Kristy Wright "Beats and Paths of Brasilia"

Beats and Paths of Brasilia: Urban Transportation

Urban Transportation Development: Corruption, Cost and Inequality

KRISTY WRIGHT

Tangled web

HISTORY

Lucio Costa Oscar Niemeyer

April 21, 1960

Auto BOOM or black hole?

“50 years of development in 5”

EstruturalWhy is this a problem? • Going into Plano Piloto, you can take BR

070 or EPTG, connects into Estrutural • Going back into Ceilandia and

Taguatinga, after work from Plano Piloto, Estrutural is only alternative to take along with EPTG, which has Vincente Pires and Taguatinga residents, therefore is more crowded

• Can’t be only means of transportation• bottlenecking

Who is on highways?• Cars• buses • Motorcycles• carriages with horses• Trucks

WHAT IS RESULT?• Traffic, due to accidents, which cause

congestion, and leads to pollution

UNESCO• Listed as a World

Cultural Heritage site in 1987

• Entire Plano Piloto has a preservation order

• Not allow new expressways or arteries to be built

• “We have to manage what is there, without being able to even make the streets wider.” -Jose Gaspar de Souza

Socio-Spatial Segregation

Lago Sul

Ceilandia

• Wealthy center with impoverished outskirts

• Social disparities are spatially divided

Socio-Spatial Segregation

Continued..

Accessibility

Commuting times

Cost Structure of Urban Bus Fare

• IPK (PKR) Passenger Per Kilometer Index Ratio: mean number of paying passengers, transported per kilometer and reflects a proxy for productivity

• In Brazil, costs are covered exclusively by bus fare revenue

• Final calculation is an apportionment of total transportation system cost among paying passengers

• Market equilibrium reached when bus fare charged to paying passengers ensures revenues = total cost of system during given time period

• Calculation based on a mileage = Mileage cost / IPK of system

Urban Bus fares: Inflation

Failed/Successful Proposals

National Secretariat for Urban Development knew in 2002, bus fares were rising

Two federal government proposals in 2002 and 2006- (National Policy for Urban Transport and Proposal for a cheapening of rates of urban public transport)

PAC- prioritize public and private investments in big cities, sum amounting to $U.S. 526 billion, US$ 57, 3 billion (R$ 104.5 billion) which was to be used for highways, railways, ports, waterways, airports, and equipment for local roads from 2011-2014.

PAC 2- included 600 kilometers of roads, 200 kilometers, of railway tracks, 381 terminals and the purchase of light rail carriages

National Policy on Urban Mobility, recently enacted by Law No. 12.587/2012- This law prioritizes collective transport and establishes that all cities of over 20,000 people must draw up transport plans covering up to the year 2015

BRT (Bus Rapid Transit)

• Pioneered in 70’s in Curitiba

• High quality, low carbon transport

• reduces air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, noise and traffic crashes

• Less investment than rail systems

• Estimated at $30 million per kilometer

• ADVANTAGES: BRT’s use dedicated lanes to segregate buses from the rest of traffic

• DISADVANTAGES: may be difficult to implement in the already cramped streets of Brazil’s many older city centers, In Brasilia, the metro system linking the cities of Ceilandia and Samambaia to the Pilot Plan are already overcrowded

LRV(Light Rail Vehicle)

• effective in transporting large volumes of commuters efficiently and without detriment to the environment

• have greater flexibility in tight corners

• Estimated at $60 million per kilometer

• ADVANTAGES- light rail systems are generally cheaper to construct than, for example, the traditional underground or suburban commuter train or train

• DISADVANTAGES- can not be completely independent of traffic and this can cause accidents. And sharing space with other traffic makes the commercial speed is lower than, for example, the typical subway

METRO

• Metro serves mainly the population of the largest satellite cities and not many people from central areas have access to the Metro

• Currently more people living in the satellite cities than in the Pilot Plan

• Metro is set to expand to the airport in time for the World Cup

POPULATION

2010 Population Consensus

Cost of Financing Brazil’s growth in inflation rates risen in public transportation by

bus IPCA (Calculation of the Consumer Price Index) there has been a

rise from 125% in 2000 to 192% in 2012 This is 67 percentage points above the inflation rate!!! Reducing level of paying passengers and increasing costs,

contributed to the rise in price fares Looking at demand side, volume of paying passengers fell towards

end of last century To bring benefits, public transport sector should lower tariffs to

improve quality of services Contracts and operating parameters, incentive for efficiency Subsidies to operators allow reduction of tariffs which are

important to regulate and discourage increase in operating costs without improving quality of services.

