krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebi da pirovnuli ... xechuashvili.pdf(emociebis gamoxatva, qceviTi CaurTveloba da alkoholisa da narkotikebis miReba) prediqtors; (d) formaluri

Tbilisi, 2008

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxemwifo unviersitetis

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

lili xeCuaSvili

krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebi

da pirovnuli profili qarTvel

samxedroebSi

fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri

xarisxis mosapoveblad warsadgeni

disertacia

naSromi Sesrulebulia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: marine CitaSvili, Tsu sruli

profesori, fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

krizisuli situaviebis daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli profilis mimarTeba . . . 2

sarCevi

cxrilebisa da suraTebis CamonaTvali __________________ 3

abstraqti ____________________________________________ 7

Sesavali _____________________________________________ 9

Tavi 1. daZleva _______________________________________ 21

Tavi 2. pirovnuli profili ____________________________ 36

Tavi 3. warmatebuli profesiuli kariera: samxedroebi ____ 64

Tavi 4. kvlevis sakiTxis gansazRvra ____________________ 67

Tavi 5. meTodi_________________________________________ 69

Tavi 6. Sedegebis aRwera _______________________________ 79

Tavi 7. Sedegebis ganxilva _____________________________ 107

Tavi 8. daskvnebi_______________________________________ 119

gamoyenebuli literatura _____________________________ 123

danarTi _____________________________________________ 129


cxrilebisa da suraTebis CamonaTvali

cxrilebi

cxrili 1. amirxanis, lazarusi-folkmanisa da qarveri-Seieris mier

SemoTavazebuli daZlevis strategiebis mimarTeba

lazarusi-folkmanis mier SemoTavazebul or modusTan ______33

cxrili 2. xuTfaqtoriani modeli ___________________________________56

cxrili 3. warmatebuli samxedro mosamsaxuris maxasiaTeblebi__________ 65

cxrili 4. daZlevis skalis 15 skala _________________________________70

cxrili 5. MMPI-is ZiriTadi skalebi _________________________________73

cxrili 6. PDQ-4-is klinikuri skalebi________________________________75

cxrili 7. agresiulobis sakvlevi kiTxvaris skalebi __________________ 76

cxrili 8. wodebebi da Tanamdebobebi ________________________________78

cxrili 9. wodebis matebis sixSiris ganawileba Tanamdebobis

matebasTan mimarTebaSi ___________________________________98

cxrili 10. daZlevis zogierTi strategiis prediqtori_________________106

suraTebi

suraTi 1. banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli ________________________52

suraTi 2. pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT ____55

suraTi 3. samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis daZlevis strategiebi _______79

suraTi 4. samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis mier dasaxelebuli

daZlevis pirveli Svidi strategia ________________________80

suraTi 5. fsiqikuri CaurTvelobis skalis mniSvneloba

samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi __________________81

suraTi 6. emociebis gamoxatvis skalis mniSvneloba samxedroebisa

da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi _______________________________82


suraTi 7. iumoris skalis mniSvneloba samxedroebisa da

samoqalaqoebis jgufebi __________________________________82

suraTi 8. qceviTi CaurTvelobis skalis mniSvneloba samxedroebisa

da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi _______________________________83

suraTi 9. alkoholisa da narkotikebis gamoyenebis skalis

mniSvneloba samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebi _______83

suraTi 10. samxedroebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis MMPI-is

gasaSualoebuli profilebi_______________________________84

suraTi 11. sicruis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da

samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________________________84

suraTi 12. sandoobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 13. ipoqondriis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 14. depresiulobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da

samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________________________86

suraTi 15. isteriis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 16. feminuroba-maskulinobis skalis maCvenebeli

samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis _____________87

suraTi 17. paranoiis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 18. fsiqasTeniis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 19. Sizofreniis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 20. socialuri introversiis skalis maCvenebeli

samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis jgufebisTvis ____________89


suraTi 21. koreqciis, fsiqopaTiisa da hipomaniis skalebis

maCveneblebi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis

jgufebisTvis ___________________________________________89

suraTi 22. pirovnebis sadiagnostiko kiTxvaris jamuri maCvenebeli


suraTi 23. antisocialurobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 24. obsesiuroba-kompulsurobis skalis maCvenebeli


suraTi 25. damokidebulebis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 26. pirovnebis sadiagnostiko kiTxvaris danarCeni skalebis

maCveneblebi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis

jgufebisTvis ___________________________________________92

suraTi 27. iribi agresiis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 28. gaRizianebadobis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 29. negativizmis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 30. wyenis skalis maCvenebeli samxedroebisa da


suraTi 31. agresiulobis indeqsi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis

jgufebisTvis ___________________________________________94

suraTi 32. danarCeni skalebisa da mtruli damokidebulebis indeqsis

maCvenebelebi samxedroebisa da samoqalaqoebis

jgufebisTvis ____________________________________________95

suraTi 33. 2002 wels kvlevaSi monawileb 110 samxedro mosamsaxuris

samsaxureobrivi mdgomareoba 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis _________95

suraTi 34. 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis cdis pirTa mdgomareoba wodebis

mixedviT (2002 welTan SedarebiT) _________________________96


suraTi 35. 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis cdis pirTa mdgomareoba

Tanamebobis mixedviT (2002 welTan SedarebiT) ______________97

suraTi 36. jarSi darCenili da jaridan wasuli cdis pirebis MMPI-

is gasaSualoebuli profilebi ___________________________98

suraTi 37. dawinaurebuli da igive Tanamdebobaze darCenili cdis

pirebis MMPI-is gasaSualoebuli profilebi _______________99

suraTi 38. 2006 wlis ianvrisTvis erTi da ori widebiT meti Cinis

mqone cdis pirebis MMPI-is gasaSualoebuli profilebi __99

suraTi 39. dawinaurebuli da igive Tanamdebobaze darCenili

samxedro mosamsaxureebis prioritetuli daZlevis

strategiebi __________________________________________100

suraTi 40. dawinaurebuli da igive Tanamdebobaze darCenili

samxedro mosamsaxureebis uaryofis skalis maCveneblebi ___100


abstraqti

samxedro mosamsaxureTa daniSnuleba erovnuli usafrTxoebis,

teritoriuli mTlianobis, saxelmwifos infrastruqturebisa da

instituciebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. samxedro profesia

gansakuTrebiT didi risk-faqtorebis Semcvel saqmianobaTa ricxvs

miekuTvneba, sadac gansakuTrebuli roli rTuli amocanebis

Semsrulebel konkretul samxedro mosamsaxureTa pirovnebebs unda

eniWebodes. amocanebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxiT

ganpirobebuli riskis minimumamde dasayvanad gansakuTrebiT

aqtualuria am adamianebis fsiqologiuri profilis dadgena.

kvlevis mizania, erTi mxriv, pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisa da

krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis pirovnebis mier arCeuli

strategiebisa da, meore mxriv, samxedro mosamsaxureTa profesiul

saqmianobaSi miRweul warmatebas Soris kavSiris gamovlena.

naSromSi ganxilulia samxedro mosamsaxureebis pirovnuli

profilis, krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis prioritetuli

strategiebis, maTi urTierTmimarTebisa da warmatebul profesiul

saqmianobaze gavlenis sakiTxebi. samxedroTa saqmianobaSi

gardauvali samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli stresi gavlenas axdens maT

pirovnebaze da maTTvis tipuri pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis

arsebobas ganapirobebs; amasTan, Tu daZlevis strategia ganixileba,

rogorc ufro pirovnuli faqtori, vidre _ garemos cvladi, maSin

SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom samxedro samsaxurTan asocirebul

pirovnul Taviseburebebs garkveuli tipis daZlevis strategiebi

unda ukavSirdebodes. daZlevis prioritetuli strategiis arCevaze

SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes arsebuli samuSaos pirobebic. am

SemTxvevaSic, SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom samxedroTa profesiuli

saqmianobis Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdens stresul situaciebTan

gamklavebis strategiebis arCevaze. samuSao hipoTeza iyo: Tu

pirovnuli profili (an misi calkeuli mdgenelebi) da stresis

daZlevis prioritetuli strategiebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan

kavSirSi imyofebian, gansxvavebulia samxedroebTan da samoqalaqo

pirebTan, maSin isini gavlenas unda axdendnen samxedroTa

profesiul saqmianobaSi warmatebaze, kerZod, problemis gadaWraze


mimarTuli daZlevis strategiebi xels unda uwyobdes samxedroTa

ufro warmatebul profesiul saqmianobas. kvlevis amocana iyo

samxedroebis warmatebulobis formaluri indikatorebis

identificireba da samxedroebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebisa da prioritetuli daZlevis strategiebis dadgena.

gamokvleul iqna 25-35 wlis 260 mamakaci (200 profesionali samxedro

da 60 samoqalaqo piri, romelTa profesiuli saqmianoba ar

ukavSirdeboda jars an romelime sxva samxedro struqturas).

Seswavlil iqna iseTi parametrebi (sul 51), rogoricaa daZlevis

strategiebi (qarverisa da Seieris daZlevis skala), pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebi (MMPI, PDQ-4, basisa da darkis agresiulobis

sakvlevi kiTxvari) da warmatebuli samxedro karieris formaluri

indikatorebi (Cini da Tanamdeboba). miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT,

hipoTeza nawilobriv dadasturda: (a) samxedroebi da samoqalaqoebi

ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan krizisuli situaciis daZlevis

prioritetuli strategiebiT; orive jgufi, upiratesad, problemaze

orientirebul daZlevas irCevs (dagegmva, aqtiuri gamklaveba,) da

misdami emociuri damokidebulebis Secvlasac cdilobs (miReba da

pozitiuri reinterpretacia); (b) gansxvavebulia samxedroebisa da

samoqalaqoebis pirovnuli profili: _ 49 Seswavlili parametridan

23 statistikurad sandod gansxvavdeba; (g) samxedroebisa (daZlevis 8

strategia da 26 pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) da samoqalaqoebis

(daZlevis 8 strategia da 18 pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli) daZlevis

strategiebi da pirovnuli profilis calkeuli mdgenelebi

erTmaneTTan aris kavSirSi, Tumca mxolod 4 pirovnuli

maxasiaTebeli (ganridebadoba, iribi agresia, fsiqasTenia da

koreqciis skala) warmoadgens daZlevis 3 sxvadasxva strategiis

(emociebis gamoxatva, qceviTi CaurTveloba da alkoholisa da

narkotikebis miReba) prediqtors; (d) formaluri maxasiaTeblebiT _

wodebisa da Tanamdebobis matebiT _ gazomili profesiuli

warmatebuloba Tanamedrove qarTul jarSi ar aris kavSirSi

oficerTa pirovnul profilTan da stresis daZlevis strategiebTan.


krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebisa da

pirovnuli profilis urTierTmimarTeba samxedroebTan

samxedro mosamsaxureTa daniSnulebaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis,

teritoriuli mTlianobis, saxelmwifos infrastruqturebisa da

instituciebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. es, TavisTavad,

gulisxmobs samxedro profesiis mqone adamianTa mudmiv fizikur

wvrTnasa da fsiqologiur momzadebas1 sxvadasxva saxis operaciebSi

monawileobisaTvis, iqneba es calkeuli sabrZolo davaleba,

samSvidobo misia, sabrZolo Tu saomari moqmedebebi. amas yovelTvis

axlavs Tan dainvalidebis, dasaxiCrebisa Tu daRupvis riski da

aramarto omSi, sabrZolo moqmedebebisas, aramed varjiSisa da

wvrTnis drosac ki (Driskell, J. E. and Salas, E., 1991). riski izrdeba

specifikur SemTxvevebSi, rodesac rogorc qveynis SigniT (samxreT

oseTi, afxazeTi), ise _ mis gareT (erayi da kosovo) aris e.w. cxeli

wertilebi, sadac qarTvel samxedroebs TavianTi profesiuli valis

moxda uwevT da sadac ar arsebobs uvneblad gadarCenis 100%-iani

garantia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am konkretuli kvlevis ramdenime

monawile dRes ukve invalidia.2

1 samxedroebi kargi fizikuri momzadebis garda, Zlieri motivaciiTa da

qvedanayofebSi SeWidulobiT (сплаченность) unda xasiaTdebodnen. maTi

fsiqologiuri momzadeba strestgamZleobis, gambedaobis,

samarTlianobis, mizanswrafulobis, simtkicis, sakuTari Rirsebis,

Zalebisa da iaraRis rwmenis ganmtkicebas gulisxmobs (Driskell, J. E. and

Salas, E. (1991).

