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MORAL ISSUE OF
ABORTIONBy: Krishna May Capino
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WHAT IS ABORTION?
Abortion is the expul
the m other’s w omb before i t is vi able.150,000 to 750,000 abortion every year 4,000 case
of abortion annually in Manila.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PHILIPPINES ARTICLE II, SECTION 12 OF THE1986 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
“The st ate recog nizes t he sa nctity of life a ndshall protect and strengthen the family as abasic a utonomous soci al- institution. It shall
equally protect the life of the m other a nd the l ifeof the unborn from conception”
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TYPES OF ABORTION
Natural Abortions/ Spontaneousor a ccidental abortion
The exp ulsion of the fetus t hrough natural or
accidental causesDirect or Intentional Abortion
Deliberately induced expulsion of a living fetusbefore i t has b ecome v iable
Therapeutic AbortionDeliberately induced expulsion of a living fetus i n
order to save t he m other from the d anger ofdeath brought on by pregnancy
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TYPES OF ABORTION
Eugenic Abortion/ Selective abortionor Abortion on fetal indication
This i s r ecommended in cases where certain defects
are d iscovered in the d eveloping fetus.Indirect Abortion
The r emoval of the fetus oc curs as se condary effectof a legitimate or l icit action, which is d irect and
primary o bject of the i ntention.
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METHODS OF ABORTION
Plants and Plants preparations
(e.g., Makabuhay, Essencia maravilosa)Physical Method
Massage a nd abdominal pressure are ap plied by the h ilot,or sometimes by the pr egnant woman herself.
Insertion of cathetersWoman have been k nown to insert hangers, brooms, walis
tingtingDilation and Curettage
Usually, this is done with women who had already beganthe a bortion, in which case i t is c alled completioncurettage.Menstrual Regulation (MR)
This i nvolves t he u se of suction or va cuum aspiration toterminate a very ea rly p regnancy
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METHODS OF ABORTION
DrugsThese i nclude m edicines s uch as qu inine, an anti-
malarial; methylergometrin, a uterine st imulantand methotrexate, an anti-cancer drugBricanyl (terbutaline) is p ercei ved as a nabortifacient in large dosesMisoprostol (cytotec) is a ctually a drug used toprevent ulcers bu t has ab ortion as a si de eff ect.
Another drug calegal in china and few European countries.
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METHODS OF ABORTION
Salt poisoning A needle i
and 50-250 m l of amniotic is withdrawn andreplaced with a solution of concentrated salt.Hysterotomy
Incisions are m ade in the abd omen and uterus. Thebaby, placenta and amniotic uid sac are r emoved
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WHEN IS THE EMBRYO SUFFICIENTLYORGANIZED OR CONSTITUTED TO RECEIVE THEINTELLECTUAL PRINCIPLE OR SOUL?
Implantation- First, ensoulment occurs a t implantation.This is the t ime when the embryo goes down from
the fallopian tube t owards the u terus andburrows itself in the en dometrium or uterinewall.
- According to this v iew, any interference orprevention of implantation is m orally permissibleand justiable i n cases of conception caused byrape or i ncest
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Unity and UniquenessSecond, Ensoulment occurs when the unity an duniqueness of the f etus a re d enitely established.
At this t ime t he f etus h as a lready implanted itself in theendometrium (28-30days after conception)In this v iew, abortion at this st age o f fetal development isno longer permissible.
“Looks” humanThird, ensoulment occurs when the fetus already lookshuman.
It seems t hat the i nfusion of the sp iritual soul into t he
embryo h appens w hen “nostrils” of the fetus ar ecomplete, which appear from the 6t hweek to the 7t hweekof fetal development.
- According t o t his view ensoulment takes place d uring t he5wk & 6wk of fetal development, when the fetus alreadylooks h uman. Early abortion is pe rmissible
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Electrical ActivityFourth, ensoulment occurs when electrical impulses oractivities a re rst detectable f rom the b rain, around the8wk of pregnancy.
Inasmuch as b rain activity is t he b asis of intellectual soulis i nfused into the fetus.In this v iew, abortion would not imply killing beforeelectrical impulses a re d etectable, only afterwardsQuickening or S tirring of lifeFifth, ensoulment takes place when the m other can feelthe s pontaneous movements of the fetus during 10wk to12wk of pregnancy.
Aristotfetus. Following this v iew, some traditionalists a pprove ofabortion before quickening.
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ViabiliSixth, ensoulment occurs at viability
When the fetus i s c onsidered viable d uring 7 th mos.
The rea soning here i s t hat at this p oint, the f etus c ansurvive outside t he womb, and thus already h as independenthuman life. Therefore, once t he f etus i s c apable o f livingindependently of the m other, it must be r egarded as ahuman being an d m ust be pr otected as such.BirthSeventh, ensoulment occurs at birth, when the child hasbecome b iologically independent of his m other.
The e arly stoics believed that the l enteredat birth , hencethe r oman jurists held that abortion was not murder.
- These v iews are ot necessarily based upon functualscientic information but are r epresentative o f worldviewsand ethical perceptions w hich are often of religious n ature,
involving deeply held commitments and moral consequences.
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Fertilization process- From all the vi ews of animation that have b een discussed
let us t ake t he sa fest one a s ou r p oint of reection:
The t heory of immediate h ominization, which claims thatensoulment occurs f rom conception. Conception is s aidto occur when the m ale sperm and the female egg orovum combine or unite in the ovi duct or fallopian tube.
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THREE GENERAL VIEWPOINTS OF ABORTION
Conservative positionDeclares t hat abortion is n ever p ermissible, or a t most, is
permissible i f and only if it is req uired to save the p regnantwoman’s l ife, as i n the ca se o f the rem oval of it, because o fectopic p regnancy.Liberal position
States t hat abortion is a lways p ermissible, whatever t he st ate o ffetal development may be.
A woman has r ight to control her own body as her personalproperty within the con text of the ri ght to sel f-determination.
The fetus, according to the liberals, has n o ontological status; itis neither an individual, human, nor a person but only a tissuein a woman’s u terus; therefore, it possess n o ri ghts a nd nomoral status. It is d isposable, especially in cases o f rape a ndincest
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Moderate positionHolds that abortion morally permissible up to certain stage
of fetal development, or f or s ome l imited set of reasonsufficient to justify to taking of life in this o r t hat specialcircumference.