32 35 21 18 25 41 29 79 23 26 23 28 25 37 22 30 37 32 : 62 42 : 23 33 : 28 14.06 11.18 22 3.52 2.54 16 10.12 8.76 36 2.93 2.43 9 57.55 60.54 17 0.57 0.57 14 2.50 1.92 25.37 23.36 39.74 31.06 0.44 0.24 0.58 0.77 0.78 0.90 5 6 9 7 2 2 4.45 3.47 19 37.17 31.24 14

0.71 0.75 15 3.51 2.91 11 0.04 0.05 14.83 14.31 9

- 100

7.24 8.84 15 18.98 15.38 41 6.29 5.39 1.42 1.28 12.33 11.60 14.26 12.60 : : 7 6 9 8 : 3 : 4 : 9.29 6.88 11 4.10 4.35 30

36.87 28.25 12 6.94 6.12 13 3.88 3.94 : : 1.39 1.38 : :

0.53 0.52 19 20.98 24.02 44

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nrg_100a, nrg_101a, nrg_102a, nrg_103a, nrg_105a, nrg_106a and nrg_1071a)

54


EnergyFigure 2.4.3: Final energy consumption in industry, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

2

Gases Oil products Renewable energies

Electricity Solid fuels and derivatives Derived heat


Table 2.4.3a: Final energy consumption in industry, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Solid fuels and derivatives Oil products Gases Electricity Renewable energies Derived heat 330 329 325 338 336 331 324 323 313 268 292 49 46 43 44 44 43 42 43 41 31 35 51 53 51 52 50 48 46 44 41 36 35 112 112 111 114 108 105 99 99 96 81 92 91 92 93 93 96 97 97 99 97 83 89 16 15 16 16 17 17 18 20 20 19 22 10 10 11 18 21 21 20 16 16 15 16 Change (%) - 12 - 27 - 32 - 17 -2 38 56


From 2000 to 2010, the consumption of oil products by the EU-27 industry fell by 32 %, followed by solid fuels (- 27 %), gases (- 17 %) and electricity (- 2 %). On the contrary, over this period the consumption of derived heat marked a 56 % increase, followed by a 38 % increase in the consumption of renewables. Between 2008 and 2009, the industrial consumption of all gases decreased; while from 2009 to 2010 the consumption of all gases but oil products increased. In 2010, gases covered 32 % of the energy requirements of EU-27 industry and electricity covered 31 %. Solid fuels and oil products followed with a 12 % share each. Renewable energies and derived heat made smaller contributions of 7 % and 5 % correspondingly.


55

2

EnergyTable 2.4.4: Final energy consumption, by mode of transport (ktoe)Total transport 2000 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH ME HR MK RS TR 9 661 1 993 4 405 4 821 65 936 578 4 018 7 212 32 926 50 682 42 519 850 750 1 055 1 930 3 272 275 14 256 7 046 9 789 6 542 3 421 1 239 1 459 4 353 8 088 52 307 : 4 415 7 372 : 1 531 356 : 12 279 2010 10 299 2 880 6 295 5 172 61 894 786 4 667 8 177 37 244 50 317 41 957 1 039 1 213 1 548 2 622 4 401 279 15 036 8 797 17 589 7 373 5 004 1 794 2 655 4 969 8 649 52 562 : 5 305 7 439 : 2 058 459 : 15 848 Road 2000 7 740 1 644 3 865 3 688 498 3 337 5 334 2010 8 417 2 502 5 599 4 013 684 3 852 6 505 2000 1 524 101 200 831 7 362 22 614 1 325 4 497 6 710 3 497 275 27 27 321 234 123 3 387 590 277 793 133 26 27 512 934 : 660 1 625 : 74 29 : 1 261 Air 2010 1 541 183 343 856 8 732 38 750 919 5 397 6 681 3 883 277 118 48 431 230 102 3 466 706 513 1 044 277 27 41 682 843 : 780 1 467 : 109 7 : 1 629 Rail 2000 9 612 184 78 304 103 1 950 52 42 60 850 1 376 835 2 76 76 12 173 184 328 540 88 452 34 83 94 299 : : 71 238 : 46 6 : 270 2010 8 506 177 52 280 113 1 817 56 45 36 910 1 252 940 76 64 13 151 182 340 355 57 259 27 46 96 208 953 : 72 284 : 49 6 : 186 Inland navigation 2000 5 934 212 5 163 281 7 25 493 1 386 342 1 269 3 326 6 6 44 112 172 155 926 : 716 10 : 28 : 193 2010 5 915 158 4 155 260 8 20 717 1 050 308 1 128 7 6 1 158 11 122 59 183 187 1 371 : 810 9 : 38 : 597

EU-27 341 381 365 218 279 670 299 715 45 526 49 802

56 276 51 017

26 192 29 849 42 251 42 044 36 881 35 965 573 644 947 1 597 2 865 152 5 963 5 617 2 696 1 180 1 349 3 561 6 700 : 2 968 5 499 : 1 356 321 : 762 1 011 1 403 2 177 4 019 177 7 590 6 151 4 395 1 740 2 169 3 999 7 411 : 3 593 5 679 : 1 860 445 :