2 ase magaliTad, kojris specialuri daniSnulebis brigadaSi Cvens mier

moZiebuli informaciiT, winamdebare kvlevaSi monawile ori oficeri

afxazeTSi dazvervis operaciis dros naRmze afeTqda (da dainvalidda;

orivem dakarga cali fexi) 2002 wlis agvistoSi, xolo erTi oficeri

samxreT oseTSi samSvidobo misiis Sesrulebis dros daiRupa 2004 wlis

zafxulSi. aseve, cnobilia qarTvel samxedroTa afeTqebis gaxmaurebuli

faqti eraySi 2005 wels. es, TavisTavad, konkretuli magaliTebia da ar

arsebobs garantia, rom analogiur situaciaSi sxvebsac igive ar

daemarTebaT.


amrigad, samxedro profesia gansakuTrebiT didi risk-

faqtorebis Semcvel saqmianobaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac

gansakuTrebuli roli adamianur faqtors, im konkretul samxedro

mosamsaxureTa pirovnebebs unda eniWebodes, romelTac rTuli

(rogorc fizikuri, ise _ fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT) amocanebis

Sesruleba uwevT. swored imisaTvis, rom amocanebis Sesrulebisas

minimumamde iqnas dayvanili dasaxuli amocanis SesrulebasTan

dakavSirebuli safrTxiT ganpirobebuli riski, gansakuTrebiT

aqtualuri da saWiro xdeba am adamianebis fsiqologiuri profilis

dadgena.

cnobilia, rom fsiqologiuri profili farTo cnebaa da mraval

komponents gulisxmobs. masSi SeiZleba individis Tandayolili Tu

SeZenili kognituri, emociuri da pirovnuli Taviseburebebi

moiazrebodes, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mravali maxasiaTeblis

erTobliobas an/da rTul kombinacias warmoadgens. amitom nebismieri

konkretuli individisa Tu individTa nebismieri tipis SerCevis

fsiqologiuri profilis kvleva, cxadia, am komponentTa

Tanmimdevrul da SeZlebisdagvarad srul Seswavlas gulisxmobs,

rac xangrZliv da skuprulozur muSaobas saWiroebs.

analogiur viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme samxedro mosamsaxureebis

SemTxvevaSi. maTi fsiqologiuri profilis kvleva ramdenime ZiriTad

komponents moiazrebs. es komponentebia:

(a) pirovnuli profili anu SedarebiT mdgradi pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis kombinacia (rogoricaa, magaliTad, agresiuloba,

komunikabeluroba, mowesrigebuloba da a.S.). aq igulisxmeba

samxedro samsaxurSi myof individTa pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi,

romelTa kombinaciac gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebs da, amasTan,

savaraudod, ganasxvavebs maT samoqalaqo pirebisgan;

(b) daZlevis strategiebi, romlebsac samxedro mosamsaxure

iseTi krizisuli, stresuli situaciebis dasaZlevad irCevs,

rogoricaa drois deficitis pirobebSi swrafi da adekvaturi

gadawyvetilebis miReba, Zlieri fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri

datvirTvisas masze dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesruleba da


pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aReba, samxedro danayofSi Seqmnili

nebismieri konfliqturi situaciis mogvareba Tu ganusazRvrelobis

pirobebSi maqsimalurad adekvaturad da efeqturad moqmedebis

saWiroeba.

(g) motivaciuri komponenti. ra motivaciuri faqtorebi

zemoqmedeben an/da gansazRvraven profesiuli samxedro ganaTlebis

miRebisa da samxedro samsaxurSi wasvlis survils, warmatebuli

profesiuli samxedro karieris gakeTebisa da maRali profesiuli

statusis (Cini, Tanamdeboba) miRwevis moTxovnilebas3.

(d) komponenti, romelsac SeiZleba samxedro mosamsaxuris me-

koncefcia ewodos. aq igulisxmeba samxedro mosamsaxuris mier

sakuTari realuri da idealuri me-s aRqma, sakuTari Tavisadmi

damokidebuleba da TviTSefaseba.

sakuTari realuri me-s aRqmaSi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iseTi

mdgeneli, rogoricaa sxeulis xati, vinaidan samxedroebis profesiis

specifikasTan SeWiduli da misi Tanmdevi iseTi elementi, rogoricaa

samxedro forma, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba individis mier

sakuTari identobis aRqmisas. forma is TvalsaCino atributia4,

3 faqtia, rom yvela adamiani ar midis samxedro samxaxurSi; metic, xSiria

yvelasTvis kargad cnobili SemTxvevebi, rodesac axalgazrdebi araTu

profesiuli samxedro ganaTlebisken iltvian, aramed nebismieri gziT

cdiloben savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisTvis Tavis aridebas; Tumca,

iseTi axalgazrdebic arseboben, romlebic sakuTar momavals mxolod

samxedro samsaxurs ukavSireben da arian iseTebic, romlebic

savaldebulo samsaxuris gavlis periodSi cvlis gadawyvetilebas da

jarSi darCenasa da profesiuli samxedro ganaTlebis miRebis

gadawyvetilebas iRebs. amitom saintereso da sakadro politikis

dagegmvisTvis gamosadegi iqneboda am mimarTulebiT kvlevis warmoeba.

4 oficris forma (rogorc saaRlumo, ise _ yoveldRiuri da savele)

yovelTvis miuTiTebs misi mflobelis vinaobaze, samxedro Cinze, jarebis

saxeobaze, romelSic oficeri msaxurobs, mis kvalifikaciaze, profesiul

miRwevebsa da miRebul jildoebze. amitom forma oficris profesiuli

warmatebulobis indikatorsac SeiZleba warmoadgendes. samxedro


romelic samxedro mosamsaxuris statussa da profesiul

warmatebulobaze miuTiTebs da romelic samxedroTa cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis erT-erT arsebiT da ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens5.

aseve, migvaCnia, rom samxedroebSi sakuTari identobis

formirebisas aranakleb mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba iaraRs6 da

misdami damokidebulebas, rac, aseve, damoukidebeli kvlevis sagani

SeiZleba iyos. aq, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom iaraRi, romelic,

TavisTavad, ZalasTan, daculobasTan, usafrTxoebasTan asocirdeba

da romlis tarebac oficrebs (Tumca, ara yvelas) sakuTar sxeulze

uwevT, garkveulwilad, unda moqmedebdes da koreqtivebi Seqondes

samxedro mosamsaxuris mier sakuTari sxeulis xatis da, Sesabamisad,

me-s xatis aRqmaze.

zemoT dasaxelebuli mdgenelebi, romlebic sxva komponentebTan

erTad samxedro mosamsaxuris me-s xats qmnian, cxadia, gavlenas unda

unda axdendnen mis TviTSefasebaze. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

TvalsaCinod mocemuli socialuri da profesiuli statusi, iaraRis

flobasTan asocirebuli usafrTxoebisa da siZlieris gancda,

SesaZloa, samxedro mosamsaxureTa Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul

formisadmi damokidebuleba da misi mniSvnelovneba samxedro

mosamsaxuris fsiqologiuri profilis formirebisas calke kvlevis

sagania.

5 gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gvesaxeba samxedro mosamsaxureebis sxeulis

xatis (da, Sesabamisad, misi realuri me-s xatis) mdgradobis sakiTxis

kvleva im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac samxedro mosamsaxureebs droebiT,

garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi an (jaridan wasvlis SemTxvevaSi)

samudamod uwevT formis gareSe cxovreba.

6 ganurCevlad imisa, es iaraRi tabeluria (anu samsaxureobrivi

mdgomareobidan gamomdinare ekuTvnis oficers misi tareba) Tu

saxelobiTi (anu iaraRi misi piradi sakuTrebaa _ saxelmwifo jildos an

saCuqris saxiT miRebuli).


(samoqalaqo pirebisgan) TviTSefasebasa7 da met TviTdajerebulobas

ganapirobebdes.

(e) emociuri mdgomareobebi da emociuri reaqciebis

Taviseburebebi, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresiuloba, emociuri

stabiloba, emociebis gamoxatvis intensioba, sixSire da

kontrolis/marTvis unari, emociebze fokusirebis pirovnuli

mniSvnelovneba. samxedro mosamsaxureTa emociuri Taviseburebebis

Seswavla (pirovnuli profilis sxva mdgenelebTan erTad)

aqtualuri xdeba profesiuli gadarCevisa da dasaxuli amocanebis

SesrulebisTvis konkretuli samxedro mosamsaxuris vargisianobis

gansazRvrisas.

(v) kognituri unarebi. aq moiazreba umaRlesi fsiqikuri

procesebis mimdinareobis Taviseburebebi, inteleqtualuri

ganviTarebis done da problemebis sworad/adekvaturad danaxvisa da

gadawyvetis unarebi. samxedro mosamsaxuris kognituri unarebis

kvleva da Sefaseba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens profesiuli

SerCevis zogierT specifikur SemTxvevaSi; ase, magaliTad,

profesionali snaiperebisTvis (an snaiperis kursantobis

kandidatebisTvis), sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, aucilebelia

kargad ganviTarebuli cnobis mexsiereba, monotonuri samuSaos

pirobebSi kargad koncentrirebadi yuradReba da praqtikuli

azrovnebis Cvevebi8.

7 saTanado kvlevis gareSe, ver vamtkicebT, rom CamoTvlili faqtorebi

aucileblobiT maRali TviTSefasebis winapiroba SeiZleba gaxdes. aq

mxolod varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba, rom samxedroTa TviTSefaseba

samxedro samsaxurSi yofnis periodSi, SesaZloa, ufro mdgradi iyos da

naklebad eqvemdebarebodes cvlilebas, Tumca, es sakiTxic sxva,

damoukidebeli kvlevis sagania.

