KP 3.27

Cara Infeksi Penyakit Lingkungan Yang Umum dan Skrining Untuk Pencegahan InfeksiDr.Rahmat Suryadi,MPH.

PATHOGEN HOSTDISEASE / INFECTIONTRANSMISSION CYCLEENVIRONMENT* Mikroorganisme yang menyebabkan infeksi / penyakit* Pathogen harus mampu meninggalkan host untuk dapat melanjutkan hidup* Bakteri, parasit, protozoal, virus, jamur, dll.* Manusia / hewan yang terinfeksi pathogen* Suhu, kelembaban, vektor, dll.* Latency, Persistency

TRANSMISSION CYCLE SIMPLECOMPLEXINTERMEDIATE HOSTVECTOR Pathogen Host Exit metode/cara keluar pathogen dari dalam badan host Transmisi penyebaran pathogen dari host kepada host yang lain Environment / lingkungan Entry metode/cara masuk pathogen kedalam badan host Susceptible person or animal host lain yang akan diinfeksiDIRECT INFECTION

HOST DEFINITIVEINTERMEDIATEINFEKSI PATHOGEN DEWASA ATAU BENTUK SEKSUALINFEKSI PATHOGEN BENTUK LARVA ATAU ASEKSUAL::CARRIERS / PEMBAWA TERINFEKSI TETAPI TIDAK MENIMBULKAN GEJALA ATAU DENGAN GEJALA RINGAN ( ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTIONS ):

* CONTOH INFEKSI DENGAN ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS

TRANSMISI / PENYEBARANDIRECT / LANGSUNGINDIRECT / TIDAK LANGSUNGFAECAL-ORAL INFECTIONSLEPTOSPIROSISDIRECT CONTACT / KONTAK LANGSUNGSOIL / WATER BASE TRANSMITTED HELMINTHSVECTOR BORNE INFECTIONS

FOOD BORNE INFECTION

INFEKSI YANG TERJADI SETELAH MAKAN MAKANAN YANG TERKONTAMINASI PATHOGENWATER BORNE INFECTION INFEKSI YANG TERJADI SETELAH MINUM MINUMAN YANG TERKONTAMINASI PATHOGENVECTOR BORNE INFECTION

INFEKSI YANG DISEBARKAN MELALUI VEKTORMETODE TRANSMISI

FAECAL-ORAL INFECTION FOOD AND WATER BORNE INFECTION DIARE : CHOLERA / DISENTRI

THYPOID

HEPATITIS A

POLIOMYELITIS

* CONTOH DOSIS INFEKSI DARI PENYAKIT YANG DISEBARKAN MELALUI FAECAL-ORAL TRANSMISSION

Protozoal infections

Disease and TransmissionMicrobial AgentSources of Agent in Water SupplyGeneral SymptomsAmoebiasis (hand-to-mouth)Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytic) (Cyst-like appearance)Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supplyAbdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains Fever, abdominal painCryptosporidiosis (oral)Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum)Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water.Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomachCyclosporiasisProtozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)Sewage, non-treated drinking watercramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue

Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth)Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasiteUntreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia.Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas painsMicrosporidiosisProtozoan (Microsporidia), but closely related to fungiThe genera of Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater, swimming pool via AIDS patients and the origin of drinking water [2]

Disease and TransmissionMicrobial AgentSources of Agent in Water SupplyGeneral Symptoms

Parasitic Infections

Disease and TransmissionMicrobial AgentSources of Agent in Water SupplyGeneral SymptomsSchistosomiasis (immersion)SchistosomaContaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomesRash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle achesdracunculiasisdracanculus medinensisdrinking water containing infective cyclopsallergic reaction,urticaria rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthmatic attack.taeniasis soliumtaenia soliumcontaminate drinking water with eggsintestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosisfasciolopsisfasciolacontaminated drinking water with encysted metacercariaGIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice.

Disease and TransmissionMicrobial AgentSources of Agent in Water SupplyGeneral Symptoms

hymenolepiasis nanahymenolepis nanacontaminated drinking water with eggsmild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestationhyatidosisechinococcus granulosuscontaminated drinking water with eggshyatid cyst press on bile duct and blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock.coenurosismulticeps multicepscontaminated drinking water with eggsincreases intacranial tensionascariasisascaris lumbricoidescontaminated drinking water with eggsLoefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,enterobiasisentrobius vermiculariscontaminated drinking water with eggsperi-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia

Bacterial infections

Botulism - Clostridium botulinum bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food

Cholera - Vibrio cholerae bacteria - gastro-intestinal often waterborne

Diarrheal disease due to E. coli.

Dysentery - Shigella/Salmonella bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water

Legionellosis - cause Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease

Typhoid - Salmonella typhi bacteria - gastro-intestinal water/food borne. Salmonellosis - due to many Salmonella species. Water/food/direct contact borne.

Vibrio illness caused by the bacteria of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus commonly found in seafood and recreational water.

Viral Infections

Adenovirus infection - its serotypes are typically waterborne.

Coronaviruses - cause SARS and excreted in the feces.

Enteric Adenoviruses

Hepatitis A - Hepatitis A virus - gastro-intestinal water/food borne

Parvoviruses - associated with Gastroenteritis.

Picobimaviruses - associated with Gastroenteritis in AIDS patients, children and elderlies.

Polio - polioviruses - gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated

KESIMPULAN* Food and water infection adalah metode penyebaran infeksi yang paling sering dijumpai dalam masyarakat.

* Food and water borne disease adalah infeksi atau penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat mengkonsumsi makanan dan atau minuman yang terkontaminasi patogen

* Faecal oral infection merupakan bagian dari food and water borne disease

* Menjaga kebersihan makanan dan minuman yang dikonsumsi merupakan langkah awal pencegahan penyebaran penyakit melalui cara ini.