10 359 11 230 8 876 16 469

38 886 38 565 11 156 11 673

10 518 13 257


56


EnergyFigure 2.4.4: Final energy consumption, by mode of transport, EU-27 (Mtoe)350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

2

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Road

Air

Rail

Inland navigation


Table 2.4.4a: Final energy consumption, by mode of transport, EU-27 (Mtoe)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total 341 Road 280 Air 46 Rail 10 Inland 6 navigation 345 284 44 9 6 348 288 44 9 6 353 291 45 9 7 363 298 48 9 6 367 299 51 9 7 374 380 305 309 52 54 9 9 7 7 378 367 365 306 300 300 55 50 50 9 8 9 7 6 6 Change (%) 7 7 9 - 12 0


Within the transport sector of the EU-27, road transport was the most energy consuming mode with an 82 % share of the total in 2010. Air transport was second with a 14 % share, while rail and inland navigation consumed about 2 % of the total each. The situation was similar in Member States. Road transport accounted for the largest share of their energy consumption and even exceeded 90 % of the total in Slovenia, Poland, Hungary and Latvia. Due to its geography, Malta displayed the largest share of energy consumption by air (36 %). Regarding energy consumption by rail transport, new Member States recorded the highest shares; while Greece displayed the highest share of energy consumption by inland navigation (9 %). Air transport was the fastest growing sector between 2000 and 2010 with a 9 % increase for the EU-27. Road transport presented a 7 %, increase, while energy consumption by navigation remained stable.


57

2

EnergyTable 2.4.5: Final energy consumption in transport, by fuelShare to total final energy consumption in transport (%) Motor spirit 2000 2010 39 24 35 44 42 46 51 39 47 27 29 41 25 46 37 32 43 27 30 30 53 34 38 68 42 41 52 44 : 38 57 : 53 42 : 31 25 13 21 30 31 32 37 33 47 15 16 25 39 25 19 14 32 27 28 20 24 20 28 33 23 32 39 30 : 23 45 : 33 28 : 13 Kerosenes 2000 2010 13 16 5 4 18 11 4 15 18 14 13 8 32 4 3 17 7 44 24 8 3 12 4 2 2 12 11 21 : 15 22 : 5 8 : 10 14 15 6 5 17 14 5 16 11 14 13 9 27 10 3 16 5 36 23 8 3 14 5 1 2 14 10 22 : 15 20 : 5 2 : 10 Gas/diesel oil 2000 2010 44 56 39 43 39 41 44 45 31 57 55 43 42 45 48 51 47 28 41 55 34 53 51 28 50 44 33 34 : 45 18 : 41 49 : 45 53 67 51 55 51 46 58 49 34 65 63 55 32 61 61 68 56 36 44 61 55 60 62 62 52 49 42 43 : 57 31 : 58 58 : 58 Biofuels 2000 2010 0 1 0 0 1 0 : : : 4 4 0 4 5 0 2 2 4 5 3 1 2 3 2 4 2 5 5 4 2 3 6 3 4 2 : 2 0 : 0 1 : 0

All products (ktoe) 2000 EU-27 341 381 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH ME HR MK RS TR 9 661 1 993 4 405 4 821 65 936 578 4 018 7 212 32 926 50 682 42 519 850 750 1 055 1 930 3 272 275 14 256 7 046 9 789 6 542 3 421 1 239 1 459 4 353 8 088 52 307 : 4 415 7 372 : 1 531 356 : 12 279 2010 365 218 10 299 2 880 6 295 5 172 61 894 786 4 667 8 177 37 244 50 317 41 957 1 039 1 213 1 548 2 622 4 401 279 15 036 8 797 17 589 7 373 5 004 1 794 2 655 4 969 8 649 52 562 : 5 305 7 439 : 2 058 459 : 15 848


58


EnergyFigure 2.4.5: Final energy consumption in transport, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)210 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

2

Gas/diesel oil Biofuels

Motor spirit Other

Kerosenes


Table 2.4.5a: Final energy consumption in transport, by fuel, EU-27 (Mtoe)2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Motor spirit Gas/diesel oil Kerosenes Biofuels Other 341 132 152 45 1 12 345 129 157 44 1 13 348 353 127 124 162 169 43 45 1 1 13 14 363 120 179 48 2 14 367 115 184 50 3 14 374 111 191 52 5 15 380 378 107 102 198 196 54 54 7 10 15 15 367 98 191 50 12 15 365 93 194 50 13 15 Change (%) 7 - 29 28 9 1 784 30


In the last decade, significant changes were observed in the fuel mix consumed by the EU-27 transport sector. In 2010, gas/diesel oil accounted for 53 % of the total, an increase of 9 percentage points compared to 2000. Over the same period, the share of motor spirits dropped from 39 % in 2000 to 25 % in 2010. Kerosenes and biofuels accounted for 14 % and 4 % of total transport consumption in 2010. In absolute terms, between 2000 and 2010 motor spirit consumption dropped by 29 %. Growths were recorded in the consumption of gas/ diesel oil (28 %), kerosenes (9 %) and biofuels (19 times). At Member State level, in 2010 gas/diesel oil was the main fuel consumed i

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