8 amis Tqmis uflebas Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevisa da oTxi wlis

manZilze samxedro nawilSi diagnostikasa da profSerCevaSi muSaobisas

warmoebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebi iZleva, romlebic ar Sevida winamdebare

naSromSi.


amrigad, met-naklebad srulad mimovixileT samxedro

mosamsaxureebis fsiqologiuri profilis mdgenelebi da vaCveneT am

mimarTulebiT kvlevis warmoebis sirTule, rac Sesaswavl

parametrTa mravalferovnebasa da kvlevis procesis xangrZliobas

ukavSirdeba.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, samxedro mosamsaxureTa

fsiqologiuri profilis dadgenis procesi ramdenime etapad daiyo:

_ (1) samxedro mosamsaxureTa pirovnuli profilisa da daZlevis

strategiebis Taviseburebebis dadgena, (2) samxedroTa warmatebuli

profesiuli saqmianobisa da am Taviseburebebis urTierTmimarTebis

garkveva, (3) samxedro profesiis arCevisa da warmatebuli

profesiuli karieris Seqmnisken swrafvis mamotivirebeli

faqtorebis, (4) samxedro mosamsaxureTa me-koncefciis (realuri me-s

xatis, sxeulis xatis) da (5) samxedro mosamsaxureTa emociuri

sferosa da kognituri unarebis kvleva, (6) samxedro mosamsaxureTa

sruli fsiqologiuri profilis, fsiqogramis dadgena da qarTul

Tanamedrove jarSi maqsimalurad efeqturi sakadro politikis

warmoebisTvis rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.

kvlevis masStaburobidan gamomdinare, winamdebare naSromSi

samxedro mosamsaxureTa fsiqologiuri profilis kvlevis pirveli

ori etapia warmodgenili; Sesabamisad, mocemuli kvlevis mizania,

dadgindes, Tu ra gavlenas axdens pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi da

krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis pirovnebis mier arCeuli

strategiebi samxedro mosamsaxureTa profesiul saqmianobaSi

warmatebaze. naSromSi ganxilulia samxedro mosamsaxureebis

pirovnuli profilis, krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis

prioritetuli strategiebis, maTi urTierTmimarTebisa da

warmatebul profesiul saqmianobaze gavlenis sakiTxebi.

samxedro saqmis specifikidan da miznebidan gamomdinare, mkacri

da ukiduresad mowesrigebulia samxedro nawilebis struqturuli

organizacia, sadac samxedroebi msaxuroben. faqtobrivad, yvela

formaluri urTierToba samxedro struqturis sxvadasxva instancias

Soris wesdebiT regulirdeba da praqtikulad ar rCeba sfero


(profesiis farglebSi), sadac minimumamde araa dayvanili

samxedroTa qcevis Tavisuflebis xarisxi.

samxedroTa saqmianobaSi gardauvalia samuSaosTan

dakavSirebuli stresi (Levi L., 1990), romlis gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos

muSaobis aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi, konkurencia, Sidajgufuri

Ria Tu faruli konfliqtebi, formaluri lideris mier koleqtivis

marTvis arcodna da samsaxuris dakargvis SiSi. profesiul

saqmianobas ukavSirdeba samuSaoTi gadatvirTviT gamowveuli

stresic. aq igulisxmeba samsaxursa da ojaxs Soris

daubalansirebeli Tanafardoba9 da araformaluri urTierTobebis

deficiti10.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gavlenas axdens samxedroTa pirovnebaze

da maTTvis tipuri pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas

ganapirobebs (Dillinger, T. G., Weigemann D. A. and Taneja N, 2003). magaliTad,

rigi kvlevebisa aCvenebs, rom samxedro pilotebi ufro miRwevaze

orientirebulebi, komunikabelurebi, konkurentunariani,

dominanturebi, naklebad introspeqciulebi, emociurebi da

senzitiurebi arian, vidre arasamxedroebi (Ashman A. and Telfer R., 1983;

Fine P. M. and Hartman B. O., 1968). amasTan, gansakuTrebiT warmatebulad

iTvlebian is samxedro pilotebi, romlebic dasaxelebul pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebTan erTad ufro meti agresiulobiT, dominanturobiTa

9 es aris saxlSi ar yofna, gvian misvla da adre wamosvla, mudmivi

morigeobebi samsaxurSi da ojaxis monatreba, ojaxTan yofnisTvis

moucleloba; es aris mudmivi arCevani _ ojaxi Tu samsaxuri da

samsaxuris sasargeblod gakeTebuli arCevani TiToeul konkretul

situaciaSi.

10 profesiis Taviseburebidan da am profesiiT ganpirobebuli cxovrebis

wesidan gamomdinare, es adamianebi praqtikulad ar/ver (an iSviaTad)

ekontaqtebian im adamianebs, romelTac araferi aqvT saerTo samxedro

saqmesTan da struqturebTan; maTi megobrebis wre, ZiriTadad, isev maTive

TanamSromlebiT _ samxedroebiTve Semoifargleba. isini, faqtobrivad,

mTlianad „komuflirebul“ garemoSi cxovroben.


da sakuTari TaviT siamayisken midrekilebiT gamoirCevian (Retzlaff R.

D., and Gibertini M., 1987).

Tu daZlevis strategias ganvixilavT, rogorc ufro pirovnul

faqtors, vidre _ garemos cvlads (Нартова-Бочавер С.К., 1997), maSin

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom samxedro samsaxurTan asocirebul

pirovnul Taviseburebebs garkveuli tipis daZlevis strategiebi

unda ukavSirdebodes. msgavsi mosazreba gamoTqmulia Cvens mier

moZiebul literaturaSic; kerZod, arsebobs mosazreba, rom

garkveuli mimarTebaa samxedroTa pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da maT

mier arCeul prioritetul daZlevis strategiebis Soris. magaliTad,

dilingeris, uaiegmanisa da taneias kvleva aCvenebs, rom samxedro

pilotTa stresis daZlevis strategiebi sxvadasxva pirovnul

aspeqtebs ukavSirdeba; ase magaliTad, eqstraversia dadebiTad

korelirebs „socialuri instrumentuli mxardaWeris ZiebasTan“

(r=0.305, p


strategiebis gamoyenebisken ufro arian midrekilni, stresul

situaciebSi informaciis moZiebis Zlieri tendenciiT xasiaTdebian,

naklebad elian emociur mxardaWeras da naklebad iyeneben daZlevis

iseT strategiebs, rogoricaa uaryofa, arideba da qceviTi Tu

fsiqikuri CaurTveloba (Picano J. J., 1990).

literaturaSi vxvdebiT miniSnebas imis Taobazec, rom daZlevis

prioritetuli strategiis arCevaze SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes

rogorc pirovnuli faqtorebi, ise _ arsebuli samuSaos

konteqsti/garemo pirobebi (Moos, R. H. and Swindle, R. W. Jr., 2002). am

SemTxvevaSic, literaturaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom

samxedroTa profesiuli saqmianobis Taviseburebebi (magaliTad,

specifikuri profesiuli miznebi, samuSao garemo, samxedro

struqturisTvis tipuri mkacri subordinacia da formaluri Tu

araformaluri urTierTobebi) gavlenas axdens stresul

situaciebTan gamklavebis strategiebis arCevaze.

Tu daZlevis lazarusisa da folkmanis SedarebiT axal da

gavrcelebul kognitur Teorias daveyrdnobiT (Lazarus R., S., Folkman S,

1984), sadac aRqmul stresorze individis mier ganxorcielebuli

daZlevis reaqcia ganixileba, rogorc pirovnebisa da garemos

urTierTqmedebis dinamikuri procesi da sadac individi daZlevisken

bunebrivi midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba, misi reaqcia ki nebismier

konkretul stresul situaciaze am midrekilebisa da situaciuri

faqtorebis interaqciul funqcias warmoadgens (Duhachek A., Iacobucci

D., 2004), SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom samxedroebisa da maTi samuSaos

specifikuri garemos urTierTqmedeba SeiZleba moiazrebdes daZlevis

maTTvis damaxasiaTebel, maTi pirovnuli TaviseburebebiTa da

samuSao garemos specifikiT ganpirobebul strategiebs.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, profesiuli karieris Seqmnis,

SenarCunebisa Tu winsvlisTvis samxedroebs maqsimalurad

adekvaturi pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da stresis daZlevisÓefeqturi

strategiebis SemuSaveba uwevT. aqedan gamomdinare, ismis kiTxva:

ramdenad ganapirobebs samxedro mosamsaxureTa pirovnuli


maxasiTeblebi da stresuli situaciebis daZlevis prioritetuli

strategiebi maT profesiul winsvlas da warmatebul karieras.11

am sakiTxis kvleva sainteresod da aqtualurad gvesaxeba

mosalodneli Sedegebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli Rirebulebis gamo.

kvlevis Teoriuli Rirebuleba Seexeba daZlevis, rogorc ufro

pirovnuli faqtoris Tu situaciuri cvladis, sakiTxis kvlevas.

kerZod, miRebuli Sedegebi saSualebas mogvcems, ufro

dasabuTebulad vimsjeloT individis daZlevis strategiebisa da

pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.

kvlevis praqtikul RirebulebaSi moiazreba miRebuli Sedegebis

praqtikuli miznebisTvis gamoyeneba; kerZod:

(1) daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis

urTierTmimarTebis Taviseburebebis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi

SesaZlebeli gaxdeba:

am informaciis gamoyeneba samxedro struqturebSi kadrebis

adekvaturi SerCevisaTvis. magaliTad, konkretuli mocemuli

kadris pirovnuli profilis codnis SemTxvevaSi darwmunebiT

SegviZlia prognostuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba misi

prioritetuli daZlevis strategiebisTvis, rac am kadris

maqsimalurad adekvaturad dasaqmebis saSualebas mogvcems. ase

magaliTad, konkretuli pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisa (vTqvaT,

gamokveTili gaRizianebadobis, garSemomyofebisadmi mtruli

damokidebulebis, feTqebadobis an momatebuli depresiuli

fonis) da maTTan dakavSirebul emociebze fokusirebuli

strategiis mqone piri ver SeZlebs kosovoSi an eraySi

wargzavnil samSvidobo batalionSi samsaxurs, vinaidan aseTi

samSvidobo misia saqarTvelosgan Sors, sruliad gansxvavebul

kulturul garemoSi monotonuri (yazarmuli reJimi,

11 unda aRiniSnos, rom samxedroTa profesiul warmatebaSi pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebisa da daZlevis strategiebis rolis kvleva jer kidev XX

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi daiwyo aSS-Si (Ramachandran, N., Wadhawan, J., M., Kumar,

V., Chandramohan, V, & Rao, P.L.N., 1983), Tumca, Cvens qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli

verc erTi kvleva ver vnaxeT.


teritoriis dacva da perimetris patrulireba, mgzavrebis

Semowmeba da a.S.) samuSaos Sesrulebas gulisxmobs, rac

aucileblobiT saWiroebs gawonasworebulobas, garSemomyofTa

mimarT momTmenobasa da karg TviTkontrols.

stresul, krizisul situaciebSi samxedro mosamsaxureTa

qcevis prognozireba;

konsultirebisa da reabilitaciis ufro adekvaturi programis

dagegmva da ganxorcieleba;

(2) erTi mxriv, pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da stresis daZlevis

strategiebs da, meore mxriv, profesiul warmatebas Soris

urTierTmimarTebis dadgena samxedro mosamsaxureTaTvis yvelaze

adapturi daZlevis strategiebisa da warmatebuli karierisTvis

gamosadegi pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenis saSualebas

mogvcems. vinaidan samxedro mosamsaxureTa araadapturi daZlevis

strategiebi SeiZleba maT profesiul saqmianobaSi Secdomebisa da

ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi gaxdes (Нартова-Бочавер С.К., 1997),

mizanSewonili iqneba daZlevis optimaluri strategiebis

gamomuSavebaze mimarTuli trening-programebis dagegmva-

ganxorcieleba12, ris safuZvelic SeiZleba Cveni kvlevis Sedegad

miRebuli monacemebi gaxdes.

amrigad, Cveni samuSao hipoTeza ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: Tu

pirovnuli profili (an misi calkeuli mdgenelebi) da stresis

daZlevis prioritetuli strategiebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan

kavSirSi imyofebian, gansxvavebulia samxedroebTan da samoqalaqo

pirebTan, maSin isini gavlenas unda axdendnen samxedroTa

profesiul saqmianobaSi warmatebaze, kerZod, problemis gadaWraze

mimarTuli daZlevis strategiebi xels unda uwyobdes samxedroTa

ufro warmatebul profesiul saqmianobas.

