Distinguishing Hope Measures: Manifold Determinants and Predictors in the German and Swiss Sample Amsterdam, July 04 th , 2014 Andreas Krafft Andreas Walker University of St. Gallen Swissfuture, Switzerland Swissfuture, Switzerland Symposium The Annual Hope-Barometer and Positive Attributes Survey in Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic
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Distinguishing Hope Measures:
Manifold Determinants and Predictors
in the German and Swiss Sample
Amsterdam, July 04th, 2014
Andreas Krafft Andreas Walker
University of St. Gallen Swissfuture, Switzerland
Swissfuture, Switzerland
Symposium
The Annual Hope-Barometer and Positive Attributes Survey
in Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic
2
Antecedents
1. Conceptualization and definitions of Hope:
- Character Strength (Peterson/Seligman, 2004)
- Positive Emotion (Fredrickson, 2009)
- Mental Willpower towards a Goal – Trade and State (Snyder, 1994)
- Religion, Coping and Hope – Pargament (2001), Snyder et al. (2002), Benedict I (2012)
2. Complementary and rival theories
- Optimism as basic Life Orientation (Scheier/Carver, 1985)
- Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1982)
3. Measurement of hope:
- Dispositional Hope Scale: Agency and Pathways (Snyder, 1991)
- Distinguishing Perceptions of Hope and Optimism (Bruininks/Malle, 2006)
- Qualitative Measures of Spirituality, Hope and Health (Anandarajah/Hight, 2001)
3
Objectives
1. Development of a direct and broader scale for “Perceived
Hope” as basic measure for the “Hope Barometer”.
2. Relation between Hope and other Constructs such as
“Religiosity”, “Spirituality”, “Meaning”, “Generativity”, etc.
3. Identification of the several Determinants and Predictors of
“Perceived Hope”, “Dispositional Hope” and “Optimism”.
4
Demographics – German speaking sample
Gender N
Male 2401
Female 2541
Country N
Switzerland 2248
Germany 2694
Total 4942
Age N
until 17 185
18 to 29 1562
30 to 39 889
40 to 49 851
50 to 59 789
60 to 69 506
70 to 79 145
80 and older 15
5
Items Scales
1. Hope improves the quality of my life.
Perceived Hope(new scale)
2. I feel hopeful.
3. I am hopeful with regard to my life.
4. In my life hope outweighs anxiety.
5. Even in difficult times I am able to remain hopeful.
6. My hopes are usually fulfilled.
1. There are lots of ways around any problem.
Pathways2. I can think of many ways to get out of a jam.
3. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find a way to
solve the problem.
4. I can think of many ways to get the things in life that are most
important to me.
1. I've been pretty successful in life.
Agency2. I meet the goals that I set for myself.
3. I energetically pursue my goals.
4. My past experiences have prepared me well for my future.
1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best.Optimism
2. Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me than bad.
3. I’m always optimistic about my future.
1. I hardly ever expect things to go my way.
Pessimism2. I rarely count on good things happening to me.
3. If something can go wrong to me, it will.
Scales
Dispositional
Hope(Snyder, 1991)
Life Orientation(Scheier/Carver, 1985)
6
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (5 Main Components with Varimax Rotation)
67.60% of variance explained
Components
1Perceived Hope
2Pathways
3Agency
4Optimism
5Pessimism
1. Hope improves the quality of my life. .829
2. I feel hopeful. .758
3. I am hopeful with regard to my life. .756
4. In my life hope outweighs anxiety. .600
5. Even in difficult times I am able to remain hopeful. .590
6. My hopes are usually fulfilled. .583
1. There are lots of ways around any problem. .770
2. I can think of many ways to get out of a jam. .743
3. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can
find a way to solve the problem..708
4. I can think of many ways to get the things in life
that are most important to me..668
1. I've been pretty successful in life. .796
2. I meet the goals that I set for myself. .777
3. I energetically pursue my goals. .563
4. My past experiences have prepared me well for my
future.
.538
1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best. .724
2. Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me
than bad.
.717
3. I’m always optimistic about my future. .685
1. I hardly ever expect things to go my way. .881
2. I rarely count on good things happening to me. .841