Sources of Funding Fund linked to other public

policies

ADVANTAGES- prevents users from bearing costs of gratuities

DISADVANTAGES- a portion of proceeds is committed from each social policy sector

Revenues taken from trade, services, and

advertising ADVANTAGES- external

funding would generate revenue that could fund shuttles

DISADVANTAGES- business models are complex therefore they would have to be linked to a regulatory system accounting for business related to cash flow of companies

Continued..

Homeowners who benefit by investing in transportation

ADVANTAGE- already tools provided for a legal framework, regarding real estate

DISADVANTAGE- application can be spatially restricted, and could prove unlikely that there would be a fund for the system operations

2nd Boom and then FIFA• Last 15 years, as middle class rose, brazil

invested in transportation for individuals, • Increasing Cars and motorcycles helped lead to

boom• Brazil instituted new policies aimed at

promoting industry’s recovery between government, auto companies, and labor

• Public transportation was not…• In 2009, FIFA announced 12 host cities,

including Brasilia, then Brazil focused on public transportation

• Had to invest in big infrastructure for tourists arriving for World Cup 2014 • Brazil government launched a program of investment, giving Brasilia $U.S. 1.5 billion• Opted for LRV (Light Rail Vehicle)

NEW PROJECTS

exclusive line of buses from Santa Maria to the Pilot Plan

an expansion of the METRO with 4 new stations

Viaduct of the W3 and South Express West

Adjustment of the DF 047, which connects the passenger station of the Airport Juscelino Kubitchek to central part of the capital (exclusive track dedicated to passenger buses, tourists and delegations

CORRUPTION• No shock to hear

• Governors impeached get rehired

• Presidents impeached get rehired

• 2009- fraud between companies Dalcon Altran Engineering and TCBR

• 2013- Siemens came forward with criminal proceedings, allegedly involved in rigging prices for construction of Metro in Sao Paulo and Brasilia

• What does this do for people of Brasilia???

RECOMMENDATIONS ACCESSIBLE BUS STOPS, STOPS LOCATED ON HIGHWAY IS A

SAFETY CONCERN

MORE BICYCLE AND WALK PATHS

METRO SHOULD BE RUN 24 HOURS, WITH POLICE MANNING STATIONS

INVESTMENT IN BRT OR VLT RUNNING FROM SATELLITE CITIES TO PILOT PLAN

LOOKING AT EUROPEAN MODELS, WITH SIMILAR CONDITIONS, INTEGRATE TRANSPORTATION systems

GREENER TRANSPORTATION MODES, INVEST IN ETHANOL, NOT OIL, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ELECTRIC, MANY ALTERNATIVES

RECOMMENATIONS

MORE PARKING LOTS BY STATIONS TO HELP FOSTER USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

HOLD ELECTED OFFICIALS ACCOUNTABLE, SO CORRUPTION ISN’T ALWAYS UNDERLTING SOURCE, DURING ELECTIONS TIME TO SPEAK UP, WITH THEIR VOTES

INCREASE IN BUSES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ELIMINATE COBRADORS, HIRE THEM AS NEW BUS DRIVERS SHORTER WAIT TIME, LESS PEOPLE ON BUSES TRANSPORT MORE PASSENGERS AT A FASTER PACE LONGER HOURS FOR BUSES STIMULATE ECONOMY, PEOPLE WOULDN’T RUSH OUT OF

CITY, WOULD ATTRACT MORE BUSINESS FOR RESTAURANTS, MALLS, ETC.

OFFSET TO COSTS WOULD BE EFFICIENT BUS SYSTEM AND INCREASING RIDERSHIP, LESS TRAFFIC AND POLLUTION

IF PEOPLE SPEND LESS TIME GETTING TO WORK AND MORE TIME AT WORK, MANY THINGS COULD CHANGE

Obrigada!