12 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi trening-programebi aSS-Si warmatebiT

xorcieldeba, romlebic msgavsi tipis kvlevebiT mopovebuli

informaciis safuZvelze igegmeba (Dillinger, T. G., Weigemann D. A. and Taneja N.,

2003).


winamdebare kvlevis miznidan da Sesamowmebeli hipoTezidan

gamomdinare, Cvens amocanas warmoadgenda samxedroebisa da

samoqalaqo pirebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisa da prioritetuli

daZlevis strategiebis dadgena.

wamodgenili naSromi Sedgeba abstraqtisgan, Sesavlisagan, rva

Tavisgan, literaturis CamonaTvalisa da danarTisagan.

pirvel TavSi ganxilulia daZlevis cnebisadmi sami ZiriTadi

midgoma, daZlevis funqciebi, daZlevis strategiebis klasificirebis

principebi da daZlevis strategiebis zogierTi arsebuli (sul

cxra) klasifikacia.

meore Tavi pirovnul profils eZRvneba; kerZod, masSi

mocemulia pirovnebis cnebis etimologia da zogierTi arsebuli

gansazRvreba (sul rva), aRwerilia pirovnebis ZiriTadi Teoriebi

(sul eqvsi Teoria da aTi avtori) da warmodgenilia Cvens mier

nakvlevi pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis (sul ocdaTeqvsmeti

maxasiaTeblis) mimoxilva.

mesame TavSi ganxilulia warmatebuli samxedro karieris

formaluri da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.

meoTxe TavSi kvlevis sakiTxia gansazRvruli da

Camoyalibebulia kvlevis miznebi, hipoTezebi da amocanebi.

mexuTe Tavi kvlevis meTodis aRweras eTmoba. masSi mocemulia

kvlevis meTodika, cdis pirebi da procesi.

meeqvse, meSvide da merve Tavebi kvlevis Sedegebis aRweras (sul

38 suraTi da 2 cxrili), maT ganxilvasa da daskvnebs eTmoba.

naSromis bolos mocemulia gamoyenebuli literatura (sul 75

wyaro) da danarTi.


Tavi 1. daZleva

1.1. daZlevis cneba da ZiriTadi midgomebi

stresis gancda da misi daZleva mravali adamianis ZiriTad

problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. fsiqikuri stresi aris datvirTvisa

da xelT arsebuli resursebis urTierTSeusabamoba, rasac Tan

axlavs iseTi emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi, risxva, daTrgunuloba da

a.S. im garemo pirobebs, romelic individis mier fasdeba, rogorc

momTxovni da mis kargad yofnaze gavlenis mqone, stresors, xolo am

pirobebze individis reaqcias, an maT gancdas, distress uwodeben.

stresis13 gavleniT inicirebuli an daTrgunuli reaqciebi SeiZleba

met-naklebad adapturi/Sesabamisi iyos wonasworobis aRdgenisaTvis

anu stresis daZlevisaTvis (Moos, R. H. and Swindle, R. W. Jr., 2002).

cneba „daZleva“ (coping) sxvadasxva situaciebSi adamianis mier

ganxorcielebuli qcevis tipuri paternebis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba.

Tavdapirvelad is lazarusisa da folkmanis (Lazarus R., S., Folkman S.,

1984) stresis fsiqologiaSi gamoiyeneboda da ganisazRvreboda,

rogorc im kognituri da qceviTi Zalisxmevis erToblioba, romelic

ixarjeba individis mier stresis zegavlenis Sesasusteblad.

daZleva adamianis aqtivobis farTo speqtrs moicavs _

aracnobieri fsiqologiuri dacvebidan stresuli situaciebis

mizanmimarTul daZlevamde (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991).

daZleva aris situaciasTan14 urTierTqmedebis individualuri

saSualeba, meTodi am situaciis sakuTari logikis, adamianis

13 arsebobs stresis tipebis sxvadasxva klasifikacia, misi xangrZliobisa

(mwvave, qronikuli) da stresorebis (danakargi, miwisZvra, omi) mixedviT.

calke kategoriad gamoyofen stresis e.w. „Tanamedrove“ tipebs, sadac

Sedis samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli stresi (job stress, stress in the work place)

(Levi L., 1990).14 fsiqologiuri situacia warmoadgens garegani pirobebisa da maTi

subieqturi interpretaciebis erTobliobas, romelic SemosaZRvrulia

droSi da adamians SerCeviTi aqtivobisken ubiZgebs. situacia Sinagani


cxovrebaSi misi mniSvnelobisa da fsiqologiuri SesaZleblobebis

Sesabamisad. daZlevis fsiqologiuri daniSnulebaa: _ rac SeiZleba

ukeTesad adaptirdes adamiani situaciis moTxovnebisadmi. amitom

daZlevis ZiriTadi amocanaa adamianis keTildReobis, fizikuri da

fsiqologiuri janmrTelobisa da urTierTobebiT

dakmayofilebulobis uzrunvelyofa da SenarCuneba (Нартова-Бочавер

С.К., 1997).

farTo mniSvnelobiT, cneba „daZleva“ Sinagani da garegani

zomebis, RonisZiebebis kompleqss gulisxmobs, romelic tkivilisa

da fsiqikaze Tu sxeulze moqmed stresul movlenaTa mtkivneuli,

saziano gavlenis minimizaciazea mimarTuli (Шавердян Г. М., 1998). is

moicavs Sinagani Tu garegani xasiaTis amocanebTan subieqtis

urTierTqmedebis yvela saxeobas: _ problemuri situaciis flobis

an Serbilebis, miCvevis/Seguebis, an misi moTxovnebisTvis Tavis

aridebis mcdelobebs. damatebiTi pirobebi, rogorc garegani, Tavad

dasmuli amocanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, ise Sinagani, romelic

subieqtis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen,

amZafreben/amkveTreben daZlevis Sinaarss (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991).

Tavdapirvelad iTvleboda, rom daZleva maSin iwyebs

amoqmedebas, rodesac amocanis sirTule aRemateba Cveuli reaqciebis

simZlavres, arasakmarisia rutinuli Segueba da saWiro xdeba axali

Zalisxmeva da resursebi. am mosazrebas dResac iziareben

cxovrebiseuli stresis paradigmis (Life Stress Paradigm) momxreebi (Ensel

W. M., Lin N., 1991). magaliTad, enseli da lini (1991) amtkiceben, rom

daZlevaSi usiamovnebebisTvis Tavis arideba, stresul situaciebSi

moxvedrisgan gaqcevac moiazreba.

samyaros movlenis „midamoa“, romelsac SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvneloba

hqondes subieqtis cxovrebis gzis masStabiT (mniSvnelobani

cxovrebiseuli movlenidan yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cvevebis CaTvliT).

situacia moicavs subieqtis ganzraxvebisa da moTxovnilebebis rTul

narevs; is determinirebulia misi wina qceviT da mimarTulia momavalze

subieqtisadmi da situaciisadmi axali moTxovnebis wayenebis

saSualebiT (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991).


droTa ganmavlobaSi daZlevis cneba CamoSorda eqstremaluri

pirobebis problematikas da warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda mniSvnelovan

cxovrebiseul momentebSi (Life Events), Semdeg ki _ qronikuli

stresorebisa da yoveldRiuri realobis pirobebSi adamianebis

qcevis aRsawerad (Рейноутер дж., 1993). magaliTad, reinouteri miiCnevs

(1993), rom adamianebisTvis bednieri, didi xnis molodinis Semdeg

ganxorcielebuli movlenebic SeiZleba stresuli iyos.

dResdReobiT daZlevis cnebis gagebisadmi sami ZiriTadi

Teoriuli midgoma arsebobs (Byrne-Lynch A., 1991): fsiqoanalituri,

pirovnuli da daZlevisadmi, rogorc procesisadmi midgoma.

TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebulad xsnis daZlevis cnebas.

fsiqoanalituri midgoma haanis SromebSi iRebs saTaves (Haan N.,

1997), sadac daZleva egos terminebiTaa aRwerili, rogorc

daZabulobis SemcirebisTvis mowodebuli fsiqologiuri dacvis

erT-erTi meTodi/saSualeba.

adreuli fsiqoanalitikuri Sromebidan dacvis meqanizmebis

Sesaxeb saTaves iRebs kvlevebi, Tu rogor axdens individi

garemosTan adaptacias. am SromebSi dacvis meqanizmebi ganixileba,

rogorc SfoTvis Tavidan acilebis aracnobieri gza (Martskvishvili Kh.,

2006). klasikuri ganmartebis Tanaxmad, dacvis meqanizmebi iTvleba

SfoTvis daZlevis imTaviTve araadaptur gzad da isini ar aris

cnobierad arCeuli; Tumca, DSM-IV15-is (DSM-IV™, 1994) mixedviT,

ganasxvaveben dacvis meqanizmebis Svid saxes, romelTa ierarqiuli

ganlageba naklebad adaptaciuridan metad adaptaciuris

mimarTulebiT xdeba. yvelaze ,,mwvavea“ dacviTi disregulacia an

aSkara fsiqoturi procesebi, romlebic iseT procesebs gulisxmobs,

rogoricaa proeqcia, uaryofa da halucinacia. amis sapirispirod,

arsebobs iseTi adaptaciuri da ,,momwifebuli“ dacvis meqanizmebi,

rogoricaa altruizmi, iumori da sublimacia.

krameri (Crammer, P., 2000) dacvis meqanizmebsa da daZlevis

process Soris arsebul msgavsebasa da gansxvavebaze saubrobs.

15 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.


dacvis meqanizmebi aracnobieri, araintenciuri, dispoziciuri da

ierarqiulia da mxolod maSin ukavSirdeba paTologias, roca

daZlevis procesi cnobieria, mizanmimarTulad gamoiyeneba,

situaciuradaa determinirebuli, araierarqiulia da normalur

mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba. dacvis meqanizmebSi, gansakuTrebiT

klasikuri gagebiT, imTaviTve araadaptaciuri da aracnobierad

arCeuli strategia moiazreba. individi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT

dacvis prioritetuli stilis mixedviT, romelsac is sxvadasxva

garemo pirobebSi gamoavlens. daZlevis procesi ki, piriqiT,

ganixileba, rogorc cnobierad arCeuli gza da garemos moTxovnebze

reaqcia.

fsiqoanalituri midgoma ar iTvleba daZlevis strategiebisadmi

gavrcelebul midgomad, vinaidan misi momxreebi daZlevis qcevas

daZlevis SedegebTan aigiveben (Нартова-Бочавер С.К.1997).

pirovnuli (niSnebis) midgoma asaxulia musis naSromebSi

(Billings A. G., Moos R. H., 1984), sadac daZleva pirovnuli niSnebis

terminebiT ganisazRvreba, rogorc SedarebiT mdgradi midrekileba,

predispozicia stresul movlenebze garkveuli saxiT reagirebisken.

daZlevis stilis cneba, termonologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

garkveulwilad, fsiqoanalizidan momdinareobs, magram es midgoma

aqcents akeTebs imaze, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebs individi

informacias. yvelaze adreul tipologias warmodgens damTrgunvel-

mgrZnobiare (repression-sensitization) tipi (Burne, D., 1964). damTrgunveli

Tavs aridebs an gandevnis informacias, mgrZnobiare tipi ki, piriqiT,

eZebs, moipovebs mas. es diqotomia kvlav iCens Tavs am ukanasneli 30

wlis manZilze: _ makontrolebeli-pirdapiri (monitoring-blunting) (Miller,

S. M., 1987) da miaxloeba-ganridebis (26:813-819) tipi swored am

diqotomiis manifestacias warmoadgens.

vinaidan strategiaTa stabiloba iSviaTad dasturdeba

empiriuli monacemebiT (Lazarus, R., 2000), am midgomamac ver moipova

mkvlevarTa Soris popularoba.

daZlevisadmi, rogorc procesisadmi midgomis warmomadgenlebi

(Lazarus R., S., Folkman S., 1984) miiCneven, rom daZleva aris dinamikuri

procesi, romlis specifikas ganapirobebs ara marto situacia,


aramed subieqtis garesamyarosTan Sejaxebis Sedegad warmoqmnili

konfliqtis ganviTarebis stadiac.

Teoria, romelSic daZleva ganixileba, rogorc procesi,

kognituri Teoriis saxeliTaa cnobili da lazarusisa16 da misi

kolegebis saxels ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is SedarebiT

axali Teoriaa stresisa da daZlevis Sesaxeb arsebul

literaturaSi. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, stresi ganisazRvreba, rogorc

adamianisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba, sadac garemo adamianis mier

aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis momtani misi (adamianis) kargad

yofnisaTvis (well-being). am urTierTqmedebis CamoyalibebaSi

centraluri adgili daZlevas ukavia. kognitur TeoriaSi saubaria

or procesze, esenia: kognituri Sefaseba da daZleva, rogorc

pirovneba-garemos stresuli urTierTqmedebisa da maTi uSualo,

xangrZlivi Sedegis kritikuli mediatori.

kognituri Sefaseba aris procesi, romliTac individi garemos

stresul movlenas afasebs: ras matebs an aklebs es

movlena/vaTareba mas (Swanson K. M..2000), mis kargad yofnas da rogor.

ganasxvaveben pirvelad da meorad kognitur Sefasebas.

pirveladi Sefasebis etapze individi afasebs, movlena,

problemuri situacia dadebiTia (kargia), neitraluri

(irelevanturi) Tu uaryofiTi (stresuli); aris Tu ara potenciuri

safrTxe. Tu uaryofiTia, ramdenad cudia is: _ emuqreba Tu ara

raimes (vTqvaT, mis janmrTelobasa da kargad yofnas) safrTxe am

konkretuli problemuri situaciis gamo; magaliTad, garemosTan es

Sejaxeba gulisxmobs Tu ara potenciur zians an sargebels

pasuxismgeblobebis, Rirebulebis, TviTSefasebisa Tu miznebisTvis?

meoradi Sefasebis etapze individi afasebs, aqvs Tu ara

sakmarisi resursi am movlenasTan gasamklaveblad an gamklavebaze

uaris saTqmelad; SeuZlia Tu ara stresisgan miyenebuli zianis

Tavidan asacileblad da dasaZlevad, stresis Sedegebis

gasaumjobeseblad raimes gakeTeba.

16 fsiqologiaSi daZlevis terminis Semotana lazarusisa da folkmanis

saxels ukavSirdeba (Нартова-Бочавер С.К., 1997).


SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveladi SefasebiT individi svams

SekiTxvas: _ ,,ra aris es? aris es problema?“ meoradi SefasebiT ki

igi kiTxulobs: _ ,,Tu aris problema, me ra SemiZlia gavakeTo

amisaTvis? rogor movuaro situacias?“ swored am momentSi iCens

Tavs daZleva.

kognituri Teoriis Tanaxmad, daZleva aris individis mier

gaweuli ,,kognituri da bihevioraluri Zalisxmeva, romelic

mimarTulia im specifikuri Sinagani Tu garegani moTxovnebis (da,

maT Soris, konfliqtis) marTvaze/maTTan gamklavebaze, romelic,

pirovnebis TvalsazrisiT, aRemateba mis resursebs“ (Lazarus R., S.,

Folkman S., 1984; Lazarus, R.S., 1991).

am gansazRvrebaSi gamoiyofa sami mniSvnelovani momenti.

pirveli: procesze orientacia, rac gulisxmobs, rom ganmarteba

fokusirebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqrobs da rogor iqceva individi

specifikur krizisul situaciaSi da rogor icvleba misi kognicia

da qceva situciis Secvlisas. daZlevis procesisadmi aseTi midgoma

niSnebis midgomas upirispirdeba, romelic iTvaliswinebs, Tu rogor

iqceva individi Cveulebrivad da aqcents stabilobaze (da ara _

cvlilebebze) akeTebs.

meore: daZleva konteqstualuria, masze gavlenas axdens

stresul situaciaSi pirovnebis aqtualuri moTxovnebis da maTi

marTvis resursebis Sefaseba. xazgasma konteqstze niSnavs imas, rom

pirovnebisa da garemos garkveuli cvladebi erTad ayalibebs

daZlevis mcdelobas.

mesame: ganmartebaSi imTaviTve ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra

aris ,,kargi“ an ,,cudi“ daZleva; daZleva ganmartebulia, rogorc

mcdeloba, Zalisxmeva, romelsac individi mimarTavs moTxovnebis

marTvisaTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, aris Tu ara es mcdeloba

warmatebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, daZlevis es modeli upirispirdeba

im Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac daZleva ganimarteba, rogorc

instrumentuli qmedeba, romelic akontrolebs aversiur garemos da

amiT amcirebs agznebas (arousal) (Ursin, H., 1980). es Tvalsazrisi

egofsiqologiur konceptualizaciasac upirispirdeba, romlis

Tanaxmadac, garkveuli strategiebi Tandayolili da naklebad


sasurvelia (Menninger, K., 1963) da romelic strategias daZlevas (da

ara dacvis meqanizms) uwodebs, Tu is erTaderT kriteriums

akmayofilebs: _ ar amaxinjebs realobas (Haan N., 1977).

amrigad, fsiqoanalituri midgoma aqcents dacvis meqanizmebze

akeTebs, pirovnuli midgoma ki – daZlevis stabilur stilze. orive

midgomis Tanaxmad, daZleva umTavresad pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis

funqciaa. amis sapirispirod, daZlevis, rogorc procesisadmi

midgoma kognitur-bihevioralur models eyrdnoba da pirovnebas da

garemos ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur, uwyvetad reciprokul,

ormimarTulebian kavSirSi myof cvladebs. am midgomis mixedviT,

daZleva transaqciuli cvladia, rac gulisxmobs, rom masSi

moiazreba ara mxolod pirovneba, an ara mxolod garemo, aramed

maTi integracia mocemul transaqciaSi.

1.2. daZlevis strategiebis klasifikaciis principebi

daZlevis TiToeuli forma specifikuria, gancdili situaciis

subieqturi mniSvnelovnebiT ganisazRvreba da, ZiriTadad, emsaxureba

erT-erT amocanas: _ problemis realurad gadawyvetas an mis

emociur gancdas, TviTSefasebis koregirebas an adamianebTan

urTierTobebis regulirebas. gansxvavebuli Teoriuli da

meTodologiuri midgomebis arsebobis gamo ar arsebobs daZlevis

strategiebis erTi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli klasifikacia (Нартова-

Бочавер С.К, 1997).

daZlevis strategiebis klasifikacia or ZiriTad princips

eyrdnoba: _ (1) aqcentirebulia problemis daZlevis meTodi; ras

aniWebs individi upiratesobas _ qceviT Tu kognitur daZlevas. (2)

aqcenti keTdeba daZlevis fokusze; ra orientacia aqvs da ra

aqtiobebs axorcielebs pirovneba stresoris sapasuxod.

mkvlevarTa nawili (Martskvishvili Kh., 2006; Holanan, C.J., Moos, R.H., and

Schaefer, J.A., 1996) am ori midgomis kombinirebiT daZlevis ufro metad

integrirebuli klasifikaciis Seqmnas Seecada. maT stresoris

mimarT individis orientacia gaiTvaliswines da daZlevis ori

mimarTuleba gamoyves: miaxloeba da Tavis arideba. garda amisa,

TiToeuli maTgani dayves kategoriebad, romlebic kognitur da


bihevioralur daZlevas Seesabameba. Sedegad, gamoiyo oTxi ZiriTadi

kategoria: (1) kognituri miaxloeba; (2) kognituri Tavis arideba; (3)

bihevioraluri miaxloeba; (4) bihevioraluri Tavis arideba.

Tumca, daZlevis strategiebis klasificirebisas mkvlevarTa

umravlesoba lazarusisa da folkmanis SemoTavazebul or moduss _

problemebis gadaWrasa da situaciisadmi sakuTari

damokidebulebebis Secvlas _ eyrdnoba (Lazarus R., S., Folkman S., 1984).

r. lazarusisa da s. folkmanis mixedviT (1984; Lazarus, R.S., 1991),

daZlevas ori mTavari funqcia aqvs; Sesabamisad, daZlevis

strategiebi or kategoriaSi SeiZleba dajgufdes:

(1) problemaze fokusirebuli daZleva, romlis funqciaa

stresis wyarod aRqmuli pirobebis, problemuri pirovneba-garemo

urTierTobis pirdapiri, uSualo Secvla.

(2) emociebze fokusirebuli daZleva, romelic emociebis

regulaciisTvisaa mowodebuli da romelSic garegani stresoris

mniSvnelovnebis rekonstruqcia anu stresis wyaros gansxvavebulad,

naklebi fsiqologiuri distresis gamomwvev movlenad aRqma da

Sefaseba moiazreba. am dros stresis gamomwvevi pirobebis Secvlis

mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri, uSualo mcdelobis

nacvlad aqcenti subieqturi mniSvnelobisa da stresuli garemos

pirobebis gancdis cvlilebaze keTdeba.

kvlevebma daadastura (Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S., 1980; Folkman, S., &

Lazarus, R. S., 1985), rom daZleva moicavs orive funqcias. adamianebi

daZlevis orive tipis strategias TiTqmis yvela saxis stresul

situaciaSi iyeneben. problemaze fokusirebuli daZlevis funqciaa

raimes gakeTeba distresis gamomwvevi problemis Sesacvlelad da

xSirad gamoiyeneba im siZneleTa dasaZlevad, romelic pirovnebis

mier fasdeba, rogorc cvalebadi. emociaze fokusirebuli daZlevis

funqcia ki arasasiamovno emociebis regulirebaa da xSirad im

situaciebis dasaZlevad gamoiyeneba, romlebic pirovnebis mier

fasdeba, rogorc ucvleli.

1.3. daZlevis strategiebis klasifikaciebi


qvemoT ganxilulia krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis

strategiebis sxvadasxva klasifikaciebi. daZlevis strategiaTa

mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, TiToeuli klasifikacia lazarusisa

da folkmanis mier gamoyofili ori modusis (problemaze

orientacia da misdami emociuri damokidebulebis cvlileba)

Sesabamisad lagdeba.

lazarusi da folkmani (1984) daZlevis Semdeg strategiebs

gamoyofen:

konfrontaciuli daZleva: situaciis Secvlis agresiuli

mcdeloba, romelSic, garkveulwilad, riskianoba da mtruli

damokidebulebac moiazreba;

distancireba: meore adamianisgan gamocalkevebis, gamoyofis

mcdeloba da situaciis mniSvnelovnebis minimizacia;

TviTkontroli: grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis regulirebis

mcdeloba;

socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba: informaciuli, emociuri da

qmediTi mxardaWeris moZiebis mcdeloba;

gaqceva-acileba: natvra, ocneba, gaazrebis gareSe situaciis

interpretacia da qcevis doneze problemisgan gaqcevis,

misTvis Tavis aridebis mcdeloba;

problemis gadaWris dagegmva: situaciis Secvlis winaswar

ganzraxuli, problemaze orientirebuli mcdeloba,

Sewyvilebuli problemis gadaWris analizur midgomasTan;

dadebiTi gadafaseba: situaciisTvis dadebiTi mniSvnelobis

miniWebis mcdeloba, koncentracia pirovnul zrdaze.

j. amirxani (Amirkhan, J. H., 1990; , K, K., Bormann, C, A., Cropanzani R, S

and James K., 1995) sami saxis daZlevas ganixilavs:

problemis pirdapiri gadaWra;

arideba;

socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba.

e. kopliki (Koplik et al., 1992) wmindad kognituri daZlevis

strategiebze saubrobs da daZlevis stilis mixedviT gamoyofs:

informaciis maZieblebs _ monitoros;


informaciis mimarT „daxurulebs“ _ blunters.

k. parkesi (1984, 1986) daZlevas kognituri da bihevioraluri

strategiebis mravalferovanebaze daubrobs da yuradRebas

amaxvilebs daZlevis or konkretul strategiaze:

pirdapiri daZleva (direct coping);

mafrustrirebeli faqtorebis fsiqologiuri daTrgunva,

gandevna (suppression).

a. bilingsi da r. musi (1984) gansaxilvelad fsiqologiuri

daZlevis sam meTods gvTavazoben:

situaciis Sefaseba _ aqtiuri kognituri daZleva;

situaciaSi Careva _ aqtiuri bihevioraluri daZleva;

gaqceva _ situaciisTvis Tavis arideba (magaliTad,

TviTmotyueba).

f. vitaliano (Vitaliano P. P et al., 1990; Conway V. J., Terry D. J., 1992)

msgavs klasifikacias iZleva, romelic problemaze orientirebul

daZlevasTan erTad gamoyofs emociaze orientirebuli daZlevis sam

xerxs:

TviTdadanaSauleba (Blamed self), rac sakuTari Tavisadmi

kritikiT, sinanuliTa da damrigebluri toniT gamoixateba;

Tavis arideba, rodesac adamiani agrZelebs ise moqcevas,

TiTqos araferi momxdara;

sasurveli interpretacia (wishful thinking) _ moCvenebiTi

imedebi, rodesac adamians saswaulis imedi aqvs.

h. veberi (1992) Tvlis, rom daZlevis ZiriTad repertuarSi

Semdegi formebi Sedis:

problemis realuri (qceviTi an kognituri) gadaWra;

socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba;

situaciis reinterpretacia sakuTari Tavis sasargeblod;

dacva da problemebis uaryofa;

Tavis arideba da gaqceva;

sakuTari Tavis Secodeba;

TviTSefasebis daweva;


emociebis gamoxatva.

a. sTouni da j. nili (1984) gamoyofen daZlevis Semdeg

kategoriebs:

yuradRebis gadatana _ fiqrisa da sxva aqtivobebis

saSualebiT problemidan sxva sakiTxebze yuradRebis

gadatana;

situaciis reinterpretacia _ problemis sxva kuTxiT danaxva,

raTa is ufro atanadi gaxdes;

pirdapiri moqmedeba _ fiqri problemis gadaWraze,

informaciis mogroveba masze da realuri qmedebebis

ganxorcieleba mis gadasaWrelad;

kaTarzisi _ daZabulobis, SfoTvisa da frustraciis

Semcirebis mizniT problemis sapasuxod emociebis gamoxatva;

miReba _ miReba im faqtisa, rom problema ukve arsebobs da

amis Secvla SeuZlebelia;

socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba _ partnioris, megobris an

kolegisagan emociuri mxardaWeris miReba;

relaqsacia _ raimes gakeTeba relaqsaciis mizniT;

religia _ sulieri mxardaWerisa da Svebis povna sakuTar

aRmsareblobaSi.

C. qarveri da m. Seieri (Carver, C. S., Sheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K., 1989;

Sharon Gil, 2005) Tvlian, rom daZlevis strategiebis martivad dayofa

problemaze da emociebze orientirebulad arasakmarisia. amitom

isini TiToeul maTgans qvekategoriebad yofen da kidev amateben

ramdenime kategorias. sabolood, isini aRweren daZlevis 15

strategias:

aqtiuri daZleva;

dagegmva;

problemasTan kavSiris ar mqone sxva saqmianobebis

gamoricxva;

Sekaveba;

instrumentuli socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba;

emociuri socialuri mxardaWeris Zieba;


dadebiTi reinterpretacia da pirovnuli zrda;

miReba;

uaryofa;

religiasTan mibruneba;

yuradRebis gamaxvileba emociebze, emociebis gamoxatva;

iumori;

qceviTi CaurTveloba;

fsiqikuri CaurTveloba;

narkotikebisa da alkoholis gamoyeneba.

daZlevis zemoT ganxilul klasifikaciebSi aRewerili

strategiebidan winamdebare kvlevaSi sayrdenad aRebulia qarverisa

da Seieris klasifikacia (da nakvlevia masSi warmodgenili

strategiebi), romelic, Tavis mxriv, lazarusisa da folkmanis

klasifikacias exmaureba da, amasTan, TanxmobaSi modis amirxanis

mier SemoTavazebul klasifikaciasTan. 1 cxrilSi mocemulia (a)

amirxanis, (b) lazarusisa da folkmanis da (g) qarverisa da Seieris

mier SemoTavazebuli daZlevis strategiebis klasifikacia daZlevis

strategiebis lazarusisa da folkmanis mier SemoTavazebul or

modusTan _ problemebis gadaWrasa da situaciisadmi sakuTari

damokidebulebebis SecvlasTan _ mimarTebaSi. cxrilSi

warmodgenilia mesame _ aridebis _ mimarTulebac.

cxrili 1. amirxanis, lazarusi-folkmanisa da qarveri-Seieris mier

SemoTavazebuli daZlevis strategiebis mimarTeba

lazarusi-folkmanis daZlevis modusebTan

modusi amirxani lazarusi, folkmani qarveri, Seieri


problemis

gad

aWraz

e orient

acia

pirdapiri

gadaWra

socialuri

mxardaWeri

s Zieba

konfrontaciuli

daZleva: situaciis

Secvlis agresiuli

mcdeloba, romelSic,

garkveulwilad,

riskianoba da mtruli

damokidebulebac

moiazreba;

problemis gadaWris

dagegmva: situaciis

Secvlis winaswar

ganzraxuli,

problemaze

orientirebuli

mcdeloba,

Sewyvilebuli

problemis gadaWris

analizur midgomasTan;

socialuri

mxardaWeris Zieba:

informaciuli,

emociuri da qmediTi

mxardaWeris moZiebis

mcdeloba.

aqtiuri daZleva;

dagegmva;

problemasTan

kavSiris ar mqone

sxva saqmianobebis

gamoricxva;

Sekaveba;

instrumentuli

socialuri

mxardaWeris Zieba;

emociuri

socialuri

mxardaWeris Zieba;


sit

uac

iisad

mi emo

ciu

ri

damokideb

uleb

ebis

Sec

vlaz

e orient

acia

TviTkontroli:

grZnobebisa da

moqmedebebis

regulirebis

mcdeloba.

dadebiTi gadafaseba:

situaciisTvis

dadebiTi

mniSvnelobis

miniWebis mcdeloba,

koncentracia

pirovnul zrdaze.

dadebiTi

reinterpretacia

da pirovnuli

zrda;

miReba;

uaryofa;

yuradRebis

gamaxvileba

emociebze,

emociebis

gamoxatva;

arideba distancireba: meore

adamianisgan

gamocalkevebis,

gamoyofis mcdeloba

da situaciis

mniSvnelovnebis

minimizacia.

gaqceva-acileba:

natvra, ocneba,

gaazrebis gareSe

situaciis

interpretacia da

qcevis doneze

problemisgan

gaqcevis, misTvis

Tavis aridebis

mcdeloba.

qceviTi

CaurTveloba;

fsiqikuri

CaurTveloba;

narkotikebisa da

alkoholis

gamoyeneba.

rac Seexeba qarverisa da Seieris klasifikaciaSi warmodgenil

or strategias _ religiasTan mibrunebasa da iumors maT ver


mivakuTvnebT romelime erT-erT kategorias. orive strategia

SeiZleba samive kategoriaSi moxvdes, rac konkretuli SemTxvevis

maxasiaTeblebiT iqneba ganpirobebuli. ase magaliTad, religiasTan

mibruneba problemisadmi emociuri damokidebulebis Secvlis da ara

_ aridebis kateoriaSi moxvdeba iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme

mniSvnelovani adamianis gardacvalebas exeba. xSirad adamianebi aseT

viTarebaSi ufro religiurebi xdebian, rac maT problemisadmi

damokidebulebis SecvlaSi, misi kuTxiT danaxvasa da danakargTan

erTad cxovrebis swavlaSi exmareba, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi

religiaSi wasvla, SesaZloa, problemisTvis Tavis arideba anda,

piriqiT, qmediTi saSualeba iyos da realurad wyvetdes arsebul

problemas.

amrigad, dResdReobiT daZlevis strategiebis mravali

klasifikacia arsebobs, magram daZlevis strategiebis klasifikacia

or ZiriTad princips _ daZlevis meTodsa da daZlevis fokuss _

eyrdnoba; Tumca, daZlevis strategiebis klasificirebisas

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba lazarusisa da folkmanis mier

SemoTavazebul or moduss _ problemebis gadaWrasa (problemaze

orientirebuli daZleva) da situaciisadmi sakuTari

damokidebulebebis Secvlas (emociebis marTva, emociebze

orientirebuli daZleva) _ mimarTavs.


Tavi 2. pirovnuli profili

2.1. pirovnebis cneba

Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi pirovnebis mravali gansazRvreba

arsebobs da TiToeuli maTganis ukan Sesabamisi Teoria dgas (Первин

Л., Джон О., 2002).

ukanaskneli ori aTaswleulis manZilze termins mravali

deskriptuli gamoyeneba hqonda, Tumca, etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

sityva „pirovneba“ yvelaze adreuli mniSvnelobiT niRabs niSnavs,

romelsac ZvelberZnul dramaSi msaxiobebi Teatraluri

warmodgenisas iyenebdnen17 (Allport Gordon W., 1937).

jer kidev ciceroni (106-43 Cv. w. aR-mde) (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997)

gamoyofda personis oTx mniSvnelobas: _ (a) rogor Cans adamiani

sxvebis TvalSi (Tumca, sinamdvileSi aseTi araa), (b) roli,

romelsac adamiani TamaSobs (magaliTad, filosofosi), (g) pirovnul

niSanTa erToblioba, romelic adamianis saqmianobas gansazRvravs,

(d) individualuroba, pirovnuli Tavisebureba, unikaloba, sxvebisgan

gamorCeuli Rirseba.

pirovnebis cnebis SinaarsSi (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997)

Tavdapirvelad moiazreboda pirovnebis garegani, zedapiruli

socialuri xati, romelsac individi iRebs garkveuli

cxovrebiseuli rolis TamaSis dros. esaa garSemo myofebisken

mimarTuli erTgvari sazogadoebrivi saxe. es mosazreba emTxveva

Tanamedrove araprofesionalis mosazrebas, romelic, Cveulebriv,

pirovnebas afasebs momxibvlelobis, sazogadoebaSi qcevis unaris

17 “persu” _ modis Zveli etruskulidan da niSnavs SeniRbul figuras,

niRabs. legendis Tanaxmad, es niRabi anu persu pirvelad Zvel romSi

gamoiyena msaxiobma Tavisi elami Tvalebis dasafarad. “persu”

laTinurSi transformirda “personad”, rac, aseve, niRabs niSnavs,

ZvelberZnul dramaSi. Tavisi arsiT, es termini Tavdapirvelad

miuTiTebda komikur an tragikul figuraze Teatralur moqmedebaSi

(Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997).


qonis, popularobis, fizikuri mimzidvelobisa da sxva socialurad

sasurveli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. aseTi midgoma badebs iseT

komentarebs, rogoricaa “X sasurveli pirovnebaa”, “Y arasasiamovno

pirovnebaa”. es koncefcia mTlianad mecnieruli fsiqologiis

farglebs gareT mdebareobs, radganac yuradRebis miRma tovebs

qcevis mraval Taviseburebas, romelic aucileblad pirovnebis

konteqstSi unda iqnas Seswavlili.

pirovneba, aseve, ganixileboda, rogorc individis yvelaze

mkafio da SesamCnevi maxasiaTeblebis kombinacia. amgvarad, adamianze

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „is morcxvi pirovnebaa“ an „is megobruli

pirovnebaa“ da igulisxmeba, rom morcxvoba an megobruloba misi

yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Strixia. msgavs magaliTebSi saqme gvaqvs

pirovnebis gaigivebasTan im garegan socialur STabeWdilebasTan,

romelsac mocemuli individi garSemomyofebze axdens maTTan

urTierTobis procesSi; anu SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven vxedavT, Tu

ramdenad axdens zegavlenas urTierTobis situaciebSi pirovnebis

qcevaTa umravlesobaze misi yvelaze gamorCeuli, aSkara Tvisebebi.

terminis aseTi, faqtiurad, popularuli gamoyenebisas xelidan

sxlteba imis SesaZlebloba, rom adamiani SeiZleba konkretuli

situaciisda mixedviT iyos megobruli an morcxvi. amasTan, termini

„pirovneba“ personologTa umravlesobisTvis ar gulisxmobs

adamianis xasiaTis an misi socialuri unarebis Sefasebas.

magaliTad, roca vambobT, rom „X araCveulebrivi pirovnebaa“, albaT,

vgulisxmobT mis keTilganwyobas, uSualobas an sxvebisaTvis

daxmarebisadmi mzaobas. Tumca, pirovnebis sakiTxebze momuSave

fsiqologebi ar iyeneben maxasiaTeblebs erTeuli mniSvnelobiT anu

ar yofen pirovnebebs kargebad da cudebad.

kaprara da servoni (Капрара Дж., Сервон Д., 2003) pirovnebis cnebaSi

fsiqikuri sistemebis mTel simravles gulisxmoben, romlebic

adamianis qcevisa da gancdebis uwyvetobas ganapirobeben im saxiT, ra

saxiTac es mravalricxovani sistemebi vlindeba da, rogoradac is

aRiqmeba Tavad adamianisa da sxva adamianebis mier.

am ganmartebidan Cans, rom pirovnebis cneba ramdenime rakursiT

unda ganvixiloT. adamianis TvalsazrisiT, misi sakuTari pirovneba


aris TvisebaTa da midrekilebaTa erToblioba. es mdgradi

pirovnuli Tvisebebi identobis („Cemi“), erTianobis („azrebi,

grZnobebi da moqmedebebi _ es yvelaferi Cemi nawilebia“) da

unikalurobis („me“) grZnobas qmnian. damkvirveblis TvalsazrisiT,

pirovneba fsiqikuri maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobaa, romliTac

adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian. adamianebi akvirdebian sxva

adamianebis qcevas, sakuTari dakvirvebebis gamoyenebiT iqmnian maTze

warmodgenas da pirovnebis Sesaxeb sakuTar warmodgenebs

SeTanxmebuli sistemebis saxiT alageben. am TvalsazrisiT, pirovneba

socialuri konqtruqtia, romelic adamianebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb

warmodgenebis sistemebs ukavSirdeba. da bolos, mecnieris

TvalsazrisiT, pirovneba individisa da garemos urTierTqmedebis

Sedegad warmoqmnili fsiqikuri sistemaa, romelic erTmaneTTan

akavSirebs intrafsiqikur funqcionirebasa da garemosTan adamianis

urTierTqmedebas.

p. kostasa da r. makkreis mixedviT (1996), pirovnebis cnebaSi

pironuli niSnebiTa da im dinamikuri procesebiT gansazRvruli

sistema igulisxmeba, romliTac es niSnebi zemoqmedeben individis

fsiqologiur funqcionirebaze.

r. gerigi da f. zimbardo (2002) pirovnebas gansazRvraven,

rogorc unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas,

romelic gansxvavebul situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros gavlenas

axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel paternebze.

amerikis fsiqiatrTa asociaciis (1980) mixedviT (Dillinger, T. G.,

Weigemann D. A. and Taneja N., 2003), pirovneba ganisazRreba, rogorc

damaxasiaTebeli, tipuri gza imisa, Tu rogor fiqrobs, grZnobs da

iqceva adamiani; qcevis Rrmad gamjdari paterni, romelic TiToeul

adamianSia mocemuli cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, rogorc

cxovrebis stili an garemosTan adaptaciis gza.

pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi arsebuli pirovnebis cnebis 50-mde

gansazRvreba literaturaSi moiZia da gaaanaliza gordon olportma

(Allport Gordon W., 1937). manve moaxdina maTi klasifikacia. kriteriumad

aiRo is aspeqti, rasac exeboda es ganmartebebi. olportma gamoiyo

sul Svidi kategoria; es iyo gansazRvrebebi, romlebic exeboda: (a)


terminis etimologias an adreul istorias, (b) Teologiur

mniSvnelobas, (g) filosofiur mniSvnelobas, (d) iuridiul

mniSvnelobas, (e) socialur mniSvnelobas, (v) fsiqologiur

mniSvnelobas da (z) garegan gamovlinebebs.

olportma mogvca Tavisi ganmartebac. olportis mixedviT,

pirovneba aris individis im fsiqofizikuri sistemis dinamikuri

organizacia, romelic gansazRvravs mis universalur Seguebas

garemosTan. is Seecada, rom Tavis ganmartebaSi Seetana ukve

arsebul ganmartebebSi mocemuli dadebiTi elementebi da gverdi

aevlo naklovanebebisaTvis. am ganmartebaSi termini „fsiqofizikuri“

migvaniSnebs, rom is ar aris arc mxolod fsiqikuri da arc mxolod

fiziologiuri; rom organizacia iwvevs orives, rogorc fsiqikis,

ise _ sxeulis operaciebs, romelTa erTmaneTisgan daSoreba

SeuZlebelia. termini „dinamikuri organizacia“ xazs usvams im

faqts, rom pirovneba aris mudmivad ganviTarebadi da cvalebadi,

Tumca, radgan igi organizacia da sistemaa, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs

mis gansxvavebul komponentebs da amyarebs maT Soris urTierTobas.

termini „gansazRvravs“ naTels xdis, rom pirovneba Sefasebulia

madeterminirebeli tendenciebis terminebiT, is aqtiur rols

asrulebs individis qcevaSi. olporti aRniSnavs, rom „pirovneba

aris raRaca da akeTebs raRacas... esaa is, rac arsebobs individSi

specifikuri aqtebis miRma“, anu pirovneba ar aris ubralod

damkvirveblis konstruqti, an is, rac mxolod meore, masze

moreagire personis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs. pirovnebas aqvs

realuri arseboba. termini „unikaluri“ niSnavs, rom ori individi

arasodes reagirebs garemoze zustad erTnairad, amitom maT ar aqvT

(da verc eqnebaT) erTnairi pirovneba. da bolos, fraza „Seguebas

garemosTan“ gamoxatavs, rom pirovneba asrulebs mediatorul rols

individsa da mis fizikur da fsiqologiur garemos Soris; amasTan,

pirovneba kritikul-funqcionaluri anu adapturi mniSvnelobis

mqonea.

amrigad, pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs pirovnebis

cnebis erTaderTi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ganmarteba da yoveli

avtori misTvis misaRebi Teoriis safuZvelze ganmartavs mas; Tumca,


TiTqmis yvela arsebuli Teoriuli ganmartebisTvis saerToa, rom

(Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д., 1997):

gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi xazgasmulia individualurobis an

individualur gansxvavebaTa mniSvneloba. pirovnebaSi

warmodgenilia iseTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, romelTa

meSveobiTac mocemuli adamiani gansxvavdeba danarCenebisgan.

garda amisa, imis gageba, Tu romeli specifikuri Tvisebebi Tu

maTi kombinaciebi gamoadiferencireben erT pirovnebas meorisgan,

mxolod individualur gansxvavebaTa SeswavliTaa SesaZlebeli.

gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi pirovneba warmodgenilia

garkveuli hipoTeturi struqturis an organizaciis saxiT.

individis uSualo dakvirvebisTvis xelmisawvdomi (nawilobriv

mainc) qceva ganixileba, rogorc pirovnebis mier organizebuli,

an masTan integrirebuli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirovneba

aris adamianis qcevaze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebze

agebuli abstraqcia.

gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi xazgasmulia imis mniSvnelovneba,

rom pirovneba ganxilul unda iqnas individumis cxovrebiseul

istoriasTan an ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan SesabamisobaSi.

pirovneba evoluciur procesSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Sinagan da

garegan faqtorTa (maT Soris, genetikuri da biologiuri

winaswari mzaoba, socialuri gamocdileba da garemos cvalebadi

pirobebi) zegavlenis subieqti.

gansazRvrebaTa umravlesobaSi pirovneba warmodgenilia im

maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic “pasuxs agebs” qcevis mdgrad

formebze. pirovneba, rogorc aseTi, SedarebiT ucvlelia da

mudmivia drosa da cvalebad situaciebSi; is uzrunvelyofs

uwyvetobis gancdas drosa da garemos pirobebSi.

qvemoT ganxilulia is ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgomebi, romelsac

efuZneba pirovnebis cnebis ganmartebebi.


2.2. pirovnebis Teoriebi

pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen hipoTetur debulebebs

individualuri pirovnebebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis

Sesaxeb. winamdebare naSromSi mxolod ramdenime aseTi ZiriTadi

Teoriaa ganxiluli.

fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis amosavali mosazrebaa, rom

pirovneba mudmivad konfliqtSi myofi procesebis dinamikur

konfiguracias warmoadgens. pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi dinamikis

cnebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom adamianis qceva ufro

determinirebulia, vidre _ nebismieri an SemTxveviTi (Хьелл Л., Зиглер

Д., 1997).

fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis ZiriTadi principebi zigmund

froidis mier SemoTavazebul pirovnebis fsiqoanalitur TeoriaSia

asaxuli. man pirovnebis organizaciis samkomponentiani modeli

SemogvTavaza.

froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis struqtura sami ZiriTadi

komponentisagan, sistemisgan Sedgeba, esenia: idi, ego da superego18.

pirovnebis aseTi samnawiliani dayofa cnobilia, rogorc fsiqikuri

cxovrebis struqturuli modeli, Tumca, froidi varaudobda, rom es

mdgenelebi procesebad ufro unda miviCnioT, vidre pirovnebis

gansakuTrebul „struqturebad“. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis am

TiToeul nawils Tavisi funqciebi, Tvisebebi, komponentebi,

moqmedebis principebi, dinamika da meqanizmebi aqvs, isini imdenad

mWidrod urTierTqmedeben, rom rTulia, Tu SeuZlebeli ara, maTi

urTierTzegavlenis danawevreba da TiToeulis xvedriTi wilis

gansazRvra adamianis qcevis formirebaSi. qceva TiTqmis yovelTvis

am sami sistemis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia; Zalze iSviaTad moqmedebs

18 ego, super-ego _ Id, Ego, Super-Ego _ es aris dResdReobiT sayovelTaod

miRebuli inglisuri terminebi, Tumca, froidi am komponentebs

sxvagvarad aRniSnavda: Das es (Id) _ igi, Das Ich (Ego) _ me, Das uber-Ich (Super-

Ego) _ ze-me (Р. Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен., 2001).


erT-erTi maTgani danarCeni oris gareSe (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997; З.

Фрейд., 1995).

idi pirovnebis pirvelsawyisi sistemaa: es aris matrica,

romelSic SemdgomSi diferencirdeba ego da super-ego. idi moicavs

yvelafers imas, rac Tandayolilia da mocemulia dabadebisas,

instinqtebis CaTvliT. idi mTlianad aracnobierSi funqcionirebs da

mWidrod ukavSirdeba instinqtur biologiur miswrafebebs (SimSili,

Zili, gamoyofa). igi Tavisi bunebiT biologiuria, mWidrod

ukavSirdeba sxeulebriv procesebs, saidanac iRebs energias. idi

warmoadgens am energiis erTgvar rezervuars, saidanac energiiT

maragdeba pirovnebis struqturis yvela instancia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis danarCeni instanciebi idisgan

viTardeba, is TavisTavad primitiuli da araorganizebulia. idSi ar

arsebobs azrovnebis logikuri kanonebi, pirvel rigSi,

winaaRmdegobis Tezisi. urTierTgamomricxavi impulsebi gverdigverd

Tanaarseboben da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ekonomiuri iZulebis gavleniT

kompromisul warmonaqmnebSi erTiandebian energiis ganmuxtvis

mizniT. idSi ar arsebobs uaryofa da dro: drois msvleloba ar

cvlis fsiqikur procesebs. idis moqmedebis erTaderTi principi

siamovnebis principia: nebismieri seqsualuri, fizikuri da emociuri

siamovneba gancdili unda iyos aq da amJamad, Semdgom Sedegebze

fiqris gareSe. idis gankargulebaSia ori meqanizmi, romliTac xdeba

daZabulobis gantvirTva. esaa refleqtoruli moqmedeba

(Tandayolili avtomaturi reaqciebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, xvela,

cemineba, cremldena) da pirveladi procesebi (magaliTad, sizmari)

(Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997; Gerrig R. J., Zimbardo P. 2002; З. Фрейд. 1995;

Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен. 2001; К. С. Холл, Г. Линдсей. 1995; i. imedaZe, 2004).

ego pirovnebis struqturuli komponentia, romelic gare

samyaros realobasTan imyofeba kontaqtSi. ego idisgan iRebs Tavis

struqturas, funqciasa da energias da misgan viTardeba imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom organizmis moTxovnilebebi saWiroeben Sesatyvis

urTierTqmedebebs obieqturi realobis samyarosTan. es xdeba maSin,

rodesac bavSvi sakuTari individualurobis gacnobierebas, idis

ganmeorebadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebasa da daSoSminebas iwyebs.


ego idis organizebuli nawilia da imisaTvis Cndeba, rom emsaxuros

idis miznebs da ar dauSvas maTi frustrireba. mTeli misi energia

idisgan modis. froidis mixedviT, egos ar gaaCnia idisgan

damoukidebeli arseboba da, am sityvis absoluturi mniSvnelobiT,

yovelTvis maszea damokidebuli. egos mTavari mizania organizmis

instinqtur moTxovnebsa da garemos pirobebs Soris Suamavloba.

egos funqciaa pirovnebis sicocxlis unarianobis,

usafrTxoebisa da janmrTeli fsiqikis uzrunvelyofa. froidi

miiCnevda, rom egos gansakuTrebuli funqciebi aqvs rogorc gare

samyaros, ise _ Sinagani samyaros mimarT, romlis ltolvebis

dakmayofilebasac eswrafvis. ego cdilobs idis survilebis

gamoxatvasa da dakmayofilebas im SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

romelTac gare samyaro awesebs. idsa da egos Soris ZiriTadi

gansxvaveba isaa, rom idma mxolod subieqturi realoba icis, xolo

ego arCevs Sinagansa da garegans; arCevs fantaziasa da realobas.

egos moqmedebis ZiriTad repertuarSi Sedis uneblie moZraobebis

kontroli da TviTSenaxvaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi. adarebs ra

warsul movlenebs, is acnobierebs gare samyaros movlenebs. amis

Semdeg aqtivobis saSualebiT an Tavs aridebs garkveul garemoebebs

da adaptirdeba maT Sesatyvisad, an ise cvlis gare samyaros

realobas, rom is metad usafrTxo an komfortuli gaxdes. egos

moqmedeba mdomareobs Sinagani an garegani gamRizianeblebis mier

Seqmnili daZabulobis donis regulirebaSi. daZabulobis zrda

ganicdeba, rogorc diskomfortis mdgomareoba, xolo misi Semcireba

_ rogorc siamovnebis mdgomareoba. amitom ego eswrafvis siamovnebas

da eZebs tkivilis Semcirebisa da misgan Tavis daRwevis gzebs.

idisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis mTavari mizania siamovnebis Zieba,

ego eqvemdebareba realobis princips da moqmedebs meoradi procesis

meSveobiT. realobis principis mizania organizmis mTlianobis

SenarCuneba da daZabulobis ganmuxtvis Sekaveba manamde, sanam ar

iqneba napovni dakmayofilebisTvis Sesatyvisi obieqti anu

daZabulobis ganmuxtvis adekvaturi saSualeba da/an Sesabamisi

pirobebi gare samyaroSi. realobis principi droebiT aCerebs

siamovnebis principis moqmedebas, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, saWiro

obieqtis aRmoCenisas da daZabulobis Semcirebisas swored


siamovnebis principis „momsaxureba“ xdeba (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997;

Gerrig R. J., Zimbardo P., 2002; З. Фрейд. 1995; Р. Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен, 2001;

К. С. Холл, Г. Линдсей, 1997; i. imedaZe, 2004; З. Фрейд, 1990).

superego ganviTarebadi pirovnebis bolo komponentia da

warmoadgens qcevis standartebisa da sazogadoebrivi normebis

internalizirebul versias. superego pirovnebis moraluri Zalaa; is

ideali ufroa, vidre realoba da srulyofilebis miRwevas ufro

emsaxureba, vidre siamovnebas. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa raimes

siswore-mcdarobis Sefaseba, sazogadoebis mier sanqcirebuli

moraluri standartebidan gamomdinare.

froidis azriT, adamiani ar ibadeba superegoTi. bavSvebi iZenen

mas mSoblebTan, maswavleblebTan da sxva „maformirebel“

figurebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. warmoadgens ra pirovnebis

moralur-eTikur Zalas, superego bavSvis mSoblebze xangrZlivi

damokidebulebis Sedegia. formalurad is maSin Cndeba, rodesac

bavSvi „sworisa“ da „arasworis“ garCevas iwyebs; igebs, ra aris

kargi da cudi, zneobrivi da arazneobrivi.

froidi superegos or qvesistemad yofs: esaa sindisi da ego-

ideali. sindisi SeiZineba mSoblebiseuli sasjelis meSveobiT. is

ukavSirdeba iseT qcevebs, romelTac mSoblebi „urC qcevas“ uwodeben

da romlis gamoc bavSvi sasjels iRebs. sindisi moicavs kritikuli

TviTSefasebis unars, moralur akrZalvebsa da danaSaulis grZnobis

warmoqmnas bavSvSi, rodesac man is ar gaakeTa, rac unda gaekeTebina.

superegos wamaxalisebel aspeqts ego-ideali warmoadgens. is

formirdeba imisgan, rasac mSoblebi aqeben an maRal Sefasebas

aZleven; mas individumi sakuTari TavisTvis maRali standartebis

wayenebisken mihyavs. miznis miRweva TviTpativiscemisa da siamayis

grZnobas badebs. magaliTad, bavSvi, romelsac axaliseben skolaSi

miRweuli warmatebebisaTvis, yovelTvis iamayebs Tavisi akademiuri

moRwevebiT.

superego mTlianad Camoyalibebulad iTvleba, rodesac

mSoblebis kontrols TviTkontroli cvlis. Tumca, TviTkontrolis

es principi ar emsaxureba realobis princips. eswrafvis ra idisgan

momdinare sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli nebismieri impulsis


mTlianad damuxruWebas, superego cdilobs adamianis warmarTvas

azrebis, sityvebisa da qcevebis absoluturi srulyofilebisaken.

mokled rom vTqvaT, is cdilobs egos darwmunebas idelisturi

miznebis upiratesobaSi realisturTan SedarebiT.

TviTkontrolis ZiriTadi funqciebia: (1) idis impulsebis,

kerZod, seqsualuri da agresiuli xasiaTis impulsebis Sekaveba,

vinaidan maT gamovlenas kicxavs sazogadoeba; (2) egos „dayolieba“

imaze, rom realisturi miznebi idealuriT Secvalos; (3) brZola

srulyofilebisaTvis. amgvarad, superego opoziciaSia idTan da

egosTan da samyaros Senebas Tavisi warmodgenebiTa da xatebiT

cdilobs. aRsaniSnavia, rom superego gavs ids Tavisi

iracionalurobiT da gavs egos ltolvebis19 kontrolisken

swrafviT. egosgan gansxvavebiT, superego ubralod droSi ki ar

swevs instinqturi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, aramed mudmivad

axdens maT blokirebas (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. 1997; Gerrig R. J., Zimbardo P.,

2002; З. Фрейд. 1995; Р. Фрейджер, Дж. Фейдимен, 2001; К. С. Холл, Г. Линдсей,

1997; i. imedaZe, 2004; З. Фрейд, 1990).

unda aRiniSnos, rom idi, ego da superego ar ganixileba,

rogorc cal-calke arsebobuli patara kacunebi, romlebic marTaven

pirovnebas. es sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis dasaxelebebia,

romlebic sistemurobis principebs eqvemdebareba. Cveulebriv

pirobebSi es principebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba da ar gamoricxavs

erTmaneTs. piriqiT, isini egos xelmZRvanelobiT muSaoben, rogorc

erTiani gundi. normaSi pirovneba funqcionirebs, rogorc erTi

mTliani da ara rogorc sam nawilad danawevrebuli raRac. Zalze

zogadad, idi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc pirovnebis biologiuri

mdgeneli, ego _ rogorc fsiqologiuri mdgeneli da super-ego ki _

rogorc socialuri mdgeneli.

19 ltolva _ Trieb _ es aris froidis originaluri termini, romelsac

xSirad froidis Sromebis inglisur TargmanebSi arasworad Targmnian,

rogorc “instinqts”. Sesabamisad, aq termini “instinqti” da termini

“ltolva” sinonimebia.


pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT, fsiqikuri

aqtivobis umTavresi mizania dinamikuri wonasworobis im misaRebi

donis SenarCuneba, romelic ukiduresad zrdis siamovnebas

daZabulobis Semcirebis Sedegad. gamoyenebul energias qm

krizisuli situaciebis daZlevis strategiebi da pirovnuli ... xechuashvili.pdf(emociebis gamoxatva, qceviTi CaurTveloba da alkoholisa da narkotikebis miReba) prediqtors; (d) formaluri

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